Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.18488/JOURNAL.65.2020.71.1.11
J. Poon, M. Tan, Chin Hong Geow
We can devise a drug (inhibitor) to restrain the activity of gene. As a gene engenders protein/enzyme, so to circumvent the development of any disease causing proteins, we have to stop the activity of that gene. With the aid of different bioinformatics tools and software’s we can do this. A protease is an enzyme that smites proteins to their constituent peptides. The HIV-I Protease (PR) hydrolyses viral polyproteins into functional protein products that are vital for viral assembly and subsequent activity. HIV-I protease activity is decisive for the terminal maturation of infectious virions. Once HIV enters the cell, viral RNA experiences reverse transcription to generate double-stranded DNA (a step inhibited by nucleoside analogues such as zidovudine, didanosine, zalcitabine, stavudine, and lamivudine). In the presence of HIV-I protease inhibitors, the virion is incapable to mature and is quickly cleared by inadequately comprehended mechanisms. Figure 1, left, is a photomicrograph of normal budding virions from an infected cell, while Figure 1, right, determines the effect of bathing these cells with the protease inhibitor, saquinavir. The consequent lack of a dense core for these "ghosted" particles is the feature of noninfectious HIV virions. By applying ncbi we can acquire the nucleotide and protein sequence of HIV-I Protease. By tool and softwares like pfam, clustalw, gold, blast, we designed the inhibitor “SKF 108737”for HIV-I protease. Keywords : Inhibitor (Drug), HIV-I protease
{"title":"Effects of Osmotic Dehydrated and Ultrasound Pre-Treated Orange Peel on Dye Removal","authors":"J. Poon, M. Tan, Chin Hong Geow","doi":"10.18488/JOURNAL.65.2020.71.1.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18488/JOURNAL.65.2020.71.1.11","url":null,"abstract":"We can devise a drug (inhibitor) to restrain the activity of gene. As a gene engenders protein/enzyme, so to circumvent the development of any disease causing proteins, we have to stop the activity of that gene. With the aid of different bioinformatics tools and software’s we can do this. A protease is an enzyme that smites proteins to their constituent peptides. The HIV-I Protease (PR) hydrolyses viral polyproteins into functional protein products that are vital for viral assembly and subsequent activity. HIV-I protease activity is decisive for the terminal maturation of infectious virions. Once HIV enters the cell, viral RNA experiences reverse transcription to generate double-stranded DNA (a step inhibited by nucleoside analogues such as zidovudine, didanosine, zalcitabine, stavudine, and lamivudine). In the presence of HIV-I protease inhibitors, the virion is incapable to mature and is quickly cleared by inadequately comprehended mechanisms. Figure 1, left, is a photomicrograph of normal budding virions from an infected cell, while Figure 1, right, determines the effect of bathing these cells with the protease inhibitor, saquinavir. The consequent lack of a dense core for these \"ghosted\" particles is the feature of noninfectious HIV virions. By applying ncbi we can acquire the nucleotide and protein sequence of HIV-I Protease. By tool and softwares like pfam, clustalw, gold, blast, we designed the inhibitor “SKF 108737”for HIV-I protease. Keywords : Inhibitor (Drug), HIV-I protease","PeriodicalId":9769,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Process Engineering Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90307346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Ezeh, O. Onukwuli, V. Ugonabo, R. S. Odera, O. Okeke
Natural fibres thermally degrade and burn readily and their use has been restricted in applications where the heat and fire regulations are stringent. The need to enhance the fire resistance of natural fibres inspired the development of cow horn ash particles as a novel flame retardant additive for polyester/cow horn ash particles (CHAp)/Banana peduncle fibre (BPF) hybrid composites. The composites were produced by varying the ratios of CHA: BPF from 0:0, 2.5:2.5, 5:5, 7.5:7.5 and 10:0wt%. The thermal and fire properties were determined. The results obtained showed that the incorporation of CHAp played a crucial role in improving the thermal stability of the composites by acting as an effective physical barriers against thermal decomposition in the polymer composites. This work shows that at 7.5wt%CHAp: 7.5wt% composite delay the ignition time by 25, the end of burning time by 14.24% and reduced the total heat release rate by 9.07%. The research work has established that CHAp can be used to replace expensive and toxic organic and inorganic flame retarded polymer composites for structural application. Keywords : cow horn ash; polyester; fire retardancy; banana peduncle fibre. DOI : 10.7176/CPER/62-06 Publication date: February 29 th 2020
{"title":"Characterization of fire retardant properties of cow horn ash particles and thermal behavior of polyester/ Banana peduncle fibre /cow horn ash particle hybrid composites","authors":"E. Ezeh, O. Onukwuli, V. Ugonabo, R. S. Odera, O. Okeke","doi":"10.7176/cper/62-06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cper/62-06","url":null,"abstract":"Natural fibres thermally degrade and burn readily and their use has been restricted in applications where the heat and fire regulations are stringent. The need to enhance the fire resistance of natural fibres inspired the development of cow horn ash particles as a novel flame retardant additive for polyester/cow horn ash particles (CHAp)/Banana peduncle fibre (BPF) hybrid composites. The composites were produced by varying the ratios of CHA: BPF from 0:0, 2.5:2.5, 5:5, 7.5:7.5 and 10:0wt%. The thermal and fire properties were determined. The results obtained showed that the incorporation of CHAp played a crucial role in improving the thermal stability of the composites by acting as an effective physical barriers against thermal decomposition in the polymer composites. This work shows that at 7.5wt%CHAp: 7.5wt% composite delay the ignition time by 25, the end of burning time by 14.24% and reduced the total heat release rate by 9.07%. The research work has established that CHAp can be used to replace expensive and toxic organic and inorganic flame retarded polymer composites for structural application. Keywords : cow horn ash; polyester; fire retardancy; banana peduncle fibre. DOI : 10.7176/CPER/62-06 Publication date: February 29 th 2020","PeriodicalId":9769,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Process Engineering Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84088344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Echinops kebericho Mesfin is wild endemic medicinal herb to Ethiopia and the root is used traditionally for the treatment infectious and non-infectious diseases. This study was designed to identify and quantify the phenolic compounds and in vitro antioxidant activity of the root extracts. Seven phenolic acids, six flavanols, and two aliphatic organic acids were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD), among which hydroxycinnamic acid (413.14 ± 6.60 µg/g), quercetin-3-O-galactoside (7.07 ± 0.34 µg/g) and succinnic acid (702.95 ± 42.54 µg/g) were the major components. The methanol extract exhibited the highest total phenolics (29.14 ± 0.38 milligram gallic acid equivalent gram of dried extract), total flavonoid content (1.08 ± 0.03 milligram of quercitin equivalent/gram of dried extract), and antioxidant activities followed by ethanol and water extracts. Antioxidant capacity were 99.96 ± 7.53µg/mL and 246.88 ± 15.60µg/mL as determined by the DPPH (IC 50 ), ferric reducing power (IC 50 ) assays, respectively. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were strongly correlated with DPPH (R 2 = 0.93, R 2 = 0.91) and ferric reducing power (R 2 = 0.98, R 2 = 0.71), respectively. The study revealed that crude root extract of E. kebericho can be used as natural antioxidants as well as for preventing oxidative stress mediated human disorders. Keywords: Antioxidant activity; DPPH; ferric reducing; Herb; Echinops kebericho; phenols DOI : 10.7176/CPER/62-02 Publication date: January 31 st 2020
{"title":"Quantification of Phenolic Compounds by HPLC-DAD and In vitro Antioxidant Activity of Root Extract of Echinops kebericho Mesfin (Asteraceae)","authors":"Engeda Dessalegn","doi":"10.7176/cper/62-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cper/62-02","url":null,"abstract":"Echinops kebericho Mesfin is wild endemic medicinal herb to Ethiopia and the root is used traditionally for the treatment infectious and non-infectious diseases. This study was designed to identify and quantify the phenolic compounds and in vitro antioxidant activity of the root extracts. Seven phenolic acids, six flavanols, and two aliphatic organic acids were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD), among which hydroxycinnamic acid (413.14 ± 6.60 µg/g), quercetin-3-O-galactoside (7.07 ± 0.34 µg/g) and succinnic acid (702.95 ± 42.54 µg/g) were the major components. The methanol extract exhibited the highest total phenolics (29.14 ± 0.38 milligram gallic acid equivalent gram of dried extract), total flavonoid content (1.08 ± 0.03 milligram of quercitin equivalent/gram of dried extract), and antioxidant activities followed by ethanol and water extracts. Antioxidant capacity were 99.96 ± 7.53µg/mL and 246.88 ± 15.60µg/mL as determined by the DPPH (IC 50 ), ferric reducing power (IC 50 ) assays, respectively. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were strongly correlated with DPPH (R 2 = 0.93, R 2 = 0.91) and ferric reducing power (R 2 = 0.98, R 2 = 0.71), respectively. The study revealed that crude root extract of E. kebericho can be used as natural antioxidants as well as for preventing oxidative stress mediated human disorders. Keywords: Antioxidant activity; DPPH; ferric reducing; Herb; Echinops kebericho; phenols DOI : 10.7176/CPER/62-02 Publication date: January 31 st 2020","PeriodicalId":9769,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Process Engineering Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84861522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Ezeh, O. Onukwuli, R. S. Odera, V. Ugonabo, O. Okeke
Polymers which take up 80% of the organic industry are known for their high flammability with the production of heat, corrosive toxic gases, and smoke. The need to improve the fire resistance properties of polymer and natural fibre composites lead to the development of functional novel polyester/ aluminum hydroxide (AH) particles- Banana peduncle fibre (BPF) hybrid composites. The composites were produced by varying the ratio of AH:BPF from 0:0, 2.5:2.5, 5:5, 7.5:7.5 and 10:10wt%. The thermal and fire properties were determined. The incorporated AH played a crucial role in improving the thermal stability of the composites by acting as effective physical barriers against the thermal decomposition in the polymer composite. There was maximum, endothermic peak, shift to higher temperature, as the weight percent addition of AH was increased, which reflected in improved thermal stability of the composites. This work shows that addition of 10wt%AH:10wt%BPF to polyester composite retarded its burning by delaying the ignition time by 22.94%, the end of burning time by 13.15% and reduction of the total heat release rate by 29.68%. Keywords : Aluminum hydroxide (AH); polyester; flame retardancy; banana peduncle fibres (BPF). DOI : 10.7176/CPER/62-07 Publication date: February 29 th 2020
{"title":"Thermal Decomposition and Flame retardancy of Functional Polyester/Banana Peduncle fibre and Aluminum Hydroxide particle Hybrid Composites.","authors":"E. Ezeh, O. Onukwuli, R. S. Odera, V. Ugonabo, O. Okeke","doi":"10.7176/cper/62-07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cper/62-07","url":null,"abstract":"Polymers which take up 80% of the organic industry are known for their high flammability with the production of heat, corrosive toxic gases, and smoke. The need to improve the fire resistance properties of polymer and natural fibre composites lead to the development of functional novel polyester/ aluminum hydroxide (AH) particles- Banana peduncle fibre (BPF) hybrid composites. The composites were produced by varying the ratio of AH:BPF from 0:0, 2.5:2.5, 5:5, 7.5:7.5 and 10:10wt%. The thermal and fire properties were determined. The incorporated AH played a crucial role in improving the thermal stability of the composites by acting as effective physical barriers against the thermal decomposition in the polymer composite. There was maximum, endothermic peak, shift to higher temperature, as the weight percent addition of AH was increased, which reflected in improved thermal stability of the composites. This work shows that addition of 10wt%AH:10wt%BPF to polyester composite retarded its burning by delaying the ignition time by 22.94%, the end of burning time by 13.15% and reduction of the total heat release rate by 29.68%. Keywords : Aluminum hydroxide (AH); polyester; flame retardancy; banana peduncle fibres (BPF). DOI : 10.7176/CPER/62-07 Publication date: February 29 th 2020","PeriodicalId":9769,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Process Engineering Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75991742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Performance and effectiveness of single and combined coagulants in the treatment of petroleum and flow station wastewater has been studied. In this study, samples of petroleum and flowsation were treated separated with Barium Chloride, Iron (ii) sulphate, Magnesium Oxide and then with mixtures of different chemicals. Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater was used in the analysis of some important physico-chemical parameters. The results of the analysis of all the parameters in the petroleum and flow station wastewater samples treated with six different types of coagulants shows significant changes and variations in the level of virtually all the parameters in the treated samples when compared with that of the blank.The combined chemical coagulants exhibited a high capacity to reduce the pollutants to recommended effluent limits with the mixture of Magnesium Hydroxide and Iron (ii) Sulphate been the most effective coagulants. The result revealed that average value of all selected parameters showed variation from points A to F. However, these variations are not statistically significant with F (0.068019) being less than Fcritical Keywords : Petroleum, Flow station, Wastewater, Coagulants, ANOVA DOI : 10.7176/CPER/62-04 Publication date: January 31 st 2020
{"title":"Treatment of Petroleum and Flowstation Wastewater Using Combined Coagulants","authors":"B. Evbuomwan, L. A. Olagunju","doi":"10.7176/cper/62-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cper/62-04","url":null,"abstract":"Performance and effectiveness of single and combined coagulants in the treatment of petroleum and flow station wastewater has been studied. In this study, samples of petroleum and flowsation were treated separated with Barium Chloride, Iron (ii) sulphate, Magnesium Oxide and then with mixtures of different chemicals. Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater was used in the analysis of some important physico-chemical parameters. The results of the analysis of all the parameters in the petroleum and flow station wastewater samples treated with six different types of coagulants shows significant changes and variations in the level of virtually all the parameters in the treated samples when compared with that of the blank.The combined chemical coagulants exhibited a high capacity to reduce the pollutants to recommended effluent limits with the mixture of Magnesium Hydroxide and Iron (ii) Sulphate been the most effective coagulants. The result revealed that average value of all selected parameters showed variation from points A to F. However, these variations are not statistically significant with F (0.068019) being less than Fcritical Keywords : Petroleum, Flow station, Wastewater, Coagulants, ANOVA DOI : 10.7176/CPER/62-04 Publication date: January 31 st 2020","PeriodicalId":9769,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Process Engineering Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76392196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Now-a-days, Because of cost and time consuming in the design of plants chemical engineer used simulators to simulate design and operation of chemical equipment and plant, which spares a great deal of time and cash.Today, there are many number of the simulators are refreshed and utilized in the simulation of chemical equipment and plant such as ChemCad, ProII, UniSim……..etc. Among of these simulators, Aspen Hysys is the most utilized programming in all ventures because of aiding in two noteworthy fields (design & operation). Simulation of ammonia synthesis process is done on Aspen Hysys V8.8 with steady state mode making some assumptions and using hypothetical reactors ammonia. By fluctuating the distinctive parameters in this simulation environment, the impact of these parameters in the generation rate of the procedure are watched. Keywords: Ammonia, Simulation, Aspen Hysys DOI : 10.7176/CPER/62-03 Publication date: January 31 st 2020
{"title":"Simulation of Ammonia Production using HYSYS Software","authors":"N. A. E. Moneim, I. Ismail, N. M.M","doi":"10.7176/cper/62-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cper/62-03","url":null,"abstract":"Now-a-days, Because of cost and time consuming in the design of plants chemical engineer used simulators to simulate design and operation of chemical equipment and plant, which spares a great deal of time and cash.Today, there are many number of the simulators are refreshed and utilized in the simulation of chemical equipment and plant such as ChemCad, ProII, UniSim……..etc. Among of these simulators, Aspen Hysys is the most utilized programming in all ventures because of aiding in two noteworthy fields (design & operation). Simulation of ammonia synthesis process is done on Aspen Hysys V8.8 with steady state mode making some assumptions and using hypothetical reactors ammonia. By fluctuating the distinctive parameters in this simulation environment, the impact of these parameters in the generation rate of the procedure are watched. Keywords: Ammonia, Simulation, Aspen Hysys DOI : 10.7176/CPER/62-03 Publication date: January 31 st 2020","PeriodicalId":9769,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Process Engineering Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81340722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Casson liquid stream over a vertical permeable surface with a synthetic response within the sight of an attractive field has been contemplated. Likeness investigation was utilized to change the arrangement of incomplete differential conditions portraying the issue into customary differential conditions. The decreased construction was illuminated utilizing the Newton Raphson shooting strategy close by the Forth-request Runge-Kutta calculation. The outcomes are introduced graphically and in an unthinkable structure for different domineering parameters. The impact of physical constants resembling Casson liquid (β), Magnetic parameter Μ, Soret number Sc, Prandtl number Pr, Magnetic Prandtl number, and so forth., on the instigated attractive field, temperature and speed are investigated. An attractive perception of this examination is that the impact of velocity appropriation comply with the physical consideration of notable Newtonian and all other Non-Newtonian liquids. Keywords : Magnetic Field, Casson Fluid, Mass Transfer, Suction, Non-Newtonian Fluid, Induced magnetic field, MHD, Natural Convection, Slip. DOI: 10.7176/CPER/63-03 Publication date: October 31 st 2020
{"title":"MHD Analysis of Casson Fluid through a Vertical Porous Surface with Chemical Reaction","authors":"M. Ramanuja, V. Nagaradhika","doi":"10.7176/cper/63-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cper/63-03","url":null,"abstract":"Casson liquid stream over a vertical permeable surface with a synthetic response within the sight of an attractive field has been contemplated. Likeness investigation was utilized to change the arrangement of incomplete differential conditions portraying the issue into customary differential conditions. The decreased construction was illuminated utilizing the Newton Raphson shooting strategy close by the Forth-request Runge-Kutta calculation. The outcomes are introduced graphically and in an unthinkable structure for different domineering parameters. The impact of physical constants resembling Casson liquid (β), Magnetic parameter Μ, Soret number Sc, Prandtl number Pr, Magnetic Prandtl number, and so forth., on the instigated attractive field, temperature and speed are investigated. An attractive perception of this examination is that the impact of velocity appropriation comply with the physical consideration of notable Newtonian and all other Non-Newtonian liquids. Keywords : Magnetic Field, Casson Fluid, Mass Transfer, Suction, Non-Newtonian Fluid, Induced magnetic field, MHD, Natural Convection, Slip. DOI: 10.7176/CPER/63-03 Publication date: October 31 st 2020","PeriodicalId":9769,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Process Engineering Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75176648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigate the compositional analysis of honey samples obtained from six states (Edo, Delta, Bayelsa, Rivers, Cross River and Akwa Ibom) in south-south region, Nigeria. The compositional parameters of the honey that were examined includes; moisture content, ash content, pH, refractive index, viscosity, potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron and glucose. The range of results for the six states are as follows; Moisture content (12.43% - 28.33%); Ash content (0.093– 0.86)g 100g ‑1 ; pH value (3.1 – 4.6); Refractive index @ 20 o C (1.4663 – 1.5064); Viscosity @ 20 o C (2.372 – 3.814) cP; Glucose (30.14 - 43.12%); Potassium (4.78 – 8.06) ppm; Magnesium (0.97 – 1.98) ppm; Calcium (0.43 – 0.51) ppm and Iron (2.49 – 7.16) ppm. The mean and standard deviation of the parameters for the six states are as follows: Moisture content (19.84 ± 5.79); Ash content (0.57 ± 0.31); pH value (3.91 ±0.63); Refractive index @ 20 o C (1.49 ±0.015); Viscosity @ 20 o C (3.142 ± 0.5254); Glucose (39.06 ± 5.00); Potassium (5.84 ± 1.16); Magnesium (1.43 ± 0.41); Calcium (0.47 ± 0.027) and Iron (5.76 ± 1.79). There is a significant difference in the properties of the honey with respect to locality at p < 0.05.The results of analysis shows that the studied parameters were within recommended limits with the exception of moisture and pH which recorded values beyond the maximum recommended limits for some of the studied samples. Keywords: Analysis, Honey, mineral, carbohydrate and mean standard deviation DOI : 10.7176/CPER/62-01 Publication date: January 31 st 2020
{"title":"Comparative Study on the Compositional Analysis of Honeys Produced in South-South Region, Nigeria","authors":"B. Evbuomwan, E. Ijomah","doi":"10.7176/cper/62-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cper/62-01","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigate the compositional analysis of honey samples obtained from six states (Edo, Delta, Bayelsa, Rivers, Cross River and Akwa Ibom) in south-south region, Nigeria. The compositional parameters of the honey that were examined includes; moisture content, ash content, pH, refractive index, viscosity, potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron and glucose. The range of results for the six states are as follows; Moisture content (12.43% - 28.33%); Ash content (0.093– 0.86)g 100g ‑1 ; pH value (3.1 – 4.6); Refractive index @ 20 o C (1.4663 – 1.5064); Viscosity @ 20 o C (2.372 – 3.814) cP; Glucose (30.14 - 43.12%); Potassium (4.78 – 8.06) ppm; Magnesium (0.97 – 1.98) ppm; Calcium (0.43 – 0.51) ppm and Iron (2.49 – 7.16) ppm. The mean and standard deviation of the parameters for the six states are as follows: Moisture content (19.84 ± 5.79); Ash content (0.57 ± 0.31); pH value (3.91 ±0.63); Refractive index @ 20 o C (1.49 ±0.015); Viscosity @ 20 o C (3.142 ± 0.5254); Glucose (39.06 ± 5.00); Potassium (5.84 ± 1.16); Magnesium (1.43 ± 0.41); Calcium (0.47 ± 0.027) and Iron (5.76 ± 1.79). There is a significant difference in the properties of the honey with respect to locality at p < 0.05.The results of analysis shows that the studied parameters were within recommended limits with the exception of moisture and pH which recorded values beyond the maximum recommended limits for some of the studied samples. Keywords: Analysis, Honey, mineral, carbohydrate and mean standard deviation DOI : 10.7176/CPER/62-01 Publication date: January 31 st 2020","PeriodicalId":9769,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Process Engineering Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84335518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examined the structure and mechanical properties of recycled high density polyethylene(RHDPE)/palm kernel shell ash (PKSA) bio-composite. The reinforcement was added to the polymer matrix in concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25wt% and particle sizes of 100, 150, 200, 250, 300µm. The composite samples were produced using injection moulding technique and subjected to mechanical and tribological property tests for percentage elongation, ultimate tensile strength, and hardness. The structure of the composite samples was analyzed using an optical metallurgical microscope. Results of the structural analysis revealed that the reinforcement of small particle size (100µm) formed a better interfacial bond with the polymer matrix compared with that of other particles sizes. The structural analysis also revealed uniform distribution of hard and brittle particles of the reinforcement in the polymer matrix. Mechanical test results showed that addition of palm kernel shell ash to the polymer matrix decreased its percentage elongation and impact strength by 24.5% and 22% respectively but significantly increased the tensile strength and hardness by 107.9% and 72% respectively. The ultimate tensile strength, and hardness of the developed composite increased with decrease in reinforcement particle size. Maximum ultimate tensile strength of 131MPa was obtained by the RHDP containing 10wt% PKSA of 100µm particle size while maximum hardness value of 86BHN was obtained at 25wt% palm kernel shell ash of 100µm particle size addition. Palm kernel shell ash reinforced recycled high density polyethylene bio-composite of improved mechanical properties that can be applied in production of engineering components. Keywords: Palm kernel shell ash, RHDPE, Percentage elongation, Ultimate tensile strength, Hardness. DOI : 10.7176/CPER/62-05 Publication date: January 31 st 2020
{"title":"Study of the Structural and Mechanical Properties of Recycled High Density Polyethylene/Palm Kernel Shell Ash Bio-Composite","authors":"C. Agbo, B. A. Okorie, H. K. Idu","doi":"10.7176/cper/62-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cper/62-05","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined the structure and mechanical properties of recycled high density polyethylene(RHDPE)/palm kernel shell ash (PKSA) bio-composite. The reinforcement was added to the polymer matrix in concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25wt% and particle sizes of 100, 150, 200, 250, 300µm. The composite samples were produced using injection moulding technique and subjected to mechanical and tribological property tests for percentage elongation, ultimate tensile strength, and hardness. The structure of the composite samples was analyzed using an optical metallurgical microscope. Results of the structural analysis revealed that the reinforcement of small particle size (100µm) formed a better interfacial bond with the polymer matrix compared with that of other particles sizes. The structural analysis also revealed uniform distribution of hard and brittle particles of the reinforcement in the polymer matrix. Mechanical test results showed that addition of palm kernel shell ash to the polymer matrix decreased its percentage elongation and impact strength by 24.5% and 22% respectively but significantly increased the tensile strength and hardness by 107.9% and 72% respectively. The ultimate tensile strength, and hardness of the developed composite increased with decrease in reinforcement particle size. Maximum ultimate tensile strength of 131MPa was obtained by the RHDP containing 10wt% PKSA of 100µm particle size while maximum hardness value of 86BHN was obtained at 25wt% palm kernel shell ash of 100µm particle size addition. Palm kernel shell ash reinforced recycled high density polyethylene bio-composite of improved mechanical properties that can be applied in production of engineering components. Keywords: Palm kernel shell ash, RHDPE, Percentage elongation, Ultimate tensile strength, Hardness. DOI : 10.7176/CPER/62-05 Publication date: January 31 st 2020","PeriodicalId":9769,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Process Engineering Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84043251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy system (LIBS) had been designed to the determinate of the best ionization laser power for analysis of the writing inks via analysis induced plasma emission. Passively Q-Switched Nd:YAG laser at the fundamental wavelength 1064 nm with different energies (60 mJ,80mJ, 100 mJ, 200 mJ, 300mJ, 400mJ and 500 mJ) with (10 ns) pulse duration, the laser beam was focused via converging lens with focal length (100 mm) that generates different power intensity, optical spectrum analysis system used was within (Si-CCD) array detector, within spectrum range of (200 - 900 nm) with (0.8 nm) optical resolution. Use A4 sheets of commercially available standard white office paper with 2 Ballpoint pens and 1 Gel pen as samples. Show the results that the laser energy (80 mJ) with ( power density, was the best power to generate plasma homogeneous for all component writing inks and ionize it without effect on the paper material. Keywords: LIBS, Laser intensity, Writing inks, White paper, plasma emissions lines, emission line analyses DOI : 10.7176/CPER/61-05 Publication date : July 31 st 2019
{"title":"Optimize of LIBS Setup to the Determination of Laser Breakdown Power of Writing Inks","authors":"Hussam S. Sadam, Sami A. Habana, A. Ali","doi":"10.7176/cper/61-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cper/61-05","url":null,"abstract":"Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy system (LIBS) had been designed to the determinate of the best ionization laser power for analysis of the writing inks via analysis induced plasma emission. Passively Q-Switched Nd:YAG laser at the fundamental wavelength 1064 nm with different energies (60 mJ,80mJ, 100 mJ, 200 mJ, 300mJ, 400mJ and 500 mJ) with (10 ns) pulse duration, the laser beam was focused via converging lens with focal length (100 mm) that generates different power intensity, optical spectrum analysis system used was within (Si-CCD) array detector, within spectrum range of (200 - 900 nm) with (0.8 nm) optical resolution. Use A4 sheets of commercially available standard white office paper with 2 Ballpoint pens and 1 Gel pen as samples. Show the results that the laser energy (80 mJ) with ( power density, was the best power to generate plasma homogeneous for all component writing inks and ionize it without effect on the paper material. Keywords: LIBS, Laser intensity, Writing inks, White paper, plasma emissions lines, emission line analyses DOI : 10.7176/CPER/61-05 Publication date : July 31 st 2019","PeriodicalId":9769,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Process Engineering Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81066011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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