Annals of Agrarian Science最新文献

Castor (Ricinus communis L.) is an important inedible oilseed crop which, has a great value in industry, pharmaceutical and agricultural sectors. The present study aimed to estimate the nature and magnitude of variability present in castor genotypes with respect to yield and its contributing traits. A study with 15 genotypes on variability, correlation, path and genetic divergence was carried out for thirteen characters. The variability in oil content ranged from 46.75% to 51.71%. The genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were high for number of capsules on main raceme. Positive association of number of nodes up to primary raceme and total length of primary raceme was observed with seed yield per plant hence, these traits may be directly attributed for the improvement of seed yield. The path coefficient analysis demonstrated that utmost positive direct effect on seed yield per plant was exerted by total length of primary raceme (0.62). Mahalanobis D² statistic grouped the 15 genotypes into seven clusters. Number of capsules on main raceme contributed much to the total genetic divergence. Selection of genotypes from diverse clusters like cluster II and V, and cluster II and VII for hybridization programme would help in achieving novel recombinants. In conclusion, for the improvement of seed yield the main emphasis should be given on total length of primary raceme and number of nodes up to primary raceme. However, shelling out turn should also be taken into account to improve oil percentage.

This paper focuses on the chemical composition of the Sphagnum species such as Sph. palustre, Sph. Papillosum, Sph. rubelum, Sph. imbricatum, Sph. cuspidatum belonging to the unique, virgin, relict, percolation bog “Ispani 2”. The determination of the content of biologically active substances in species was carried out using gas chromatography (GC-MS/MS). As it turned out, the Sphagnum contains biologically active substances such as the hexadecanoic acid - palmitic acid, fatty acid - oleic acid – Cis-9-Octadecenoil acid, and the carbohydrates such as Alpha-D-Glucopyranoside, ribofuranose and phenolic compounds - phenolic acid - Methyl 4-O-benzyl-á-D-xylopyranoside; phthalic acid or 1,2- Benzenedicarboxylic acid.

Organoleptic, physico-chemical and spectro-photometric properties for unrefined and refined fatty coriander oil are determined in the present study. Physiologically active substances (unsaturated fatty acids, betacarotenes, phospholipids and chlorophylls) were identified. Fatty acid and acylglycerol content in the whole fractions (liquid and semi-solid) was determined. Characterization and comparison of properties of refined oil obtained with different techniques was performed. Developed scientifically justified method of FCO refining extraction with 96% ethyl alcohol allows decreasing the content of FFA from 8,5% to 0,2%.

It was indicated that extraction refining of FCO with ethyl alcohol as extraction agent provides elimination of FFA and do not interfere the content of natural chlorophyll in the refined oil. Application of new proposed technology provided generation of two products – “Coriander petrozelin” and coriander salad dressing oil. Technological properties of obtained products were defined. As obtained data indicates, content of SOO* acylglycerols in separated semi-solid fraction was 5.58 times higher than content of SLO* acylglycerols.

In accordance with obtained results equipment and technological scheme of complex FCO processing, comprising refining and fractional crystallization as the main stages of the process.

To estimate the extent of genetic diversity of 25 chickpea genotypes, an experiment was carried out based on randomized complete block design with four replications at Brojerd Agricultural Research Station during two seasons of 2012–2013 and 2013–2014. The first three principal components (PCs) explained 69.69% variation. Four groups of characters were distinguished in regard to first (PC1) and second (PC2) principal components. Factor analysis indicated that three main factors accounted 69.69% of the total variability. Three first factors accounted for 33.69%, 20.82% and 15.19% of total variability, respectively and the terms proposed for factors were ‘phenological traits’, ‘morphological traits’ and ‘yield components’. Communalities indicated that studied traits were reliable and ranged from 0.537 (canopy height) to 0.881 (seed yield). Two-dimensional ordination biplot indicated positive correlation between seed yield, pods per plant, canopy width, harvest index and biological yield. Cluster analysis grouped 25 genotypes into two main groups and four clusters. At a distance of 5, the 11 traits examined formed into two clusters. These findings can be used in breeding strategies for future hybridization programs for yield improvement and are appropriate for classification of diversity among chickpea germplasm.

The new arena of crop improvement program requires next generation genomic technology in combination with a high throughput precised phenotyping. The aim and efforts of the research through unified molecular-morphological approach will be fulfilled only if they can be effectively employed in the cultivation process which ultimately would be positive to the beneficiaries. Development of competent and time saving tools for assessing the varying expression of agronomic traits of a crop and understanding its genetic background is a prerequisite. Recently, the commercially important beverage crop, tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze), is of prime importance for its worthwhile health-benefit attributes. Although due to some inherited bottleneckness, several advanced genomics and phenomics technologies have already been utilized in tea for crop improvement program. Attempts have been made for its yield and quality trait associated marker development and next generation phenotyping considered to be the unique point of scientific interest. Moreover, definite selection of tea varieties with specific traits is being carried out for ensuring the premium tea products and brand by barcoding technology. This review summarises the concurrent advances of scientific research in tea improvement program as well as its prospects towards the production of superior cultivars and authenticity.

High temperature affects diverse physiological, biochemical and molecular processes including gene expression and genetic stability. To demostrate this, primary leaves of moth bean were harvested from eight days old seedlings followed by heat shock treatment at 37, 42, 47 and 52 °C for 10, 20 and 30 min. The response of tissue for callusing was comparatively early in explants treated at 37, 42 and 47 °C for 10 min. However, regeneration was negatively affected by most of the heat treatments. A few polypeptides were found to be up regulated as well as down regulated with heat shock treatments. Some proteins were specifically regulated at higher temperatures of 42° and 47 °C. Two polypeptides were also up regulated in the protein profiling of callus; however, these were different than the once observed in protein profiling of leaf explant immediately after heat treatment. Moreover, these bands were found in only one treatment each, viz. one in 20 min of 47 °C (100 kD) and another in 30 min of 47 °C (36.7 kD). These may be expected to be consequence of genetic change (mutation). RAPD analysis further revealed that plantlets obtained at 47 °C generated a novel band indicating mutagenic effect of heat shock treatment.

The difficulties of isolation of phenoloxidases with hydroxylase activity from different plants have been discussed. Phenoloxidase with high hydroxylase activity has been isolated from tea and kivi leaves, apple (Kekhura) fruits, walnut husks and vine stems. The tea leaf phenoloxidase has been shown to be able to catalyze the hydoxylation of the natural substrate p-coumaric acid. The step in the secondary metabolism in which phenoloxidase hydroxylase activity may be included in the plant lignification process has been shown. It has been supposed that masking of hydroxylase activity of phenoloxidase might be connected with the difficulties and peculiarities of the enzyme isolation and perhaps, hydroxylase activity of perennial plant phenoloxidase is included in the process of lignin formation.

Endophytic actinomycetes were isolated from 6 different plants collected from Uttarakhand, India. Actinomycetes isolates were screened for their herbicidal activity against Parthenium hysterophorus, Ageratum conyzoides and Bidens biternata. These isolates belong to the seven different genera. None of the isolate showed herbicidal activity on SCN agar plates. Therefore, direct fermentation method was used for the phytotoxin production in the submerged culture to study the herbicidal activity against different test weeds. The significant differences were observed in the production of phytoxin in SCN and GS medium. In the case of Ageratum conyzoides (billygoat weed), the culture filtrate of Nocardiodes sp. 1, Nocardiodes sp.2 and Actinomadura sp. showed 60% reduction in seed germination. However, culture filtrate of endophytic actinomycetes was ineffective on seed of Bidens biternata in the pre-emergence condition. In Parthenium hysterophorus, the highest seed germination reduction was observed with the culture filtrate (in SCN) of Nocardiodes sp.1 (80%). While in GS medium, maximum inhibition was observed in culture filtrate of Saccharopolyspora sp. (80%). The culture filtrates exhibited phytotoxic activity towards the germinated seedlings of Ageratum conyzoides, Bidens biternata, and Parthenium hysterophorus showing effects like leaf curling, wilting and burning. In post-emergence condition, reduction in shoot-root length was observed with the culture filtrate of Actinomadura sp.1, Nocardiodes sp.1, Streptomyces sp.1, Saccharopolyspora sp. and Microbispora sp. These findings suggest that endophytic actinomycetes are rich source of herbicidal metabolites. Further studies are required to isolate, purify and structure elucidation of the metabolites.

Agriculture has long been recognized as the main field of production in Egypt, Babylon, China, India … It is not accidental that we still have the most precious materials on the issues of management of this sphere, which have not lost their sensitivity to the present day. The study analyzes the individual aspects of the problem mainly on the example of ancient countries, particularly Rome. Based on the conclusion: For Platon the main thing is: The existence of natural farmland where everything is made according to demand; The land is the main sign - “mother”, which is the property of the “ideal state”. About the role of farming, Xenophon had a similar view, who first used the term “economics” and Aristotle, whose ownership is the term “economic science”; The issues of Latifundian agrarian farming research gained particular attention to Antiquity in Rome, where the specialists of Roman thinkers clearly outlined that the main field of agriculture, and the income derived from it - is the most sacred; The most effective product is near the selling markets; The importance of livestock, viticulture and gardening took place in the foreground; The objective of the science of farming is to study soil composition, selection of favorable time for land-processing tools and land cultivation; Additional work used in land cultivation ensures receiving of surplus product … Despite the experience of history, unfortunately, in post-Soviet Georgia does not pay much attention to the development of real economy, including agriculture sector.