Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.18488/JOURNAL.65/2014.1.1/65.1.1.9
A. N’diaye, M. Kankou
The aim ofthis studyis to monitor and to assessthe physicochemicalwater qualityof the river Senegal during the rainy and dry season. The conventional physico-chemical parameters (pH, EC and DO), dissolved and suspended particles (turbidity and TSS), OM and nitrateswere considered in this study. The samples are collected at the Beni Nadji site between February and November 2012. The values of the measured parameters were compared with WHO standards for drinking water quality.The findings show that all the physicochemical parameters measured were within the tolerable values except the turbidity and TSS that exceeded with respectively the maximum values of 980 NTU and 674 mg/L for the rainy season only. The analysis of the correlation matrix can be noted strong correlations between the turbidity and TSS (0.996), turbidity and OM (0.924), TSS and OM (0.931), nitrates and TSS (0.814), nitrates and turbidity (0.800) and nitrates and OM (0.744). These strong correlations allow us to say that these parameters are governed by the same mechanism or phenomenon that could possibly be leaching during the rainy season.Therefore, frequent monitoring of physicochemical parameters of Senegal River water resources is imperative.
{"title":"Seasonal Variation of the Water Quality of the Senegal River (Mauritania)","authors":"A. N’diaye, M. Kankou","doi":"10.18488/JOURNAL.65/2014.1.1/65.1.1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18488/JOURNAL.65/2014.1.1/65.1.1.9","url":null,"abstract":"The aim ofthis studyis to monitor and to assessthe physicochemicalwater qualityof the river Senegal during the rainy and dry season. The conventional physico-chemical parameters (pH, EC and DO), dissolved and suspended particles (turbidity and TSS), OM and nitrateswere considered in this study. The samples are collected at the Beni Nadji site between February and November 2012. The values of the measured parameters were compared with WHO standards for drinking water quality.The findings show that all the physicochemical parameters measured were within the tolerable values except the turbidity and TSS that exceeded with respectively the maximum values of 980 NTU and 674 mg/L for the rainy season only. The analysis of the correlation matrix can be noted strong correlations between the turbidity and TSS (0.996), turbidity and OM (0.924), TSS and OM (0.931), nitrates and TSS (0.814), nitrates and turbidity (0.800) and nitrates and OM (0.744). These strong correlations allow us to say that these parameters are governed by the same mechanism or phenomenon that could possibly be leaching during the rainy season.Therefore, frequent monitoring of physicochemical parameters of Senegal River water resources is imperative.","PeriodicalId":9769,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Process Engineering Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74419048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.18488/journal.65/2014.1.6/65.6.59.72
J. Godwin, A. Inengite, U. Chukwu
The effect of common acids, anions, and auxiliary complexing agents in the solvent extraction of Fe2+ from aqueous solutions into chloroform solutions of 4,4´-(1E,1E´)-1,1´-(ethane-1,2-diylbis(azan-1-yl-1ylidene))bis(5-methyl-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-3-ol) (H2BuEtP) alone and in the presence of of 1-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl) butan-1-one (HBuP) was studied. Colorimetric method of analysis using 1,10-phenanthroline was used to determine concentrations of Fe2+ in aqueous solutions after extraction and percentage extraction determined by difference. Separation factors βXY were calculated using data from previous studies using same organic phases to determine theoretical conditions for separating Fe2+ from Ni2+, Pb2+, and UO22+. All acids gave > 90% extraction of Fe2+ at most concentrations with HNO3 and H3PO4 giving the highest percentage extraction of 99.93% at 0.01M and 0.1M respectively in the mixed ligands H2BuEtP/HBuP organic system. H3PO4 also gave best extraction of 99.3% at 0.1M in ligand H2BuEtP alone system. Although all anions used for study also gave > 90% extraction of Fe2+ at different concentration in both types of organic phases, CHCOO-, PO43-, Br- and tartrate ions gave the best extraction of Fe2+ with H2BuEtP. Acids and anions behave as salting out agents or masking agents at different concentrations. Calculated separation factors βXY indicated that it was theoretically possible to separate Fe2+ from Ni2+ with H3PO4 only and Fe2+ from Pb2+ with H3PO4, HCl, and EDTA with H2BuEtP alone. With mixed ligands H2BuEtP/HBuP, calculated separation factors βXY showed that it was possible to separate Fe2+ from Ni2+ with HNO3 and H3PO4, Fe2+ from Pb2+ with HCl and oxalate, and Fe2+from U(VI) with CHCOOH, PO43-, Br- and oxalate. The number of batches of extraction n needed to achieve 99.9% separations are also calculated and shown.
{"title":"Effect of Common Acids and Anions on the Extraction of Iron (Ii) from Aqueous Solutions into Chloroform Solution Of 4,4´-(1e,1e´)-1,1´-(Ethane-1,2-Diylbis(Azan-1-Yl-1ylidene))Bis(5-Methyl-2-Phenyl-2,3-Dihydro-1h-Pyrazol-3-Ol)","authors":"J. Godwin, A. Inengite, U. Chukwu","doi":"10.18488/journal.65/2014.1.6/65.6.59.72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.65/2014.1.6/65.6.59.72","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of common acids, anions, and auxiliary complexing agents in the solvent extraction of Fe2+ from aqueous solutions into chloroform solutions of 4,4´-(1E,1E´)-1,1´-(ethane-1,2-diylbis(azan-1-yl-1ylidene))bis(5-methyl-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-3-ol) (H2BuEtP) alone and in the presence of of 1-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl) butan-1-one (HBuP) was studied. Colorimetric method of analysis using 1,10-phenanthroline was used to determine concentrations of Fe2+ in aqueous solutions after extraction and percentage extraction determined by difference. Separation factors βXY were calculated using data from previous studies using same organic phases to determine theoretical conditions for separating Fe2+ from Ni2+, Pb2+, and UO22+. All acids gave > 90% extraction of Fe2+ at most concentrations with HNO3 and H3PO4 giving the highest percentage extraction of 99.93% at 0.01M and 0.1M respectively in the mixed ligands H2BuEtP/HBuP organic system. H3PO4 also gave best extraction of 99.3% at 0.1M in ligand H2BuEtP alone system. Although all anions used for study also gave > 90% extraction of Fe2+ at different concentration in both types of organic phases, CHCOO-, PO43-, Br- and tartrate ions gave the best extraction of Fe2+ with H2BuEtP. Acids and anions behave as salting out agents or masking agents at different concentrations. Calculated separation factors βXY indicated that it was theoretically possible to separate Fe2+ from Ni2+ with H3PO4 only and Fe2+ from Pb2+ with H3PO4, HCl, and EDTA with H2BuEtP alone. With mixed ligands H2BuEtP/HBuP, calculated separation factors βXY showed that it was possible to separate Fe2+ from Ni2+ with HNO3 and H3PO4, Fe2+ from Pb2+ with HCl and oxalate, and Fe2+from U(VI) with CHCOOH, PO43-, Br- and oxalate. The number of batches of extraction n needed to achieve 99.9% separations are also calculated and shown.","PeriodicalId":9769,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Process Engineering Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73305655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.18488/JOURNAL.65/2014.1.6/65.6.121.131
A. A. Ujile, K. Dagde
Treatment of produced water from a crude oil production platform with a flow rate of 11,000 to 13,000 barrel per day (API 34o at 49 oC) was carried out to determine optimum concentration of the injection rate of scale inhibitor before discharge overboard. The physico-chemical properties of the produced water were determined. A GBC Scientific Avanta Programmable A6080 Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) was used to determine the cations while Analytical Method was adopted to determine the concentration of anions, conductivity, alkalinity, hardness, suspended solids, and the pH of the produced water. Results showed that conductivity, alkalinity, hardness, suspended solids decrease with increase in the concentration of the scale inhibitor. At 0 ppm of scale inhibitor, hardness was 1100 mg (CaC03) per litre of produced water and at 8.6 ppm hardness reduced to 800 mg (CaC03) per litre of produced water indicating that increasing the dosage of the scale inhibitor prevents scale formation. However, optimum dosage value is required to minimize the cost of production processes.
{"title":"Evaluating Treatment Process of Produced Water from Oil/Gas Production Platform with Scale Inhibitor","authors":"A. A. Ujile, K. Dagde","doi":"10.18488/JOURNAL.65/2014.1.6/65.6.121.131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18488/JOURNAL.65/2014.1.6/65.6.121.131","url":null,"abstract":"Treatment of produced water from a crude oil production platform with a flow rate of 11,000 to 13,000 barrel per day (API 34o at 49 oC) was carried out to determine optimum concentration of the injection rate of scale inhibitor before discharge overboard. The physico-chemical properties of the produced water were determined. A GBC Scientific Avanta Programmable A6080 Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) was used to determine the cations while Analytical Method was adopted to determine the concentration of anions, conductivity, alkalinity, hardness, suspended solids, and the pH of the produced water. Results showed that conductivity, alkalinity, hardness, suspended solids decrease with increase in the concentration of the scale inhibitor. At 0 ppm of scale inhibitor, hardness was 1100 mg (CaC03) per litre of produced water and at 8.6 ppm hardness reduced to 800 mg (CaC03) per litre of produced water indicating that increasing the dosage of the scale inhibitor prevents scale formation. However, optimum dosage value is required to minimize the cost of production processes.","PeriodicalId":9769,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Process Engineering Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84647147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.18488/journal.65/2014.1.6/65.6.87.97
J. Ferdous, Shammi Shawal, Tasfia Tasnim Badhon
Bangladesh has a rich and ancient tradition of fabric-based cottage industry. Benarasi Palli and its famous Benarasi Saree is one of the most ancient traditions of Bangladesh. This industry has been bringing name and fame for our country for a very long time. This tradition has mainly come from Benaras in India. The weavers of Mirpur Benarasi Palli migrated from Benaras, India. There are also some Bangladeshi weavers and most of the traders are Bangladeshi. Benarasi is mainly associated for bridal costume. Presently this industry does not get proper attention but it has a great demand in local and international market. Our neighboring country export Benarasi products and we have the potential to export it too. Though the business of Benarasi Saree is very profitable, life-style of the weavers does not represent it. Besides, a clear discrimination in living condition of traders and weavers are visible there. There also lies discrimination in distribution of profit between traders and weavers. So it is very important to know about the present condition of Benarasi Palli and condition of the weavers who work hard to make the beautiful Benerasi Sarees.
{"title":"Mirpur Benarasi Palli of Bangladesh: Living and Livelihood of Weavers","authors":"J. Ferdous, Shammi Shawal, Tasfia Tasnim Badhon","doi":"10.18488/journal.65/2014.1.6/65.6.87.97","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.65/2014.1.6/65.6.87.97","url":null,"abstract":"Bangladesh has a rich and ancient tradition of fabric-based cottage industry. Benarasi Palli and its famous Benarasi Saree is one of the most ancient traditions of Bangladesh. This industry has been bringing name and fame for our country for a very long time. This tradition has mainly come from Benaras in India. The weavers of Mirpur Benarasi Palli migrated from Benaras, India. There are also some Bangladeshi weavers and most of the traders are Bangladeshi. Benarasi is mainly associated for bridal costume. Presently this industry does not get proper attention but it has a great demand in local and international market. Our neighboring country export Benarasi products and we have the potential to export it too. Though the business of Benarasi Saree is very profitable, life-style of the weavers does not represent it. Besides, a clear discrimination in living condition of traders and weavers are visible there. There also lies discrimination in distribution of profit between traders and weavers. So it is very important to know about the present condition of Benarasi Palli and condition of the weavers who work hard to make the beautiful Benerasi Sarees.","PeriodicalId":9769,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Process Engineering Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90892586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.18488/JOURNAL.65/2014.1.6/65.6.51.58
N. M. Rubtsov, A. Borisov, G. I. Skachkov, K. Troshin
The ignition of n-pentane-air mixture at low temperatures is experimentally studied in a rapid mixture injection static reactor. The ignition process was monitored using a high speed color video camera. It is shown that introduction of platinum wire into the reactor eliminates the phenomenon of negative temperature coefficient; however Pt wire has no effect on the ignition delay time of thermal ignition of stoichiometric n-pentane-air mixture at lower temperatures.
{"title":"On The Features of the Negative Temperature Coefficient Phenomenon in Combustion of N-Pentane-Air Mixtures","authors":"N. M. Rubtsov, A. Borisov, G. I. Skachkov, K. Troshin","doi":"10.18488/JOURNAL.65/2014.1.6/65.6.51.58","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18488/JOURNAL.65/2014.1.6/65.6.51.58","url":null,"abstract":"The ignition of n-pentane-air mixture at low temperatures is experimentally studied in a rapid mixture injection static reactor. The ignition process was monitored using a high speed color video camera. It is shown that introduction of platinum wire into the reactor eliminates the phenomenon of negative temperature coefficient; however Pt wire has no effect on the ignition delay time of thermal ignition of stoichiometric n-pentane-air mixture at lower temperatures.","PeriodicalId":9769,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Process Engineering Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75785367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.18488/JOURNAL.65/2014.1.6/65.6.109.120
T. AL-Noor, A. J. Jarad, Abaas Obaid Hussein
A new Schiff base (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl methanimine (6R,7R)-3-methyl-8-oxo-7-(2-phenylpropanamido)-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate=HL=C29H24ClN3O4S) has been synthesized from β-lactam antibiotic (cephalexin mono hydrate (CephH)=(C16H19N3O5S.H2O) and 4- chlorobenzophenone. Metal mixed ligand complexes of the Schiff base were prepared from chloride salt of Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II), in 50% (v/v) ethanol – water medium in aqueous ethanol(1:1) and Saccharin(C7H5NO3S) containing sodium hydroxide. Several physical tools in particular; IR, C:H:N , 1H NMR,13C NMR for ligand, melting point, molar conductance, magnetic moment. and determination of the percentage of the metal in the complexes by flame(AAS). The ligand and their metal complexes were screened for their antimicrobial activity against four bacteria (gram +ve) and (gram -ve) [Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus]. The proposed structure of the complexes using the program, Chem office 3D (2006) and the general formula have been given for the prepared mixed ligand complexes [M(Sac)3(L)].
{"title":"Synthesis, Physico-Chemical and Antimicrobial Properties of Some Metal (II) -Mixed Ligand Complexes of Tridentate Schiff Base Derives From Β-Lactam Antibiotic {(Cephalexin Mono Hydrate)-4-Chlorobenzophenone} and Saccharin","authors":"T. AL-Noor, A. J. Jarad, Abaas Obaid Hussein","doi":"10.18488/JOURNAL.65/2014.1.6/65.6.109.120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18488/JOURNAL.65/2014.1.6/65.6.109.120","url":null,"abstract":"A new Schiff base (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl methanimine (6R,7R)-3-methyl-8-oxo-7-(2-phenylpropanamido)-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate=HL=C29H24ClN3O4S) has been synthesized from β-lactam antibiotic (cephalexin mono hydrate (CephH)=(C16H19N3O5S.H2O) and 4- chlorobenzophenone. Metal mixed ligand complexes of the Schiff base were prepared from chloride salt of Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II), in 50% (v/v) ethanol – water medium in aqueous ethanol(1:1) and Saccharin(C7H5NO3S) containing sodium hydroxide. Several physical tools in particular; IR, C:H:N , 1H NMR,13C NMR for ligand, melting point, molar conductance, magnetic moment. and determination of the percentage of the metal in the complexes by flame(AAS). The ligand and their metal complexes were screened for their antimicrobial activity against four bacteria (gram +ve) and (gram -ve) [Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus]. The proposed structure of the complexes using the program, Chem office 3D (2006) and the general formula have been given for the prepared mixed ligand complexes [M(Sac)3(L)].","PeriodicalId":9769,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Process Engineering Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81466271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.18488/JOURNAL.65/2015.2.4/65.4.44.58
C. Imaga, Abia A.a
Aim of this study was to investigate the use of modified and carbonized Sorghum Hull of two different pore sizes (150µm and 250µm) in the removal of Cadmium (II) ion from aqueous solution. The effect of contact time (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100) minutes were investigated, reported and analysed accordingly. The maximum adsorption for 150µm and 250µm were at 80th and 40th minutes, respectively (54.895mg/l and 58.874mg/l). Kinetic modeling of the results of Cadmium (II) ion of both pore sizes were also investigated, reported and analysed. These results showed that Pseudo second order kinetic model best described the sorption process. The Mechanism of sorption showed that CMSH 150µm and 250µm, respectively were particle diffusion controlled. This will serve as parameters to consider in the design of treatment plants for heavy metal detoxification using biosorbents of different pore sizes.
本研究的目的是研究两种不同孔径(150µm和250µm)的改性和碳化高粱壳对水溶液中镉(II)离子的去除效果。对接触时间(20、40、60、80和100分钟)的影响进行了调查、报告和分析。150µm和250µm的最大吸附时间分别为80 min和40 min (54.895mg/l和58.874mg/l)。对两种孔径的镉离子的动力学模型也进行了研究、报道和分析。结果表明，拟二级动力学模型最能描述吸附过程。吸附机理表明，CMSH分别为150µm和250µm，受颗粒扩散控制。这将作为使用不同孔径的生物吸附剂进行重金属脱毒处理厂设计时考虑的参数。
{"title":"Kinetics and Mechanisms of Cadmium (Ii) Ion Sorption Using Carbonized and Modified Sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor) Hull of Two Pore Sizes (CMSH 150µm and 250µm)","authors":"C. Imaga, Abia A.a","doi":"10.18488/JOURNAL.65/2015.2.4/65.4.44.58","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18488/JOURNAL.65/2015.2.4/65.4.44.58","url":null,"abstract":"Aim of this study was to investigate the use of modified and carbonized Sorghum Hull of two different pore sizes (150µm and 250µm) in the removal of Cadmium (II) ion from aqueous solution. The effect of contact time (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100) minutes were investigated, reported and analysed accordingly. The maximum adsorption for 150µm and 250µm were at 80th and 40th minutes, respectively (54.895mg/l and 58.874mg/l). Kinetic modeling of the results of Cadmium (II) ion of both pore sizes were also investigated, reported and analysed. These results showed that Pseudo second order kinetic model best described the sorption process. The Mechanism of sorption showed that CMSH 150µm and 250µm, respectively were particle diffusion controlled. This will serve as parameters to consider in the design of treatment plants for heavy metal detoxification using biosorbents of different pore sizes.","PeriodicalId":9769,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Process Engineering Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76367575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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