Pub Date : 2018-04-02DOI: 10.4172/2168-9296.1000194
R. Petkova, S. Chakarov
Degenerative disease and cancer are the top causes of death in middle and advanced age and it seems that this trend will continue, at least in the near future. Modern medicine has an impressive arsenal of methods and tools to detect monitor and control a wide variety of diseases and conditions, including diseases with onset in middle and advanced age. Nevertheless, they are very rarely completely cured. Why, despite all the efforts of research and healthcare, we still keep failing in our efforts to cure late-onset diseases? It might be that we are trying to fight against laws of Nature that were purposely put in place so that evolution may go on but could not advance before its time. Relatively recently, we proposed the hypothesis that 'death of old age' and cancer may be viewed as Nature-made mechanisms or larger-scale checkpoints that keep the rate of evolution in check and preserve the population and the species at the expense of individuals. At this point in our development, we cannot change the rules of Nature. It is within our power, however, to anticipate, prevent and modify the outcomes of late-onset disease. Thus, we ought to keep on with research and development aimed at management of late-onset disease and improving the quality of life for the patients.
{"title":"[No] Need for Speed: Late-onset Diseases as Evolution's Power Brakes","authors":"R. Petkova, S. Chakarov","doi":"10.4172/2168-9296.1000194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9296.1000194","url":null,"abstract":"Degenerative disease and cancer are the top causes of death in middle and advanced age and it seems that this trend will continue, at least in the near future. Modern medicine has an impressive arsenal of methods and tools to detect monitor and control a wide variety of diseases and conditions, including diseases with onset in middle and advanced age. Nevertheless, they are very rarely completely cured. Why, despite all the efforts of research and healthcare, we still keep failing in our efforts to cure late-onset diseases? It might be that we are trying to fight against laws of Nature that were purposely put in place so that evolution may go on but could not advance before its time. Relatively recently, we proposed the hypothesis that 'death of old age' and cancer may be viewed as Nature-made mechanisms or larger-scale checkpoints that keep the rate of evolution in check and preserve the population and the species at the expense of individuals. At this point in our development, we cannot change the rules of Nature. It is within our power, however, to anticipate, prevent and modify the outcomes of late-onset disease. Thus, we ought to keep on with research and development aimed at management of late-onset disease and improving the quality of life for the patients.","PeriodicalId":9775,"journal":{"name":"Cell & developmental biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90781847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-22DOI: 10.4172/2168-9296.1000193
D. Lunn, Vanessa Wazny, S. Cutie, Guo N. Huang
The regenerative capacity of the heart varies drastically across the animal kingdom. Certain species, such as zebrafish and newts, display a remarkable innate ability for heart regeneration. In contrast, heart regeneration in adult mammals is limited. Heart regenerative potential also varies during organismal development. For example, while neonatal mice can regenerate their hearts, this is lost during the first week after birth. Understanding cardiac regenerative pathways will play a critical role in discovering therapeutic approaches to stimulate human cardiac regeneration. In this review, we explore the known strategies to stimulate intrinsic heart regeneration and highlight current cell replacement therapies.
{"title":"Cardiac Repair and Regeneration","authors":"D. Lunn, Vanessa Wazny, S. Cutie, Guo N. Huang","doi":"10.4172/2168-9296.1000193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9296.1000193","url":null,"abstract":"The regenerative capacity of the heart varies drastically across the animal kingdom. Certain species, such as zebrafish and newts, display a remarkable innate ability for heart regeneration. In contrast, heart regeneration in adult mammals is limited. Heart regenerative potential also varies during organismal development. For example, while neonatal mice can regenerate their hearts, this is lost during the first week after birth. Understanding cardiac regenerative pathways will play a critical role in discovering therapeutic approaches to stimulate human cardiac regeneration. In this review, we explore the known strategies to stimulate intrinsic heart regeneration and highlight current cell replacement therapies.","PeriodicalId":9775,"journal":{"name":"Cell & developmental biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75371115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-15DOI: 10.4172/2168-9296.1000192
M. Inouye
There are a total of 64 genetic codons assigned to the 20 amino acids and termination codons. The fact that all living organisms share the same codon assignment for individual amino acids indicates that all living organisms on the earth originated from the same organism. Mysteriously, however, the number of codons for individual amino acids does not necessarily correlate to amino acid usages in currently living organisms. In this article, I will discuss this mystery of the genetic code.
{"title":"Mystery of the Genetic Code","authors":"M. Inouye","doi":"10.4172/2168-9296.1000192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9296.1000192","url":null,"abstract":"There are a total of 64 genetic codons assigned to the 20 amino acids and termination codons. The fact that all living organisms share the same codon assignment for individual amino acids indicates that all living organisms on the earth originated from the same organism. Mysteriously, however, the number of codons for individual amino acids does not necessarily correlate to amino acid usages in currently living organisms. In this article, I will discuss this mystery of the genetic code.","PeriodicalId":9775,"journal":{"name":"Cell & developmental biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83178839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2168-9296.1000195
Guillermo A Vega-López, Manuel J. Aybar
Guillermo A Vega-Lopez1* and Manuel J Aybar1,2 1Institute of Biology "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", National University of Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina 2Higher Institute of Biological Research (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina *Corresponding author: Guillermo A Vega-Lopez, Faculty of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Biology "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", National University of Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina, Tel: 03814107214; E-mail: gvegalopez@fbqf.unt.edu.ar
Guillermo A Vega-Lopez1*和Manuel J Aybar1,2阿根廷国立大学Tucumán, Tucumán生物研究所“Francisco D. Barbieri博士”2阿根廷高等生物研究所(INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT)， Tucumán *通讯作者:阿根廷国立大学Tucumán, Tucumán生物研究所“Francisco D. Barbieri博士”Guillermo A Vega-Lopez，生物化学、化学和药学院，电话:03814107214;电子邮件:gvegalopez@fbqf.unt.edu.ar
{"title":"Neurocristopathies: How New Discoveries in Neural Crest Research Changed our Understanding","authors":"Guillermo A Vega-López, Manuel J. Aybar","doi":"10.4172/2168-9296.1000195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9296.1000195","url":null,"abstract":"Guillermo A Vega-Lopez1* and Manuel J Aybar1,2 1Institute of Biology \"Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri\", National University of Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina 2Higher Institute of Biological Research (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina *Corresponding author: Guillermo A Vega-Lopez, Faculty of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Biology \"Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri\", National University of Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina, Tel: 03814107214; E-mail: gvegalopez@fbqf.unt.edu.ar","PeriodicalId":9775,"journal":{"name":"Cell & developmental biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86373876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2168-9296.1000198
Dimitra Tsakona, Panagiota A. Galliou, N. Papanikolaou
Methylation and demethylation of Lysine and Arginine on proteins is quantitatively an extensive and functionally a significant post-translational modification yet there is a dearth of information at a functional systems level. Using SILAC proteomics and high resolution mass spectrometry we have identified eight demethylase and two methylase proteins whose levels are regulated during myogenic differentiation in a mouse myoblast-to-myocyte model. Using the general methylation inhibitor adenosine dialdehyde (AdOX) we established that methylation is required for differentiation. Whole proteome analysis revealed that 1134 out of 4600 proteins identified were differentially expressed, of which 488 were up-regulated and 646 down-regulated. Of these, two were methylases and eight were demethylases. Notably, five of the eight enzymes demethylate Lysine 9 on histone 3 (H3K9) whereas two also demethylate H3K4. Lastly, we have identified short linear motifs (SliMs) in the demethylase enzymes that are enriched in differentiation. We briefly discuss the significance of our findings within a developmental/epigenomics framework.
{"title":"Identification with SILAC Proteomics of Novel Short Linear Motifs in Demethylase Enzymes Regulated During Myoblast Differentiation","authors":"Dimitra Tsakona, Panagiota A. Galliou, N. Papanikolaou","doi":"10.4172/2168-9296.1000198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9296.1000198","url":null,"abstract":"Methylation and demethylation of Lysine and Arginine on proteins is quantitatively an extensive and functionally a significant post-translational modification yet there is a dearth of information at a functional systems level. Using SILAC proteomics and high resolution mass spectrometry we have identified eight demethylase and two methylase proteins whose levels are regulated during myogenic differentiation in a mouse myoblast-to-myocyte model. Using the general methylation inhibitor adenosine dialdehyde (AdOX) we established that methylation is required for differentiation. Whole proteome analysis revealed that 1134 out of 4600 proteins identified were differentially expressed, of which 488 were up-regulated and 646 down-regulated. Of these, two were methylases and eight were demethylases. Notably, five of the eight enzymes demethylate Lysine 9 on histone 3 (H3K9) whereas two also demethylate H3K4. Lastly, we have identified short linear motifs (SliMs) in the demethylase enzymes that are enriched in differentiation. We briefly discuss the significance of our findings within a developmental/epigenomics framework.","PeriodicalId":9775,"journal":{"name":"Cell & developmental biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75873442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2168-9296.1000191
Shuai Li, Qingqing Wang
Cilia in the lungs have a primary role in many respiratory diseases. Disruption of ciliated epithelial cell functions results in excess mucus in the airways, termed watery phlegm according to the Traditional Chinese Medicine Theory. Traditional Chinese Medicine prescription to treat respiratory diseases caused by watery phlegm attenuate cilia shortening, aid the clearance of ciliated epithelial cells and reduce excess mucus in the airways. Further studies are required to determine the role and mechanism of Traditional Chinese Medicine decoction and its analogous formulae and this might help develop new drugs for the treatment of respiratory diseases.
{"title":"Cilia Function as a Target for Respiratory Diseases and TCM","authors":"Shuai Li, Qingqing Wang","doi":"10.4172/2168-9296.1000191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9296.1000191","url":null,"abstract":"Cilia in the lungs have a primary role in many respiratory diseases. Disruption of ciliated epithelial cell functions results in excess mucus in the airways, termed watery phlegm according to the Traditional Chinese Medicine Theory. Traditional Chinese Medicine prescription to treat respiratory diseases caused by watery phlegm attenuate cilia shortening, aid the clearance of ciliated epithelial cells and reduce excess mucus in the airways. Further studies are required to determine the role and mechanism of Traditional Chinese Medicine decoction and its analogous formulae and this might help develop new drugs for the treatment of respiratory diseases.","PeriodicalId":9775,"journal":{"name":"Cell & developmental biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87132384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2168-9296.1000197
Arifuzzaman, Naznin Akhtar, S. M. Asaduzzaman
Human Amniotic Membrane (HAM) is widely used as biological dressing material in reconstructive skin surgery, abdominal and vaginal reconstruction, plastic and cosmetic surgery and in ophthalmologic surgery. The objective of this study was to assess microbial quality of HAM during different stages of frozen HAM allograft processing and determination of antimicrobial susceptibility of isolated microorganisms. For this purpose, twelve amniotic sacs were collected from normal vaginal delivery of seronegative mother from Azimpur maternity, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Initial bioburden was determined by using Nutrient Agar (NA), McConkey Agar, EMB Agar, Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA). Total Viable Bacterial Count (TVBC) was calculated and Initial bacterial load was ranged from 39 to 5.25×103. No fungus was found. A total 28 bacterial isolates were selected. These bacterial isolates were identified on the basis of cultural (e.g. colony size, shape, opacity), morphological (e.g. gram reaction, cell shape and arrangement) and biochemical characterization (e.g. catalase, oxidase, carbohydrate fermentation, MR test and VP test). Of them, eight bacterial isolates were identified as Staphylococcus aureus, two were Staphylococcus epidermidis, nine were Escherichia coli, three were Salmonella typhimurium, one was Enterobacter aerogenes, one was Pseudomonas aeruginosa, four were Acinetobacter baumanii. Then, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of isolated microorganisms were determined against ten antibiotics which includes Amphicillin, Streptomycin, Gentamycin, Neomycin, Imipenem, Vancomycin, Cloxacillin, Polymixin-B, Penicillin-G and Ciprofoxacin. It was found that, all bacterial isolates were sensitive to streptomycin and Penicillin-G. Thus, Streptomycin-Penicillin-G (Strep-P) cocktail was formulated and was used for the preparation of frozen AM. Then, bioburden was again determined by spread plate technique using the same media. Bacterial load in the processed HAM were ranged from 33 to 3.94 2. After then, HAM was preserved by using Dulbeco’s Modified Eagles Media (DMEM) and glycerol (1:1 ratio) and was stored at -80°C. Microbial quality of the preserved samples were checked at 07, 14, 21 & 30 days and no bioburden was found. Thus, it can be said that the antibiotic cocktail was suitable to remove the culturable microorganisms associated with HAM.
{"title":"Microbiological Quality Assessment at Different Stages of Frozen Amniotic Allograft Processing for Safe Tissue Banking Activities","authors":"Arifuzzaman, Naznin Akhtar, S. M. Asaduzzaman","doi":"10.4172/2168-9296.1000197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9296.1000197","url":null,"abstract":"Human Amniotic Membrane (HAM) is widely used as biological dressing material in reconstructive skin surgery, abdominal and vaginal reconstruction, plastic and cosmetic surgery and in ophthalmologic surgery. The objective of this study was to assess microbial quality of HAM during different stages of frozen HAM allograft processing and determination of antimicrobial susceptibility of isolated microorganisms. For this purpose, twelve amniotic sacs were collected from normal vaginal delivery of seronegative mother from Azimpur maternity, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Initial bioburden was determined by using Nutrient Agar (NA), McConkey Agar, EMB Agar, Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA). Total Viable Bacterial Count (TVBC) was calculated and Initial bacterial load was ranged from 39 to 5.25×103. No fungus was found. A total 28 bacterial isolates were selected. These bacterial isolates were identified on the basis of cultural (e.g. colony size, shape, opacity), morphological (e.g. gram reaction, cell shape and arrangement) and biochemical characterization (e.g. catalase, oxidase, carbohydrate fermentation, MR test and VP test). Of them, eight bacterial isolates were identified as Staphylococcus aureus, two were Staphylococcus epidermidis, nine were Escherichia coli, three were Salmonella typhimurium, one was Enterobacter aerogenes, one was Pseudomonas aeruginosa, four were Acinetobacter baumanii. Then, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of isolated microorganisms were determined against ten antibiotics which includes Amphicillin, Streptomycin, Gentamycin, Neomycin, Imipenem, Vancomycin, Cloxacillin, Polymixin-B, Penicillin-G and Ciprofoxacin. It was found that, all bacterial isolates were sensitive to streptomycin and Penicillin-G. Thus, Streptomycin-Penicillin-G (Strep-P) cocktail was formulated and was used for the preparation of frozen AM. Then, bioburden was again determined by spread plate technique using the same media. Bacterial load in the processed HAM were ranged from 33 to 3.94 2. After then, HAM was preserved by using Dulbeco’s Modified Eagles Media (DMEM) and glycerol (1:1 ratio) and was stored at -80°C. Microbial quality of the preserved samples were checked at 07, 14, 21 & 30 days and no bioburden was found. Thus, it can be said that the antibiotic cocktail was suitable to remove the culturable microorganisms associated with HAM.","PeriodicalId":9775,"journal":{"name":"Cell & developmental biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91253340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-14DOI: 10.4172/2168-9296.1000189
Bongkoch Turathum, Morakot Sroyraya
Proteomic analysis of oocytes can help identify proteins that are involved in female meiotic maturation and early embryonic development. Many proteins with well-defined functions have been identified during oocyte maturation. High levels of MPF, MAPK, Mos and low levels of cAMP play an essential role in the resumption of meiosis I. Following germinal vesicle breakdown, chromosome condensation and spindle formation occurred at metaphase I by assembly of the meiotic apparatus, which includes the proteins NuMA, γ-tubulin and Polo-like kinase 1. The metaphase II arrest is a result of high levels of MPF and MAPK. Proteins involved in the stress response and redox regulation, including peroxiredoxin, GST and HSF1, are also necessary for protection against oxidative stress. During fertilization, the sperm-egg interaction requires egg surface proteins, oocyte zona pellucida, molecular chaperones, GPI-anchored proteins and CD9 to recognize sperm proteins and prevent polyspermy. Following gamete fusion, resumption and complete of meiosis II is induced by GTP and CaM kinase II activation, which inactivates MPF and activation of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome results in sister chromatid separation. Decondensation of the sperm head begins after zona penetration and GSH and NPM2 are necessary for male pronuclear formation. MAPK inactivation is required for pronuclear formation. At the cleavage stage, the maternal effect proteins PADI6, FLOPED and FILIA are essential for embryonic progression past the two-cell stage. After cell adhesion, cell junctions and the cytoskeleton play an important role in compaction of the morula. Par6, Par3 and protein kinase C are components of the apical polarity complex and are important for formation of the blastocoel cavity. During the blastocyst stage, TEAD4 and CDX2 are required for trophoectoderm formation. This proteomic analysis of oocytes has improved our understanding of the molecular processes that regulate oocyte maturation, fertilization and pre-implantation in mammals.
{"title":"Protein Profile Involved in Mammalian Oocyte Maturation, Fertilization and Early Embryogenesis (Pre-Implantation)","authors":"Bongkoch Turathum, Morakot Sroyraya","doi":"10.4172/2168-9296.1000189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9296.1000189","url":null,"abstract":"Proteomic analysis of oocytes can help identify proteins that are involved in female meiotic maturation and early embryonic development. Many proteins with well-defined functions have been identified during oocyte maturation. High levels of MPF, MAPK, Mos and low levels of cAMP play an essential role in the resumption of meiosis I. Following germinal vesicle breakdown, chromosome condensation and spindle formation occurred at metaphase I by assembly of the meiotic apparatus, which includes the proteins NuMA, γ-tubulin and Polo-like kinase 1. The metaphase II arrest is a result of high levels of MPF and MAPK. Proteins involved in the stress response and redox regulation, including peroxiredoxin, GST and HSF1, are also necessary for protection against oxidative stress. During fertilization, the sperm-egg interaction requires egg surface proteins, oocyte zona pellucida, molecular chaperones, GPI-anchored proteins and CD9 to recognize sperm proteins and prevent polyspermy. Following gamete fusion, resumption and complete of meiosis II is induced by GTP and CaM kinase II activation, which inactivates MPF and activation of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome results in sister chromatid separation. Decondensation of the sperm head begins after zona penetration and GSH and NPM2 are necessary for male pronuclear formation. MAPK inactivation is required for pronuclear formation. At the cleavage stage, the maternal effect proteins PADI6, FLOPED and FILIA are essential for embryonic progression past the two-cell stage. After cell adhesion, cell junctions and the cytoskeleton play an important role in compaction of the morula. Par6, Par3 and protein kinase C are components of the apical polarity complex and are important for formation of the blastocoel cavity. During the blastocyst stage, TEAD4 and CDX2 are required for trophoectoderm formation. This proteomic analysis of oocytes has improved our understanding of the molecular processes that regulate oocyte maturation, fertilization and pre-implantation in mammals.","PeriodicalId":9775,"journal":{"name":"Cell & developmental biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80984893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-19DOI: 10.4172/2168-9296.1000186
S. Willmann
Diabetes mellitus is a severe disease caused by the autoimmune destruction and/or secreting defects of the β-cells with a global prognosis of 844 million patients in the next 20 years (The World Health Organization). The differences are stated either as T1D (Type1 Diabetes) or T2D (Type 2 Diabetes), focusing on the occurrence of the disease itself and the inheritance either early in life, at the beginning of the adulthood or in adults. Further studies are progressively made in the process of pregnancy, where a specific subset of diabetes appears for the expectant mother. Thus, making the disease itself a complex challenge in the world health population and on focus in the field of Research and Development. The focus is driven by elucidating the different factors in the maturation steps of the pancreatic insulin-secreting β-cell, impairment in this β-cells lead either to T1D or T2D. The main factor which accelerates the progression of the developing pancreas suggests being the fork head box (Fox) gene Foxa2, targeted deletions of Foxa2 in mice led to increased adiposity on a high-fat diet and decreased adipocyte glucose uptake and glycolysis. Interestingly, the null allele of Foxa2 leads to severe defects in embryogenesis and death at the embryonic stage (E) 10-11, suggesting an important role in the process of organogenesis. Thereby, Foxa2 and its target genes may shed light in specifically elucidating the transcriptional and signaling network which drives the lineage formation within the pancreas and suggests to be a promising target for creating the β-cell in vivo. Insights into the unique expression of Foxa2 in pancreatic organogenesis will accelerate our understanding of pancreatic development and highlight current findings in the field of diabetes.
{"title":"Unraveling the Myth of Foxa2 in Endocrine Formation of the Pancreatic Lineages","authors":"S. Willmann","doi":"10.4172/2168-9296.1000186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9296.1000186","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes mellitus is a severe disease caused by the autoimmune destruction and/or secreting defects of the β-cells with a global prognosis of 844 million patients in the next 20 years (The World Health Organization). The differences are stated either as T1D (Type1 Diabetes) or T2D (Type 2 Diabetes), focusing on the occurrence of the disease itself and the inheritance either early in life, at the beginning of the adulthood or in adults. Further studies are progressively made in the process of pregnancy, where a specific subset of diabetes appears for the expectant mother. Thus, making the disease itself a complex challenge in the world health population and on focus in the field of Research and Development. The focus is driven by elucidating the different factors in the maturation steps of the pancreatic insulin-secreting β-cell, impairment in this β-cells lead either to T1D or T2D. The main factor which accelerates the progression of the developing pancreas suggests being the fork head box (Fox) gene Foxa2, targeted deletions of Foxa2 in mice led to increased adiposity on a high-fat diet and decreased adipocyte glucose uptake and glycolysis. Interestingly, the null allele of Foxa2 leads to severe defects in embryogenesis and death at the embryonic stage (E) 10-11, suggesting an important role in the process of organogenesis. Thereby, Foxa2 and its target genes may shed light in specifically elucidating the transcriptional and signaling network which drives the lineage formation within the pancreas and suggests to be a promising target for creating the β-cell in vivo. Insights into the unique expression of Foxa2 in pancreatic organogenesis will accelerate our understanding of pancreatic development and highlight current findings in the field of diabetes.","PeriodicalId":9775,"journal":{"name":"Cell & developmental biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87082415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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