Crop residues are considered among the most important materials in Ethiopia especially maize stalk, bean stalk, sorghum stalk, and wheat and barley straw. There are many types and models of imported top hammer miller in Ethiopia to assist in milling the grain. Those machines which are imported have many problems such as size of mill and rusting of hammers which not advisable to human food. Therefore the machines adapted and evaluated for livestock feed process purpose in terms of crop residues like maize stalk, bean stalk and wheat straw with predetermined feed rate and hammers’ shaft speed (RPM). The research was conducted at Asella Agricultural Engineering Research Center (AAERC), Maki and Bokoji district to evaluate the machine performance in crushing maize stalk, bean stalk, and wheat straw for animal feed. In this paper, two top feed hammer mills were used. They are collected from market and Bako Agricultural Engineering Research Center (BAERC). The performance of the machine is evaluated in terms of crushing capacity, crushing efficiency and crushing loss. The output of the market top hammer miller was satisfactory. The market top hammer miller produced a highest crushing efficiency and capacity about 99.33 % and 152.54 kg/hr while the BAERC’s was produced 94% and 78.68 kg/hr, respectively. The crushing losses of the market top hammer miller were 2.67, 0.67 and 5 % on maize stalk, bean stalk and wheat straw respectively. Keywords : crushing capacity, crushing efficiency, crushing loss, RPM DOI : 10.7176/CPER/61-02 Publication date : April 30 th 2019
{"title":"Comparative Performance Evaluation of Top Hammer Miller Machine to Crop Residue Crushing for Livestock Feed Purpose","authors":"Abayineh Awgichew","doi":"10.7176/cper/61-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cper/61-02","url":null,"abstract":"Crop residues are considered among the most important materials in Ethiopia especially maize stalk, bean stalk, sorghum stalk, and wheat and barley straw. There are many types and models of imported top hammer miller in Ethiopia to assist in milling the grain. Those machines which are imported have many problems such as size of mill and rusting of hammers which not advisable to human food. Therefore the machines adapted and evaluated for livestock feed process purpose in terms of crop residues like maize stalk, bean stalk and wheat straw with predetermined feed rate and hammers’ shaft speed (RPM). The research was conducted at Asella Agricultural Engineering Research Center (AAERC), Maki and Bokoji district to evaluate the machine performance in crushing maize stalk, bean stalk, and wheat straw for animal feed. In this paper, two top feed hammer mills were used. They are collected from market and Bako Agricultural Engineering Research Center (BAERC). The performance of the machine is evaluated in terms of crushing capacity, crushing efficiency and crushing loss. The output of the market top hammer miller was satisfactory. The market top hammer miller produced a highest crushing efficiency and capacity about 99.33 % and 152.54 kg/hr while the BAERC’s was produced 94% and 78.68 kg/hr, respectively. The crushing losses of the market top hammer miller were 2.67, 0.67 and 5 % on maize stalk, bean stalk and wheat straw respectively. Keywords : crushing capacity, crushing efficiency, crushing loss, RPM DOI : 10.7176/CPER/61-02 Publication date : April 30 th 2019","PeriodicalId":9769,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Process Engineering Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77799250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Phenolic and glycoside compounds have been isolated from berries of Brucea antidysenterica . Based on spectroscopic data (IR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR and MS), the structure of phenolic compound D1 was identified as: 3-(3-hydroxybutyl)phenol (C 10 H 14 O 2 ) and glycoside compound B6 was identified as: ethyl 4-(3-(6-(tetrahydro-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2H-pyran-2-yloxy)hexyl)phenyl)butanoate(C 24 H 38 O 8 ). Keywords: Phenolic; glycoside ; Brucea antidysenterica ; 1 H NMR DOI : 10.7176/CPER/60-01 Publication date :March 31 st 2019
从抗痢疾布鲁斯果实中分离出酚类和苷类化合物。通过红外光谱、核磁共振、核磁共振和质谱分析，确定酚类化合物D1的结构为:3-(3-羟基丁基)苯酚(c10h14o 2)，糖苷类化合物B6的结构为:4-(3-(6-(四氢-3,4,5-三羟基-6-(羟甲基)- 2h -吡喃-2-氧基)己基)苯基丁酸乙酯(c24h38o 8)。关键词:酚醛树脂;配糖体;抗痢疾布鲁氏菌;1 H NMR DOI: 10.7176/CPER/60-01出版日期:2019年3月31日
{"title":"Phenolic and Glycoside Compounds Obtained from Brucea antidysenterica","authors":"Tariku Nefo Duke","doi":"10.7176/cper/60-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cper/60-01","url":null,"abstract":"Phenolic and glycoside compounds have been isolated from berries of Brucea antidysenterica . Based on spectroscopic data (IR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR and MS), the structure of phenolic compound D1 was identified as: 3-(3-hydroxybutyl)phenol (C 10 H 14 O 2 ) and glycoside compound B6 was identified as: ethyl 4-(3-(6-(tetrahydro-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2H-pyran-2-yloxy)hexyl)phenyl)butanoate(C 24 H 38 O 8 ). Keywords: Phenolic; glycoside ; Brucea antidysenterica ; 1 H NMR DOI : 10.7176/CPER/60-01 Publication date :March 31 st 2019","PeriodicalId":9769,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Process Engineering Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86271706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leaching by use of factorial design experiment was used to investigate the effect of process variables on the yield of alumina obtainable from four local clays from four different locations in Nigeria. Characterization of these clays obtained from previous work was observed in this order: Ikot-Abasi, Enito II, Akpugo and Awgbu containing 56.00%, 8.45%, 25.28% and 14.43% Al 2 O 3 respectively. Fractional factorial design was used to develop a mathematical model used in the investigation. The process variables whose effect on alumina leaching investigated were: acid concentration (2M and 10M), calcinations Temperature (200 o C and 1000 o C), calcinations time (15 and 75 minutes), leaching time (20 and 100 minutes) and particle size (75 and 1000µm) with the experiment conducted at constant boiling temperatures of the acids used (Nitric and Acetic acid). On optimization of the model developed from the factorial design experiment, optimal leaching conditions for each clay samples were obtained with corresponding yields of alumina presented as follows: Ikot-Abasi clay and nitric acid – yield of 78.86% alumina; Ikot-Abasi and Acetic – yield of 50.26% alumina; Enito II and nitric acid – yield of 53.14% alumina; Enito II clay and acetic acid – yield of 30.23% alumina; Awgbu clay and nitric acid – 62.74% alumina yield; Awgbu clay and acetic acid – alumina yield of 43.24%; Akpugo clay and nitric acid – alumina yield 75.43%; Akpugo clay and acetic acid – alumina yield 41.98%. The values of the yields obtained from the model optimization were validated by conducting the leaching experiment again in the laboratory under the optimized process conditions and were observed to closely match with a deviation ranging from 0.21 to 5.55%. From the results obtained, it was observed that the best yield was gotten from Ikot-Abasi clay which contained the highest percentage of alumina content. DOI : 10.7176/CPER/60-03 Publication date :March 31 st 2019
{"title":"Determination of Optimal Yield of Alumina From Local Clays by Factorially-Designed Experiments (Part B)","authors":"K. Dagde, Nwankwo Chiedozie Onyebuchi","doi":"10.7176/cper/60-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cper/60-03","url":null,"abstract":"Leaching by use of factorial design experiment was used to investigate the effect of process variables on the yield of alumina obtainable from four local clays from four different locations in Nigeria. Characterization of these clays obtained from previous work was observed in this order: Ikot-Abasi, Enito II, Akpugo and Awgbu containing 56.00%, 8.45%, 25.28% and 14.43% Al 2 O 3 respectively. Fractional factorial design was used to develop a mathematical model used in the investigation. The process variables whose effect on alumina leaching investigated were: acid concentration (2M and 10M), calcinations Temperature (200 o C and 1000 o C), calcinations time (15 and 75 minutes), leaching time (20 and 100 minutes) and particle size (75 and 1000µm) with the experiment conducted at constant boiling temperatures of the acids used (Nitric and Acetic acid). On optimization of the model developed from the factorial design experiment, optimal leaching conditions for each clay samples were obtained with corresponding yields of alumina presented as follows: Ikot-Abasi clay and nitric acid – yield of 78.86% alumina; Ikot-Abasi and Acetic – yield of 50.26% alumina; Enito II and nitric acid – yield of 53.14% alumina; Enito II clay and acetic acid – yield of 30.23% alumina; Awgbu clay and nitric acid – 62.74% alumina yield; Awgbu clay and acetic acid – alumina yield of 43.24%; Akpugo clay and nitric acid – alumina yield 75.43%; Akpugo clay and acetic acid – alumina yield 41.98%. The values of the yields obtained from the model optimization were validated by conducting the leaching experiment again in the laboratory under the optimized process conditions and were observed to closely match with a deviation ranging from 0.21 to 5.55%. From the results obtained, it was observed that the best yield was gotten from Ikot-Abasi clay which contained the highest percentage of alumina content. DOI : 10.7176/CPER/60-03 Publication date :March 31 st 2019","PeriodicalId":9769,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Process Engineering Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77182738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study analyzed the opportunities for implementing a cleaner production of small bread industries. The research begun with identification of the process stages, problems and opportunities for the application of cleaner production as well as an analysis of alternative feasibility of environmental, technical and financial aspects. The study found a variety of problems such as no special fermentation chambers, no determination of fermentation time, scattered flour, smoking workers, spilt dough, inappropriate placing goods, and the use of lights during the day, untreated eggshells, leftover bread and off-grade bread, the liquid waste from the washing process goes into the water body, unsold bread, and does not have a halal certificate. The recommended alternatives are making space and determining fermentation time, Good Manufacturing Practices, lighting re-design during the day, eggshells process into fertilizer, the remaining slices of bread and off-grade bread are processed into bread crumb flour, four stages of washing, submitting halal certificates, and bread waste flour as animal feeds. The implementation of cleaner production can: (i) increase bread production of 21.19 to 21.80 ton/month, (ii) reduce washing water from 4,000 to 3,600 liters/month, (iii) cut electricity from 1,613 to 1,593 kWh/month, (iv) improve treated solid waste from 3.27 to 3.43 tons/month, and (v) increased sales of fresh bread to 34,996 packs/month and sweet bread 14,560 packs/month. The total profit that can be obtained by applying cleaner production is Rp 21,324,000 per month. Keywords : cleaner production, feasibility analysis, small bread industry DOI : 10.7176/CPER/59-01
{"title":"Study on Possibility of Cleaner Production Application at Small Scale Bakery Industry in Pekalongan Indonesia","authors":"T. Bantacut, S. Zulaikha","doi":"10.7176/cper/59-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cper/59-01","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyzed the opportunities for implementing a cleaner production of small bread industries. The research begun with identification of the process stages, problems and opportunities for the application of cleaner production as well as an analysis of alternative feasibility of environmental, technical and financial aspects. The study found a variety of problems such as no special fermentation chambers, no determination of fermentation time, scattered flour, smoking workers, spilt dough, inappropriate placing goods, and the use of lights during the day, untreated eggshells, leftover bread and off-grade bread, the liquid waste from the washing process goes into the water body, unsold bread, and does not have a halal certificate. The recommended alternatives are making space and determining fermentation time, Good Manufacturing Practices, lighting re-design during the day, eggshells process into fertilizer, the remaining slices of bread and off-grade bread are processed into bread crumb flour, four stages of washing, submitting halal certificates, and bread waste flour as animal feeds. The implementation of cleaner production can: (i) increase bread production of 21.19 to 21.80 ton/month, (ii) reduce washing water from 4,000 to 3,600 liters/month, (iii) cut electricity from 1,613 to 1,593 kWh/month, (iv) improve treated solid waste from 3.27 to 3.43 tons/month, and (v) increased sales of fresh bread to 34,996 packs/month and sweet bread 14,560 packs/month. The total profit that can be obtained by applying cleaner production is Rp 21,324,000 per month. Keywords : cleaner production, feasibility analysis, small bread industry DOI : 10.7176/CPER/59-01","PeriodicalId":9769,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Process Engineering Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89142903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study was carried out to investigate chemical constituents on the bark of Ficus ingens (Miq.) Miq . Three compounds were isolated from methanol extract of the bark Ficus ingens (Miq.) Miq . and it were identified as compound-1 [tetrahydro-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-(terahydro-3,4-dihydroxy-2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)fura-2-yloxy)-2H-pyran-3,4,5 triol], compound-2 [dihydroxy-2-(3, 4, 5) trihydroxyphenyl) chromenylium-2-4) methoxy-6-methyloxane-3, 4, 5 triol] and compound-3 [6- methoxycyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5-pentaol]. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by means of 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR and DEPT-135 spectral data and comparison with literature reports. Keywords: Chemical constituents; Ficus ingens (Miq).Miq. ; Methanol; DOI : 10.7176/JNSR/9-7-07 Publication date : April 30 th 2019
{"title":"Structure Determination of Compounds from the Bark of Ficus ingens (Miq.) Miq. using 1D NMR Spectral Methods","authors":"Diriba Borena, H. Tesso, Tariku Nefo","doi":"10.7176/cper/61-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cper/61-01","url":null,"abstract":"This study was carried out to investigate chemical constituents on the bark of Ficus ingens (Miq.) Miq . Three compounds were isolated from methanol extract of the bark Ficus ingens (Miq.) Miq . and it were identified as compound-1 [tetrahydro-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-(terahydro-3,4-dihydroxy-2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)fura-2-yloxy)-2H-pyran-3,4,5 triol], compound-2 [dihydroxy-2-(3, 4, 5) trihydroxyphenyl) chromenylium-2-4) methoxy-6-methyloxane-3, 4, 5 triol] and compound-3 [6- methoxycyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5-pentaol]. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by means of 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR and DEPT-135 spectral data and comparison with literature reports. Keywords: Chemical constituents; Ficus ingens (Miq).Miq. ; Methanol; DOI : 10.7176/JNSR/9-7-07 Publication date : April 30 th 2019","PeriodicalId":9769,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Process Engineering Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82345776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study was carried out to investigate the effect of process variables on the production of alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) by leaching of local clays obtained from four different locations in Nigeria – Ikot-Abasi, Enito II, Akpugo and Awgbu containing 56.00%, 8.45%, 25.28% and 14.43% of Al 2 O 3 respectively. The process variables whose effect on alumina leaching investigated were: acids concentration (2M to 10M), calcinations temperature (200 o C to 1000 o C), calcinations time (15 to 75 minutes), leaching time (20 to 100 minutes) and particles size (75 to 1000µm) with the experiment conducted at constant boiling temperatures of the acids used (Nitric and Acetic acid). The recommended leaching conditions used as obtained from literature were: 6M for the two acids concentrations, particles size of 150µm, calcinations and leaching time of one hour and calcinations temperature of 600 o C. Upon leaching of these clays under prescribed conditions, the optimal yield obtained by varying each of the process variables were noted. Calcination temperature was observed to have the highest effect on the yield of alumina extractible providing the highest yield of alumina after analysis using mass adsorption spectrophotometer. The yield of alumina presented under the variation of calcination temperature were: Ikot-Abasi clay and nitric acid – yield of 68.10% alumina; Ikot-Abasi and Acetic – yield of 38.07% alumina; Enito II and nitric acid – yield of 56.50% alumina; Enito II clay and acetic acid – yield of 43.41% alumina; Awgbu clay and nitric acid – 59.04% alumina yield; Awgbu clay and acetic acid – alumina yield of 46.55%; Akpugo clay and nitric acid – alumina yield 53.47%; Akpugo clay and acetic acid – alumina yield 43.23%. It was observed that Ikot-Abasi clay/nitric acid gave the best yield. Keywords: Local Clays, Alumina, Nitric Acid, Acetic Acid, Mass Adsorption Spectrophotometer. DOI : 10.7176/CPER/60-05 Publication date :March 31 st 2019
{"title":"Production of Alumina from Local Clays using Nitric and Acetic Acids (Part A)","authors":"K. Dagde, Nwankwo Chiedozie Onyebuchi","doi":"10.7176/cper/60-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cper/60-05","url":null,"abstract":"The study was carried out to investigate the effect of process variables on the production of alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) by leaching of local clays obtained from four different locations in Nigeria – Ikot-Abasi, Enito II, Akpugo and Awgbu containing 56.00%, 8.45%, 25.28% and 14.43% of Al 2 O 3 respectively. The process variables whose effect on alumina leaching investigated were: acids concentration (2M to 10M), calcinations temperature (200 o C to 1000 o C), calcinations time (15 to 75 minutes), leaching time (20 to 100 minutes) and particles size (75 to 1000µm) with the experiment conducted at constant boiling temperatures of the acids used (Nitric and Acetic acid). The recommended leaching conditions used as obtained from literature were: 6M for the two acids concentrations, particles size of 150µm, calcinations and leaching time of one hour and calcinations temperature of 600 o C. Upon leaching of these clays under prescribed conditions, the optimal yield obtained by varying each of the process variables were noted. Calcination temperature was observed to have the highest effect on the yield of alumina extractible providing the highest yield of alumina after analysis using mass adsorption spectrophotometer. The yield of alumina presented under the variation of calcination temperature were: Ikot-Abasi clay and nitric acid – yield of 68.10% alumina; Ikot-Abasi and Acetic – yield of 38.07% alumina; Enito II and nitric acid – yield of 56.50% alumina; Enito II clay and acetic acid – yield of 43.41% alumina; Awgbu clay and nitric acid – 59.04% alumina yield; Awgbu clay and acetic acid – alumina yield of 46.55%; Akpugo clay and nitric acid – alumina yield 53.47%; Akpugo clay and acetic acid – alumina yield 43.23%. It was observed that Ikot-Abasi clay/nitric acid gave the best yield. Keywords: Local Clays, Alumina, Nitric Acid, Acetic Acid, Mass Adsorption Spectrophotometer. DOI : 10.7176/CPER/60-05 Publication date :March 31 st 2019","PeriodicalId":9769,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Process Engineering Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86838851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A compound was extracted from the berries of Brucea antidysenterica and identified as Q4 (12-(methylamino)tridecane-6-ol). Its structure determination was based on 1 H, 13 C NMR, DEPT-135, IR and LC-MS spectral measurements as well as comparison with the literature data. Keywords: Brucea antidysenterica ; NMR; MeOH; Structure DOI : 10.7176/CPER/59-02
{"title":"Isolation and Structural Elucidation of an Alkaloid Constituent from the Berries of Brucea Antidysenterica","authors":"Tariku Nefo Duke","doi":"10.7176/cper/59-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cper/59-02","url":null,"abstract":"A compound was extracted from the berries of Brucea antidysenterica and identified as Q4 (12-(methylamino)tridecane-6-ol). Its structure determination was based on 1 H, 13 C NMR, DEPT-135, IR and LC-MS spectral measurements as well as comparison with the literature data. Keywords: Brucea antidysenterica ; NMR; MeOH; Structure DOI : 10.7176/CPER/59-02","PeriodicalId":9769,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Process Engineering Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78969750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, the effects of free quenching on mechanical physical and thermal behaviours of high density Polyethylene (PEHD) have been investigated. Three different thermal treatments were used: A first free quenching from the melt state to air, a second free quenching from 130°C to different temperatures and finally an annealing .The results have shown that an improvement of the impact strength and elongation at break can be obtained after a first quenching to air. However, a second quenching at 0°C gives better results and a correlation between the mechanical and thermal properties is observed. The improvement of these properties is obtained to the detriment of other properties like elasticity modulus, density, vicat softening temperature (VST) and heat distortion temperature (HDT). The improvement of impact strength and elongation at break after the second quenching is probably linked to the existence of a relaxation mode located around this temperature. Keywords : free quenching; polyethylene, mechanical, physical, thermal. DOI : 10.7176/CPER/59-03
{"title":"Influence of Free Quenching on Mechanical Physical and Thermal Properties of High Density Polyethylene","authors":"Leila Latrèche, F. Rouabah, N. Haddaoui","doi":"10.7176/cper/59-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cper/59-03","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the effects of free quenching on mechanical physical and thermal behaviours of high density Polyethylene (PEHD) have been investigated. Three different thermal treatments were used: A first free quenching from the melt state to air, a second free quenching from 130°C to different temperatures and finally an annealing .The results have shown that an improvement of the impact strength and elongation at break can be obtained after a first quenching to air. However, a second quenching at 0°C gives better results and a correlation between the mechanical and thermal properties is observed. The improvement of these properties is obtained to the detriment of other properties like elasticity modulus, density, vicat softening temperature (VST) and heat distortion temperature (HDT). The improvement of impact strength and elongation at break after the second quenching is probably linked to the existence of a relaxation mode located around this temperature. Keywords : free quenching; polyethylene, mechanical, physical, thermal. DOI : 10.7176/CPER/59-03","PeriodicalId":9769,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Process Engineering Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81835843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aluminum-diatomite (Al-D) composite adsorbent is synthesized in one pot by heating natural diatomite in NaOH and subsequently mixed with a solution of aluminum salt. The chemical, surface, textural and structural properties of the prepared material were characterized by XRF, XRD, SEM, FTIR, and Nitrogen adsorption methods. The adsorption efficiency of the composite sample was evaluated towards Pb(II) species in batch technique and compared with the raw diatomite. The impact of operational conditions, such as pH, adsorption time, temperature, an initial concentration of adsorbate, and the adsorbent dose was also evaluated. As confirmed by XRD and FTIR, the partial dissolution of silica in NaOH leads to the formation of an alumina-silicate compound at the addition of an aluminum salt. SEM image showed that aluminum is successfully loaded both on the surface of the diatomite and on the inner surface of the meso- and macropores, which leads to the advance of the specific surface area from 19.7 m 2 /g to 80.9 m 2 /g. It was observed that the Al-Diatomite adsorbent showed a noticeable higher Pb (II) sorption capacity (67.9 mg/g) than the natural diatomite (17.2 mg/g). This result can be explained by the higher surface area, mesoporous structure and uniform deposition of small-sized Alumina particles. Keywords: Aluminum, Composite, Lead ion, Modification, Sorption DOI : 10.7176/CPER/60-02 Publication date :March 31 st 2019
{"title":"Preparation and Characterization of Al-Diatomite Composite for the Remedial of Pb(II) from Aqueous Solution","authors":"Yonas Weldemariam","doi":"10.7176/cper/60-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cper/60-02","url":null,"abstract":"Aluminum-diatomite (Al-D) composite adsorbent is synthesized in one pot by heating natural diatomite in NaOH and subsequently mixed with a solution of aluminum salt. The chemical, surface, textural and structural properties of the prepared material were characterized by XRF, XRD, SEM, FTIR, and Nitrogen adsorption methods. The adsorption efficiency of the composite sample was evaluated towards Pb(II) species in batch technique and compared with the raw diatomite. The impact of operational conditions, such as pH, adsorption time, temperature, an initial concentration of adsorbate, and the adsorbent dose was also evaluated. As confirmed by XRD and FTIR, the partial dissolution of silica in NaOH leads to the formation of an alumina-silicate compound at the addition of an aluminum salt. SEM image showed that aluminum is successfully loaded both on the surface of the diatomite and on the inner surface of the meso- and macropores, which leads to the advance of the specific surface area from 19.7 m 2 /g to 80.9 m 2 /g. It was observed that the Al-Diatomite adsorbent showed a noticeable higher Pb (II) sorption capacity (67.9 mg/g) than the natural diatomite (17.2 mg/g). This result can be explained by the higher surface area, mesoporous structure and uniform deposition of small-sized Alumina particles. Keywords: Aluminum, Composite, Lead ion, Modification, Sorption DOI : 10.7176/CPER/60-02 Publication date :March 31 st 2019","PeriodicalId":9769,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Process Engineering Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85945829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nanotechnology has attained significant concern in the field of Environmental Protection, Health Risk Energy, Material Science, Biotechnology, Information Technology, Pharmaceuticals, Tissue Engineering, Cosmetics, Food and Agriculture, and others. In this research the preparation of indigenous copper oxide Nanoparticles (Cu 2 O NPs) were prepared by the bottom up approach in the presence of Sodium do Decyl Sulfate (SDS). Material properties of Copper oxide NPs such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transforms Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were also studied. The SEM demonstrated the surface of indigenous Copper Oxide NPs was non-agglomerated powders with irregular ball resembling particles. The X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis explained that the Cu 2 O NPs were highly crystalline in nature with average size was found to be 3.5 nm ranging from 2 to 5 nm were recorded by the help of scherrer formula. The Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy described the carbonyl group are responsible for formation of stable indigenous Cu 2 O NPs. These stable Indigenous cuprous oxide nanoparticles would be applied for the desulfurization of natural Gas separation purpose. Keywords: Indigenous, Copper oxide nanoparticles (Cu 2 O NPs), chemical reduction, SDS, morphology, desulfurization and natural gas. DOI : 10.7176/CPER/61-04 Publication date : April 30 th 2019
{"title":"Preparation of Indigenous Coppor Oxide Nanoparticles for Desulfurization of Natural Gas","authors":"A. Qudoos, S. Farman, S. Aziz, Sirajuddin","doi":"10.7176/cper/61-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cper/61-04","url":null,"abstract":"Nanotechnology has attained significant concern in the field of Environmental Protection, Health Risk Energy, Material Science, Biotechnology, Information Technology, Pharmaceuticals, Tissue Engineering, Cosmetics, Food and Agriculture, and others. In this research the preparation of indigenous copper oxide Nanoparticles (Cu 2 O NPs) were prepared by the bottom up approach in the presence of Sodium do Decyl Sulfate (SDS). Material properties of Copper oxide NPs such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transforms Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were also studied. The SEM demonstrated the surface of indigenous Copper Oxide NPs was non-agglomerated powders with irregular ball resembling particles. The X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis explained that the Cu 2 O NPs were highly crystalline in nature with average size was found to be 3.5 nm ranging from 2 to 5 nm were recorded by the help of scherrer formula. The Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy described the carbonyl group are responsible for formation of stable indigenous Cu 2 O NPs. These stable Indigenous cuprous oxide nanoparticles would be applied for the desulfurization of natural Gas separation purpose. Keywords: Indigenous, Copper oxide nanoparticles (Cu 2 O NPs), chemical reduction, SDS, morphology, desulfurization and natural gas. DOI : 10.7176/CPER/61-04 Publication date : April 30 th 2019","PeriodicalId":9769,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Process Engineering Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78217331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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