Annals of Agrarian Science最新文献

The land issue is strategically important for any country, and countries like Georgia it is vitally important. In the work below we concentrate attention around the issue of putting agricultural land in the international free market. The problem is analyzed in condition of land price, land rent, demographic situation, agricultural subsidies and so on. As conclusion we represent opinion that, it is unacceptable to put Georgian agricultural land in international free turnover, because country can lose significant part of agricultural land and the possibility of development profitable agricultural sector.

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is often grown under several nutritional and environmental constraints such as phosphorus (P) deficiency. In the soil, P massively precipitates to form insoluble complexes with the minerals. Cereals-legumes intercropping may promote cereal growth by increasing the amount of available P and N by the legume. The legumes N₂-fixing symbiosis rely on large quantities of phosphorus as a source of energy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of faba bean-rhizobia symbiosis on the growth of barley plants in intercropping system. The study was carried out on two faba bean varieties (Alfia and Karabiga) and barley in a farmer's field in the Haouz region of Marrakesh. At the flowering stage of faba bean plants, growth, nodulation, acid phosphatase (APase) and phytase enzymatic activities and P contents were assessed in all plants parts including their rhizospheric soils. The results showed that intercropping increased barley's growth, P uptake and APase activity in comparison with the monoculture, especially in association with Karabiga variety. This association presented the highest shoot dry weight (SDW) of 2.48 g plant⁻¹ and P content of 7.64 mg g⁻¹ DW. Meanwhile, faba bean presented significant reductions in these traits in intercropping system. The nodulation of both varieties was not significantly varied in response to intercropping. Overall, it seems that faba bean-barley intercropping was beneficial for barley in terms of increasing the P availability and uptake through the stimulation of APase activity in the in the nodules as well as in the rhizosphere.

The studies have been made on the area, habitats and condition for the rare species of the flora of Georgia - Halimodendron halodendron. Its main area is the Iori plateau, including the North side territory of David Gareja monastery complex and Jangiriskhevi gorge (Karaduzi). H. halodendron is spread on the banks of ravines, terraces, plain places and slopes, elevation - approximately 530–650 msl. Growing in moist and semi-moist, as well as in dry and semidry ecotypes. Its main habitats are mesophilous and xeromesophilous shrubberies, where it is represented as a dominant-edificator. H. halodendron also invades hemixerophilous shrubberies of shibliak type. It is rarely in hemixerophilous communities of steppe. The studies on density, distribution, height and life condition of H. halodendron has been done according to the habitats. The accompanied species, main physical-geographical and phytosociological characteristics, use and level of disturbance for each habitat are given below. The conditions and vitality of H. halodendron is discussed in connection with various biotic and abiotic factors (vegetation, topography, soil, moisture and grazing).

There are samples in soils, where the content of any element falls below the limit of detection (for example, X-ray fluorescence analysis). To reveal a very low element content, we can achieve by regression analysis to obtain the dependence of its content from a common chemical analogue in profile. The most effective approach is the application of power regression equation, connecting low-Clarke lanthanides contents with high-Clarke lanthanides contents and low-Clarke bromine content with the high-Сlarke halogen chlorine in soils.

There is a gradual transition from the normal distribution of high-Clarke lanthanides to lognormal distribution in low-Clarke lanthanides. The power regression approach allowed us to separate the regression relative error from the total metrological error. Estimation of the content of dispersed elements in the soil below the detection limit is limited by the magnitude of the regression relative error, and an estimation of the regression relative error is important for the construction of geochemical relationships of the elements.

The aim of presented work is to estimate remediation potential of the blue-green alga Spirulina (Spirulina platensis), in particular, its ability to uptake 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) that is one of the most widely used military high explosive and a dangerous pollutant of the environment. The obtained results show that Spirulina has high ability to adsorb TNT, and the uptake of TNT and/or its metabolites by Spirulina carried out via adsorption on surface of cellular hydrocarbons coat and then by their moving into vacuoles. The model experiments for testing the feasibility of the alga-based approach of phytoremediation technology were performed in reservoir with a volume of 40 L, with permanent air barbotage and illumination, at temperature 25C. The results of experiments indicate that Spirulina uptakes about 87% of toxicant from water polluted with 22.5 ppm TNT during 15 days, and its biomass accumulation decreases only by 38% compared to the reference variant, where the algae was cultivated in an uncontaminated medium. The results of model experiments signify that application of Spirulina Platensis as phytoremediator is an efficient tool for cleaning TNT-polluted water.

Red soils of humid subtropics of west of Georgia is poor with nutritious elements and that's why they need usage of mineral and organic fertilizers. The role of nitrogen included in organic substance of soil is strongly connected to this issue because usage of mineral fertilizers increases nitrogen mobilization. Our research has foreseen studying the influence of various forms of nitrogen fertilizers at qualitative indicators of mandarin “Unshiu” and productivity, as well as at increasing productivity of Adjara red soils. The results received from carried experiment verify the following: by taking Carbamide and ammonium nitrate in red soils, the humus consistency equaled to 6, 1–5,2% and consistency of hydrolysis nitrogen was 31,3–36,4 mg/100 g. By the usage of Carbamide the consistency of movable $P_2{O}_5$ equals to 78 mg/100 g; $K_{2}O$ - 33 mg/100 g; $MgO$ - 24,6 mg/100 g. By the usage of nitrogen fertilizers, the amount of nutritious elements $(N,P,K,Ca,Mg)$ in mandarin leaves and flesh are increased compared to the without fertilizer and background variant. To this aspect especially distinguished is the variants of taking Carbamide where the amount of common nitrogen is increased by 0,70% compared to the background and by 0,93% compared to without fertilizer variant. The increase of nitrogen at the variant of Carbamide at tangerine fruit flesh compared to background equaled to 0,21%. According to the average mass of one fruit, Carbamide variant is distinguished - 62,8 g. At nitrogen fertilizers variant, the consistency of skin in mandarin fruit equals to 31,3–32,7%, and the flesh equals to 67,3–68,7%. According to the juice consistency the Carbamide variant is the best as well, where the juice omission in the fruit equals to 44,9% and in the flesh it was 66, 4%.

For Georgia, as a small area country, it is very important to popularise and protect soils resources, that will be facilitated by creation of the Red Book. The main arguments for creation the book are: Attracting society's attention to the importance of soil cover; Raising educational/awareness and informational levels regarding soils; Identification of threats and the main reasons for soil degradation and Recommendation for creation legislative base for protection of the soils. Resulting from soil diversity, Georgia is considered a natural open-air museum. Soils from Georgian phedosphere were divided into three groups: Standard, Rare and Memorial. The basis for The Red Book of the Soils of Georgia is Red List of the soils of Georgia.

Memorial group of the soils is represented by three types of soils: Cinnamonic, Meadow cinnamonic and Yellow brown forest. All three types have special historical meaning. They were first described in Georgia and separated as independent types, only after that they acquired international recognition. Rare soil group comprises: Rendzino-red - "Terra Rossa", Moutanin-meadow humus-illuvial, Black brown forest soils and Andosols. Soils from Rare e.g. raritet gorup occupy small area, have limited occurrence, original profile and scientific and practical values. In the Standard group are included soils, that are characterised by more or less complete relevant natural features of the biggest taxonomic units of a classification system - type. In this group are: Red, Yellow, Bog, Yellow podzolic, Yellow-gley podzolic, Brown forest, Raw carbonate, Grey cinnamonic, Meadow grey cinnamonic, Black, Chernozem, Mountain-forest-meadow, Mountain meadow, Mountain-meadow chernozem like, Saline and Alluvial soils.

Threat of degradation can affect all three groups from the book, including natural and cultivated soils. They are affected by degradation from technogenic, agrogenic and natural causes. The main degradation threats for Georgian soils are: erosion, pollution and infrastructural developments (roads, chanels, etc.).

Creation of The Red Book of the Soils of Georgia is crucial: 1. For understanding soil diversity and importance; 2. Facilitation of preservation of natural soil diversity and for that it is important to protect soils and take care of them (for prevention it is important to include all soil types in the book). The materials from Red Book of the Soils of Georgia and The Red List of the Soils of Georgia can be basis of improvement and/or creation of leglislation document, that will guarantee legal protection of the soils from destruction.

Anti-lipase and antioxidant activities of 5 types of tea produced by Ltd “Geoplant”, Georgia, were studied. Traditional Green and Jasmine Blossom revealed the highest antioxidant activity – 2.35 and 2.32 mg of ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE) per mL of tea infusion made according to the usual method used by consumers. Intermediate antioxidant activity was found for black tea – 1.24 mg of AAE per mL of tea infusion. Black tea with fruits had 0.53 mg of AAE per mL of tea infusion. Alpine Berry infusion had the least antioxidant activity – 0.35 mg of AAE per mL of tea infusion. Antioxidant activities of teas were in correlation with total polyphenol contents in tea infusions with R² = 0.81. Green traditional and black tea showed the highest level of lipase inhibition, i.e. 70.6% and 70.3% per mL (11.7% per mg dry matter) of infusion. The values were not statistically significantly different (p < 0.05). Jasmine green and Alpine Berry showed the next highest levels of lipase inhibition, i.e. 66.8% per mL (8.8% and 10.4% per mg dry matter respectively) of infusion. Christmas tea showed the least anti-lipase activity – 65.1% per mL (12.5% per mg dry matter) of infusion. Orlistat^® showed 16.6% inhibition of lipase activity per mg of dry matter. So, tea infusions revealed about 30% less anti-lipase activity per mg dry matter than.

A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of Azotobacter inoculant on the growth and yield of wheat (variety Gautam) at the premise of Lamjung Krishi Campus, Nepal during the winter season of 2016–17. A completely randomized design was chosen with seven treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, and T7) each replicated three times. The treatments were control (T1), 120:80:80 kg NPK ha⁻¹ (T2), Azotobacter seed inoculated (T3), Azotobacter soil application (T4), Azotobacter + 120:80:80 kg NPK ha⁻¹ (T5), Azotobacter + 10 t FYM ha⁻¹ (T6), Azotobacter + 120:80:80 kg NPK ha⁻¹ + 10 t FYM ha⁻¹ (T7). Root length, root weight, shoot weight, plant height, panicle weight, grain weight, grain yield, total biomass, and biological yield were significantly affected by treatments. Inoculation of Azotobacter only increased 16.5%–19.42% grain yield over control i.e. non inoculated treatments while with other fertilizers increase was of range 19.42%–63.1%. The increase in yield was 23.3% with only chemical fertilizer NPK (T2) over control. So Azotobacter can be used as a biofertilizer for greater yield and the yield is highest with Azotobacter combined with farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizer (NPK).

Forest farming is the cultivation of shade-tolerant crops under forest canopy. This agroforestry practice involves propagation, maintenance, harvesting, marketing, and overall economics of non-timber forest products, each of which falls into at least one category - medicinal herbs, foods, and/or ornamental plants. Interest in forest farming has been increasing, yet general information about this practice, including its advantages and disadvantages, are not readily available for the state of Georgia, United States. With declining indigenous plant species due to wild harvesting, landowners have the potential for economic and ecological expansion in this market. The goal of this review article is to evaluate the prospective economic outcomes of farming non-timber forest products. Basic background information, propagation methods and harvesting techniques are explained, and market values for recent years are provided for three non-timber forest products: black cohosh (Actaea racemosa) (medicinal herb), shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) (food crop), and azalea (Rhododendron spp.) (ornamental plant). A list of other potential non-timber forest products in Georgia is also provided along with their uses and native status. The values of a few non-timber forest products of high demand, and consequently their potential profits, fluctuate widely from year to year leading to a wide range of reported profitability, depending on the source. Stability of the market depends on the steady availability of the product, which can be achieved once affected non-timber forest products are commonly cultivated instead of wild harvested.