Central European journal of public health最新文献

Objectives: Excessive screen use in early school age is associated with worsened health habits and negative child development in later age. We aimed to assess the time spent on modern and traditional screen-based devices and examine its associations with socio-demographic characteristics.

Methods: This population-based cross-sectional observation study was conducted in Czechia, Slovakia and Finland between April and June 2021. Participants (N = 1,915) were parents/caregivers of children attending elementary school grades 1 to 3, selected by stratified random sampling. Children's daily leisure screen time (LST) based on parental reports was the main outcome. Descriptive statistics, mean comparison and linear regression analysis were used for the analysis.

Results: The average daily LST was found to be as high as 3.5 hours and significantly associated with most socio-demographic variables. Eighty percent of children exceeded the threshold of two hours of LST per day, which was formerly introduced by the American Academy of Pediatrics. The most important predictor of LST in children was having their screen-based device(s) for their exclusive personal use (EPU). Linear regression with all predictors assessed together confirmed the significant effect of the screen-based devices' EPU, the child's sex and grade, the child's birth order and the parent's education, even when controlled for media parenting practices.

Conclusions: Given the widespread availability of smartphones for exclusive personal use among young children, the regulation of EPU and the reinforcement of effective media parenting practices, particularly in families with lower education and income, are critical public health strategies to mitigate the negative impact of excessive screen time on child development and overall well-being.

Objectives: Influenza A and B viruses cause epidemics every year, with approximately 3-5 million serious cases and about 290,000 to 650,000 deaths worldwide. Most patients die from bacterial complications of influenza. The aim of our study was to describe the clinical pictures of influenza and the development of the complications in seniors over 65 years of age, who were treated in University Hospital Pilsen. The course of the disease and changes in laboratory parameters were evaluated with regard to the method of treatment performed.

Methods: A descriptive retrospective study was performed. Clinical and laboratory data of seniors with the diagnosis of influenza were extracted from electronic medical records and later analysed. The data were processed with Excel 2016 and Statistica.

Results: A collection of 261 seniors, of whom 218 were hospitalized and 43 treated in an outpatient setting, has been studied. Patients who later developed complications had elevated values of CRP, procalcitonin, urea, and creatinine. The antiviral drug oseltamivir was administered to 226 of 261 seniors. Forty-seven seniors (18.0%) died from influenza and its complications (severe pneumonia with acute respiratory insufficiency or heart failure).

Conclusions: The course of influenza in seniors was usually more severe and required hospitalization along with antiviral treatment. The mortality rate in the monitored group exceeded 18%. Annual timely vaccination, but also other preventive measures, and maybe considering other risk groups are methods to prevent severe or even fatal cases of influenza.

Objectives: Childhood obesity is a growing global problem that can be prevented by improving diet quality. Mediterranean diet (MedDiet), historically present in Mediterranean countries, is considered one of the healthiest dietary patterns. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the MedDiet adherence and anthropometric parameters in 9-year-old children from the central geographic locations of Split-Dalmatia County, Croatia.

Methods: The study analysed data obtained from 158 children aged nine years from central parts of Dalmatia: Split and Hvar. To assess the MedDiet adherence, the parents of the children filled out the Mediterranean Diet Index (KIDMED) questionnaire. Appointed school medicine specialists collected anthropometric data of the children and categorized them into body mass index (BMI) categories according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) criteria. Additionally, we assessed the influence of parents' education degree on children's MedDiet adherence and anthropometric measures.

Results: Results showed that more than a quarter of nine-year-olds included in this study were overweight or obese (BMI ≥ 85th percentile for age and sex). One of the main findings was that 72% of children had suboptimal (poor or average) MedDiet adherence. Moreover, children with suboptimal KIDMED results (KI < 8) had significantly higher body weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, and waist-to-height ratio. Also, results showed that mothers' education notably influences children's anthropometry.

Conclusion: Our study found that childhood obesity is a significant concern among 9-year-olds, with a high prevalence of overweight and obesity. Additionally, our results showed that MedDiet adherence is suboptimal among this age group. These results indicate that children of the Mediterranean are not spared of modern life challenges. This problem should be prioritized in the future to prevent the development of a metabolically compromised adult population.

Objectives: The purpose of the current study was to analyse the risks of Lyme borreliosis (LB) among 1,070 forestry workers, the influence of responsible behaviour (use of repellents, skin self-inspection) on Borrelia screening result status, and the occurrence of immediate and mid-term symptoms after tick bites and LB positive serological screening test.

Methods: The questionnaire was conducted as well as blood tests for LB disease by one-stage serological screening procedure using ELISA for specific B. burgdorferi IgM and IgG antibodies (EuroImmun AG company, Germany).

Results: While 39.6% of foresters were LB positive among bitten foresters, as many as 27.0% were LB positive among those, who did not recall any tick attacks at all. Individuals with known history of tick bites had significantly higher odds (1.770×) of being LB positive (p < 0.05), while the use of repellents or skin self-inspection after visiting woods had no influence on LB results. The odds of skin discolouration after tick bites was significantly lower (0.682×) in case of LB positive test compared to LB negative test (p < 0.05), which can be explained by the fact that foresters could be unaware about erythema migrans appearance and timing, considering tick bite and developed later rash as completely separate events. Moreover, 69.1% of the bitten foresters with LB positive result developed no secondary symptoms (excluding those related to the skin), and the most frequent clinical symptoms were arthralgia (24.9%), followed by myalgia (7.6%), headache (5.7%), and damage to facial nerve (2.7%), which are non-specific and can be present in other illnesses.

Conclusion: Therefore, the recommendations proposed would be the regular laboratory testing for LB of sensitive and at-risk population, who visits endemic woody areas, irrespective of all other factors involved.

Objectives: The dietary composition is able to rapidly and significantly influence the diversity of the gut microbiome. This article focuses on how various types of diet affect the composition of the gut microbiome and how dietary changes are able to prevent or slow down the development of non-communicable diseases including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, and low-grade inflammation.

Methods: A review in PubMed and a hand search using references in identified articles were performed. Studies published in English from 2000 to 2024 were included.

Results: The studies showed the significant effect of diet on the development of non-communicable diseases dependent on the state of the gut microbiota and molecules it produces. The Western diet that continues to gain in popularity for Czech people, leads to dysbiosis and production of bacterial lipopolysaccharide or trimethylamine N-oxide causing systemic chronic inflammation in the body and thus promoting the development of non-communicable diseases.

Conclusions: Findings from this review emphasize the importance of healthy eating habits in the prevention of intestinal dysbiosis and still increasing prevalence and incidence of obesity and other non-communicable diseases.

Objectives: Occupational allergic respiratory diseases frequently occur in individuals working in the agricultural and food production sectors, textile manufacturing, and industries involving exposure to isocyanates. The study aimed to describe trends surrounding the prevalence of occupational asthma (OA), occupational rhinitis (OR), and occupational hypersensitivity pneumonitis (OHP) in Eastern Slovakia between 1990-2021.

Methods: All cases of OA, OR, and OHP registered in a database at the Louis Pasteur University Hospital in Košice, Slovakia, between 1990 and 2021, were divided into categories based on economic sector (agricultural, food production sectors, textile manufacturing, healthcare, industrial manufacturing, and tertiary sector) and causal agent. Changes in disease prevalence, causal agents, and economic sector association over time were analysed.

Results: There were 287 occupational respiratory cases (179 OA, 65 OR, and 43 OHP cases). The annual prevalence of OA declined significantly over the study period (p < 0.05). Overall, there was a significant decrease in cases from the agricultural (p < 0.001) and an increase in the industrial manufacturing (p < 0.01). The number of cases due to farming agents fell markedly over the study period, while metalworking fluids (MWFs) were found to be the most common causes of allergic respiratory diseases since 2018.

Conclusions: This study found a decrease in the number of OA cases, as well as changes in economic sectors and causal agents associated with OA and OHP, specifically, in the agricultural sector, with MWFs from the industrial manufacturing sector now being the most common aetiological agent.

Objectives: Temperature is the most important environmental variable associated with the varicella frequency across the world. The present study compares the incidence of varicella in the districts of Bulgaria against some climatic factors and tries to find environmental variables which account for the differences in the varicella distribution observed among the Bulgarian districts.

Methods: The 28 Bulgarian districts were used as units of observation and their average 10-year varicella incidence (2009-2018) was tested for correlation with the standard bioclimatic variables of WorldClim, version 2.

Results: The WorldClim estimates for the annual mean temperature, the maximal temperature of the warmest month, the minimal temperature of the coldest month, the mean temperature of the coldest quarter, and the solar radiation inversely and not significantly correlated with the average 10-year varicella frequency. The precipitation of the warmest quarter and the wind speed correlated positively and also not significantly. Only the mean temperature of the driest quarter correlates significantly with the incidence at district level (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient of -0.45, p = 0.02). The mean of average 10-year varicella incidence rates among districts with driest quarter during the winter (January, February, March) was 387.6 ± 114.1, while among districts with driest quarter during the summer/autumn (July, August, September or August, September, October) 283.3 ± 102.1 (p = 0.02, ANOVA test).

Conclusions: Dry winter and/or wet summer appear as significant determinants for the fluctuant spread of varicella infection in Bulgaria.

Objectives: The consumption of dietary supplements might prevent the deficiency of necessary nutrients. On the other hand, in cases of overconsumption, adverse effects might occur. In Lithuania, the COVID-19 pandemic provoked an increase in the consumption of dietary supplements. The aim of this study was to reveal the post-pandemic trend of the consumption of dietary supplements among the working-age residents of Lithuania with respect to social and demographic factors and food selection criteria.

Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was performed. In total, using the same methods, 3,200 residents were surveyed: 1,600 in 2021 and 1,600 in 2022. Both samples were representative for Lithuania and included residents of Lithuania aged from 18 to 64 years. According to socio-demographic factors (sex, age, level of education, type of place of residence, marital status, number of family members, presence of children under 18 years old in the household, employment status, level of income), COVID-19 experience (presence of COVID-19 cases among friends or relatives, severeness of COVID-19) and food selection criteria (health strengthening, other) the prevalence of the consumption of dietary supplements was compared between the samples.

Results: The consumption of dietary supplements accounted for 78.1% and 71.6% of the respondents in 2021 and 2022, respectively (p < 0.001). After the COVID-19 pandemic, the prevalence of the consumption of dietary supplements decreased in the majority of social and demographic groups analysed in this article (p < 0.05). The consumption of dietary supplements remained unchanged among those who selected foods for health strengthening (p = 0.098).

Conclusions: The prevalence of the consumption of dietary supplements decreased after the COVID-19 pandemic in most social and demographic groups except those who selected foods for health strengthening.

Objectives: Allergic patients may be concerned about more frequent and/or more severe adverse events following vaccination, which may lead to the refusal of vaccines among these patients. The aim of this study is to assess whether allergic patients have more frequent adverse events (AEs) after vaccination than healthy individuals.

Methods: Study participants (N = 591) underwent vaccination of their choice at a selected Vaccination and Travel Medicine Centre. At a 10 to 14-day interval, they were contacted for a telephone questionnaire survey on the occurrence of AEs after vaccination. A group of allergic patients (n = 188) and healthy controls (n = 403) were followed in the study.

Results: No significant difference was found in the occurrence of AEs between study and control group. Only in redness and swelling, which was more common in allergic patients, but only in a few individuals. All side effects were minor, such as pain at the injection site or fatigue. No participant experienced a serious or life-threatening adverse event. In the studied group, no statistically significant differences were found even in the occurrence of AEs after singular vs. simultaneous administration of vaccines (p = 0.094), nor after vaccination with inactivated vs. attenuated vaccines (p = 0.655), or after vaccination against bacterial vs. viral infections (p = 0.140).

Conclusions: Vaccination of allergic patients did not cause more frequent and/or more serious adverse events in our study compared to healthy people. If general contraindications are observed, then vaccination of allergic patients is considered safe.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of human papillomavirus HPV test with HPV16/18 genotyping and liquid-based cytology (LBC) triage as a primary screening method for cervical cancer compared to conventional Pap test in women undergoing routine cervical cancer screening in Tbilisi.

Methods: Cross-sectional, prospective study was conducted, where 1,000 enrolled women aged 30-60 years during one visit underwent conventional Pap smear and Hr-HPV testing (Roche Cobas system). Women with any positive screening results were referred for further evaluation and remaining cells from the Cell Collection Medium vial were used for LBC. The study calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) for each screening method and receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve to evaluate the accuracy of each diagnostic method in identifying people with CIN2+ diseases.

Results: The HPV test with HPV16/18 genotyping and LBC triage demonstrated higher sensitivity (76.9%), specificity (71.6%), and PPV (34.5%) compared to conventional Pap tests (p < 0.05). NPV was also high with the HPV test (94.1%). The HPV test alone had the highest sensitivity (92.3%) and NPV (96.7%), but lower specificity (41.4%) and PPV (22.6%) than the HPV test with HPV16/18 genotyping and LBC triage (p < 0.05). Comparing the areas under the curve (AUCs), only the HPV with HPV16/18 genotyping and LBC triage showed a statistically significant difference when compared to conventional Pap (0.71 vs. 0.55, p = 0.03) and high figures of AUC 0.71 (95% CI: 0.58-0.85) suggesting that HPV test with HPV16/18 genotyping and LBC triage is a more reliable screening method for detecting CIN2+ disease and preventing cervical cancer, than other screening modality.

Conclusion: The results suggest that the HPV test with HPV16/18 genotyping and LBC triage is a more effective primary screening method compared to conventional Pap tests. This information should be the basis for transition from cytological screening to HPV testing in Georgia.