The integration of transition metals as catalysts has opened new avenues for organic synthesis, including the activation and formation of diverse bonds. The combination of metal catalysis with photochemistry or electrochemistry has demonstrated enhanced reaction selectivity and reduced reliance on chemical oxidants. By harnessing the potential of organic photo-electrocatalysis, which combines photocatalysis with electrocatalysis, a wide range of efficient, selective and sustainable synthetic transformations have been achieved. This review provides a comprehensive overview of metal catalysis in photo-electrochemical systems, discussing reaction mechanisms and offering prospects for this triadic catalytic mode.
Veratrum steroidal alkaloids are highly intricate alkaloids with a C-nor-D-homo steroid skeleton linked to a piperidine ring. These alkaloids have fascinated researchers due to their structural complexity and biological properties. The first synthesis of cyclopamine was accomplished in 2009 via a semi-synthetic approach. More recently, the synthesis of Veratrum steroidal alkaloids has made significant progress, employing a convergent approach. In this Highlight, we discuss the synthetic strategy that yields the highly functionalized, complex molecular architecture of Veratrum steroidal alkaloids, emphasizing key reactions involved. We also explore the current state of the synthesis of Veratrum steroidal alkaloids and discuss future directions and opportunities for the convergent synthetic approach in complex natural product synthesis.