Annals of Agrarian Science最新文献

Degradation of soil due to unsuitable land management practices is a chief impairment of optimum land productivity. The spatial variability of soil properties is needed for agricultural productivity, food safety and environmental modeling. The present study was conducted in lateritic soils of West Bengal, India to understand the spatial variability of soil properties using a geostatistical model. Nitrogen (N), soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K) and organic carbon (OC) were measured. Surface maps of soil properties were prepared using the semivariogram model through Kriging techniques. A positive correlation was observed between OC and N. The Quantile-quantile plots showed a normal distribution of EC, K, pH, N, and OC. The value for nugget/sill of K, N, and EC were 0.25–0.75 indicating moderate spatial autocorrelation among the variables. Phosphorus (P) was highly concentrated in the eastern part, whereas the agglomeration of higher EC was found in the north east and south west corner of the study site. The cross validation results illustrated the smoothing effect of the spatial prediction. The present study suggests that the geostatistical model can directly reveal the spatial variability of lateritic soils and will help farmers and decision makers for improving soil-water management.

The k0-method of neutron activation analysis (k0-NAA) was used in order to determine the concentration of major and trace elements in sediment samples collected from different sites in the Gharb plain along the Sebou River (Morocco). Samples have been analyzed using neutrons of the Moroccan Triga Mark II research reactor. Two types of irradiation (short and long) have been carried out using the Pneumatic Tube System (PTS) and the Rotary Specimen Rack (RSR). Acquisition and Fitting of spectra have been carried out by Maestro software and k0-IAEA program respectively. Pollution indicators (enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (CF) and pollution load index (PLI)) were calculated to assess the pollution status of the sediments. Results of pollution indices showed no contamination all around the catchment area except for the stations (MS1 and MS2) located downstream the Sebou river. Principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out with the Pearson coefficient in order to determine possible relationships between major and trace elements. The comparison with other subsequent studies on Sebou river gives an idea about the temporal evolution of heavy metal contamination at national scale.

Campylobacter jejuni has emerged as the third leading cause of enteric infections in the developed world, but the measures that have been undertaken to decrease its prevalence in farm-raised poultry, which remain the predominant source of campylobacter infections worldwide, have been inconsistent. Based on the review of numerous publications on C. jejuni there is a clear traceable link between the prevalence of C. jejuni and poultry meat. This link is more apparent for industrialized nations. Because campylobacter, as pathogen, have been considered as less important compared to, for example, salmonella, whose immediate sequelae are far more severe than that of C. jejuni, food poisoning due to campylobacter have received far less attention. However, it has become clear that the long-term consequences of campylobacteriosis may result in considerable complications to an individual's health due to the growing antibiotic resistance.

To date, elimination of campylobacter colonization of farm-raised chickens using preventive biosecurity measures or vaccinations have been unsuccessful because of the presence of campylobacter both in the environment and many animal species. Vaccination efforts have been unsuccessful due to inability to achieve clearance of bacteria during the lifespan of broilers and because of the wide diversity of serotypes of C. jejuni strains. Alternative methods of reduction of C. jejuni, such as administering probiotics and prebiotics in the chicken feed and phage therapy, have also been partially effective, which means that significant reduction of campylobacter in farm raised chickens may require application of all approaches mentioned above combined with improved biosecurity measures.

Rice is one of the agronomically and nutritionally important cereal crops. It provides food for more than 50% of the world's population. However, the yield of rice crop is decreased by the salinity stress. This can be overcome by the development of salt-resistant rice varieties. In this study salt resistant callus cultures were developed by the somatic hybridization between Oryza sativa and Myriostachya wightiana. To optimize the isolation and fusion of protoplasts, the experiments were carried out with three different enzyme mixtures and different incubation periods. To know the salt tolerant ability, growth and total antioxidant activity were measured in the calli of Oryza sativa, Myriostachya wightiana, and hybrid at the different NaCl concentrations. In Oryza sativa high viable protoplasts yield was obtained by Enzyme mixture B (6.1 ± 0.2 × 10⁶) whereas, Myriostachya wightiana gives high viable protoplasts yield by Enzyme Mixture C (3.4 ± 0.2 × 10⁶). Optimum digestion time for the Oryza sativa was 12 h, which gave the highest number that is, 6.36 ± 0.15 × 10⁶ protoplasts/g FW and viability were 91.2 ± 1.05%. Optimum digestion time for the Myriostachya wightiana was 24 h, which gave the highest yield that is, 3.49 ± 0.08 × 10⁶ protoplasts/g FW and viability were 60.3 ± 1.72%. The fusion was performed with 50% (w/v) PEG-MW4000. The optimal incubation time was found as 30 and 45 min, which gave the highest number of fused viable protoplasts. A maximum number of binary fusions was achieved at 45 min incubation. The use of liquid culture medium resulted in a range of 5–20 calli per Petri dish which continued their growth. The hybrid calli show better growth in all NaCl concentrations. Hence, it was concluded that the hybrids have a better tolerance to salt stress. These results are useful in the development of salt tolerant rice varieties.

The paper discusses the main features of Brevibacillus laterosporus bacilli as bioinsecticides for pest control, as well as perspective sources for searching the novel cancerolytic substances of microbial origin. It has been established that the culture of B. laterosporus is widespread in Armenia as a highly active producer of protein inclusions against leaf beetles. Isolated strains of B. laterosporus can be used as an alternative to biological larvicides, which are produced on the basis of B. thuringiensis and B. sphaericus.

The Georgian mycological herbarium of the Agricultural University of Georgia contains 147 specimens collected in Georgia.

Among the herbarium samples there are described six different oak tree species: Quercus petraea subsp. iberica (Steven ex M. Bieb.) Krassiln., Quercus ilex L., Quercus macranthera Fisch. & C.A.Mey. ex Hohen., Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb., Quercus suber L., Quercus glauca Thunb.

In Eastern Georgia there were collected samples of the following species: Quercus petraea subsp. iberica (Steven ex M. Bieb.) Krassiln., Quercus ilex L., Quercus macranthera Fisch. & C.A.Mey. ex Hohen., Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb. From Western Georgia were collected: Quercus suber L., Quercus glauca Thunb., Quercus petraea subsp. iberica (Steven ex M. Bieb.) Krassiln. 71 specimens were not identified to species level yet.

It was described 59 species of 34 fungal genera associated with oak trees. 21 fungal genera were associated with trunk and branches of oak trees: Anthostoma, Daedalea, Dendrophoma, Diaporthe, Diatrype, Diatrypella, Diplodia, Endothia, Fomes, Fusicoccum, Gloeosporium, Kneiffia, Leptosphaeria, Melogramma, Metasphaeria, Microdiplodia, Myrmaecium, Peniophora, Phomopsis, Polystictus, Valsa and 14 genera were found on oak tree leaves: Articulariella, Ascochyta, Hormiscium, Exoascus, Microsphaera, Microspora, Odium, Phloeospora, Phyllosticta, Physalospora, Septoria, Stemphylium, Stigmella, Taphrina.

Molecular diversity of native phosphate solubilizing bacteria from rhizosphere of important crops like chickpea (Cicer arietinum), mustard (Brassica campestris) and wheat (Triticium aestivum) grown in Haryana was studied A total of 193 isolates were selected from the rhizosphere of chickpea (76), mustard (68) and wheat (49) based on zone of P-solubilization. These were screened for P-solubilization on solid as well as liquid Pikovskaya's medium. All the isolates showed large variations in P-solubilization.On the basis of the 20 biochemical tests, a dendrogram was constructed using UPGMA with which all the PSB isolates were clustered in nine major groups. The isolates from chickpea, mustard and wheat rhizosphere were randomly distributed. Twenty three PSB isolates representing nine biochemical groups were selected and genetic diversity was determined by amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) using Hinf1 and Msp1. The banding pattern was analyzed using NT-SYS programme and a dendrogram was constructed. The isolates were divided into 10 ARDRA groups at 85% similarity level. Majority of the isolates fell in one group while the remaining isolates constituted the separate groups. PSB from different crops rhizosphere were randomly distributed. Biochemical groups did not correlate to the ARDRA groups.

Sugar is one of the oldest commodities in the world. It can be produced from sugarcane, sugar beet or other crops having sugar content. Wide applications of sugar make massive demand in the domestic including international market. An assessment of environmental impact for sugar processing industry has done in terms of production, processing, recycling, and utilization. Sugarcane mill has a significant contribution on government revenue and employment opportunities. It has other goodness like the development of community system and administrative aspects of the environmental management plan. The purpose of the study to focus the importance of sugar industry including process, the resource required and products formed along with sources of pollution and built-in mitigation measures with respect to wastewater, gaseous emissions, and solid wastes. Sugar industry by-products are now being used as raw material in the production of valuable products, which provides employment to the rural people and also have a potential to earn forging exchange by the export. The discussion of this study shows that sugar industry did not involve in a generation of harmful chemical substance neither the product has an effect on surrounding environment. It comes under the green industry, which maintained zero discharge.

Present investigation describes a micropropagation protocol for pomegranate variety ‘Bhagwa’ using axillary buds as explants. Axenic cultures were established using sequential application of carbendazim-50%, cefotaxime, kanamycin, streptocycline and mercuric chloride (HgCl₂). Among the twenty five different treatments tested for control of exudation, translocation of the explants five times at a regular interval of 24 h was effective. Two different media Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Woody Plant medium (WPM) were used for shoot induction. WPM supplemented with 1 mgl⁻¹ 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) produced maximum number of shoots (5.17 ± 1.23) among all the treatments tested for shoot induction. WPM supplemented with 1 mgl⁻¹ BAP also proved as the best treatment for multiple shoot induction and produced 11.21 ± 0.14 shoots. Treatment comprising of WP media supplemented with 5 mgl⁻¹ cobalt chloride (CoCl₂) proved very effective in control of defoliation as the number of defoliated leaves (3.60 ± 0.86) and desiccated shoots (0.60 ± 0.24) recorded was very low. Highest number of roots (5.60 ± 0.74) and root length (6.78 ± 0.52 cm) was obtained on WPM supplemented with 2000 mgl⁻¹ activated charcoal (AC). The plantlets with well formed root systems were gradually acclimatized in greenhouse using cocopeat and later shifted to polyhouse.

The land issue is strategically important for any country, and countries like Georgia it is vitally important. In the work below we concentrate attention around the issue of putting agricultural land in the international free market. The problem is analyzed in condition of land price, land rent, demographic situation, agricultural subsidies and so on. As conclusion we represent opinion that, it is unacceptable to put Georgian agricultural land in international free turnover, because country can lose significant part of agricultural land and the possibility of development profitable agricultural sector.