Annals of Agrarian Science最新文献

Residual effect of eight herbicides (pendimethalin, pretilachlor, triasulfuron, ethoxysulfuron, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, carfentrazone-ethyl, 2,4-D amine and carfentrazone-ethyl + isoproturon) applied in strip –tilled wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on the succeeding crop i. e mungbean (Vigna radiate L.), jute (Corchorus capsularis L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) were investigated during 2013-14 and 2014-15 cropping season in Old Brahmaputra Flood plain, Bangladesh through bio assay techniques. Results of two years study revealed that germination and crop growth of these succeeding crops were not affected by any of the herbicides residue applied in wheat. Leaf chlorophyll and crop dry matters of the succeeding crops were also not influenced from herbicide residue. Somewhat, shoot lengths of mungbean and sunflower were increased in the herbicide treated plots but root lengths of some herbicide treated plots were decreased at a negligible rate compare to the control one. Therefore, residual effect study claimed that use of the tested herbicides in strip-tilled wheat is safe for germination and growth of the succeeding crops like mungbean, jute and sunflower and farmer can grow these crops in a rotation with strip-tilled wheat.

The k0-method of neutron activation analysis (k0-NAA) was used in order to determine the concentration of major and trace elements in sediment samples collected from different sites in the Gharb plain along the Sebou River (Morocco). Samples have been analyzed using neutrons of the Moroccan Triga Mark II research reactor. Two types of irradiation (short and long) have been carried out using the Pneumatic Tube System (PTS) and the Rotary Specimen Rack (RSR). Acquisition and Fitting of spectra have been carried out by Maestro software and k0-IAEA program respectively. Pollution indicators (enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (CF) and pollution load index (PLI)) were calculated to assess the pollution status of the sediments. Results of pollution indices showed no contamination all around the catchment area except for the stations (MS1 and MS2) located downstream the Sebou river. Principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out with the Pearson coefficient in order to determine possible relationships between major and trace elements. The comparison with other subsequent studies on Sebou river gives an idea about the temporal evolution of heavy metal contamination at national scale.

Campylobacter jejuni has emerged as the third leading cause of enteric infections in the developed world, but the measures that have been undertaken to decrease its prevalence in farm-raised poultry, which remain the predominant source of campylobacter infections worldwide, have been inconsistent. Based on the review of numerous publications on C. jejuni there is a clear traceable link between the prevalence of C. jejuni and poultry meat. This link is more apparent for industrialized nations. Because campylobacter, as pathogen, have been considered as less important compared to, for example, salmonella, whose immediate sequelae are far more severe than that of C. jejuni, food poisoning due to campylobacter have received far less attention. However, it has become clear that the long-term consequences of campylobacteriosis may result in considerable complications to an individual's health due to the growing antibiotic resistance.

To date, elimination of campylobacter colonization of farm-raised chickens using preventive biosecurity measures or vaccinations have been unsuccessful because of the presence of campylobacter both in the environment and many animal species. Vaccination efforts have been unsuccessful due to inability to achieve clearance of bacteria during the lifespan of broilers and because of the wide diversity of serotypes of C. jejuni strains. Alternative methods of reduction of C. jejuni, such as administering probiotics and prebiotics in the chicken feed and phage therapy, have also been partially effective, which means that significant reduction of campylobacter in farm raised chickens may require application of all approaches mentioned above combined with improved biosecurity measures.

Rice is one of the agronomically and nutritionally important cereal crops. It provides food for more than 50% of the world's population. However, the yield of rice crop is decreased by the salinity stress. This can be overcome by the development of salt-resistant rice varieties. In this study salt resistant callus cultures were developed by the somatic hybridization between Oryza sativa and Myriostachya wightiana. To optimize the isolation and fusion of protoplasts, the experiments were carried out with three different enzyme mixtures and different incubation periods. To know the salt tolerant ability, growth and total antioxidant activity were measured in the calli of Oryza sativa, Myriostachya wightiana, and hybrid at the different NaCl concentrations. In Oryza sativa high viable protoplasts yield was obtained by Enzyme mixture B (6.1 ± 0.2 × 10⁶) whereas, Myriostachya wightiana gives high viable protoplasts yield by Enzyme Mixture C (3.4 ± 0.2 × 10⁶). Optimum digestion time for the Oryza sativa was 12 h, which gave the highest number that is, 6.36 ± 0.15 × 10⁶ protoplasts/g FW and viability were 91.2 ± 1.05%. Optimum digestion time for the Myriostachya wightiana was 24 h, which gave the highest yield that is, 3.49 ± 0.08 × 10⁶ protoplasts/g FW and viability were 60.3 ± 1.72%. The fusion was performed with 50% (w/v) PEG-MW4000. The optimal incubation time was found as 30 and 45 min, which gave the highest number of fused viable protoplasts. A maximum number of binary fusions was achieved at 45 min incubation. The use of liquid culture medium resulted in a range of 5–20 calli per Petri dish which continued their growth. The hybrid calli show better growth in all NaCl concentrations. Hence, it was concluded that the hybrids have a better tolerance to salt stress. These results are useful in the development of salt tolerant rice varieties.

The paper discusses the main features of Brevibacillus laterosporus bacilli as bioinsecticides for pest control, as well as perspective sources for searching the novel cancerolytic substances of microbial origin. It has been established that the culture of B. laterosporus is widespread in Armenia as a highly active producer of protein inclusions against leaf beetles. Isolated strains of B. laterosporus can be used as an alternative to biological larvicides, which are produced on the basis of B. thuringiensis and B. sphaericus.

The Georgian mycological herbarium of the Agricultural University of Georgia contains 147 specimens collected in Georgia.

Among the herbarium samples there are described six different oak tree species: Quercus petraea subsp. iberica (Steven ex M. Bieb.) Krassiln., Quercus ilex L., Quercus macranthera Fisch. & C.A.Mey. ex Hohen., Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb., Quercus suber L., Quercus glauca Thunb.

In Eastern Georgia there were collected samples of the following species: Quercus petraea subsp. iberica (Steven ex M. Bieb.) Krassiln., Quercus ilex L., Quercus macranthera Fisch. & C.A.Mey. ex Hohen., Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb. From Western Georgia were collected: Quercus suber L., Quercus glauca Thunb., Quercus petraea subsp. iberica (Steven ex M. Bieb.) Krassiln. 71 specimens were not identified to species level yet.

It was described 59 species of 34 fungal genera associated with oak trees. 21 fungal genera were associated with trunk and branches of oak trees: Anthostoma, Daedalea, Dendrophoma, Diaporthe, Diatrype, Diatrypella, Diplodia, Endothia, Fomes, Fusicoccum, Gloeosporium, Kneiffia, Leptosphaeria, Melogramma, Metasphaeria, Microdiplodia, Myrmaecium, Peniophora, Phomopsis, Polystictus, Valsa and 14 genera were found on oak tree leaves: Articulariella, Ascochyta, Hormiscium, Exoascus, Microsphaera, Microspora, Odium, Phloeospora, Phyllosticta, Physalospora, Septoria, Stemphylium, Stigmella, Taphrina.

Present investigation describes a micropropagation protocol for pomegranate variety ‘Bhagwa’ using axillary buds as explants. Axenic cultures were established using sequential application of carbendazim-50%, cefotaxime, kanamycin, streptocycline and mercuric chloride (HgCl₂). Among the twenty five different treatments tested for control of exudation, translocation of the explants five times at a regular interval of 24 h was effective. Two different media Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Woody Plant medium (WPM) were used for shoot induction. WPM supplemented with 1 mgl⁻¹ 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) produced maximum number of shoots (5.17 ± 1.23) among all the treatments tested for shoot induction. WPM supplemented with 1 mgl⁻¹ BAP also proved as the best treatment for multiple shoot induction and produced 11.21 ± 0.14 shoots. Treatment comprising of WP media supplemented with 5 mgl⁻¹ cobalt chloride (CoCl₂) proved very effective in control of defoliation as the number of defoliated leaves (3.60 ± 0.86) and desiccated shoots (0.60 ± 0.24) recorded was very low. Highest number of roots (5.60 ± 0.74) and root length (6.78 ± 0.52 cm) was obtained on WPM supplemented with 2000 mgl⁻¹ activated charcoal (AC). The plantlets with well formed root systems were gradually acclimatized in greenhouse using cocopeat and later shifted to polyhouse.

Molecular diversity of native phosphate solubilizing bacteria from rhizosphere of important crops like chickpea (Cicer arietinum), mustard (Brassica campestris) and wheat (Triticium aestivum) grown in Haryana was studied A total of 193 isolates were selected from the rhizosphere of chickpea (76), mustard (68) and wheat (49) based on zone of P-solubilization. These were screened for P-solubilization on solid as well as liquid Pikovskaya's medium. All the isolates showed large variations in P-solubilization.On the basis of the 20 biochemical tests, a dendrogram was constructed using UPGMA with which all the PSB isolates were clustered in nine major groups. The isolates from chickpea, mustard and wheat rhizosphere were randomly distributed. Twenty three PSB isolates representing nine biochemical groups were selected and genetic diversity was determined by amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) using Hinf1 and Msp1. The banding pattern was analyzed using NT-SYS programme and a dendrogram was constructed. The isolates were divided into 10 ARDRA groups at 85% similarity level. Majority of the isolates fell in one group while the remaining isolates constituted the separate groups. PSB from different crops rhizosphere were randomly distributed. Biochemical groups did not correlate to the ARDRA groups.

Sugar is one of the oldest commodities in the world. It can be produced from sugarcane, sugar beet or other crops having sugar content. Wide applications of sugar make massive demand in the domestic including international market. An assessment of environmental impact for sugar processing industry has done in terms of production, processing, recycling, and utilization. Sugarcane mill has a significant contribution on government revenue and employment opportunities. It has other goodness like the development of community system and administrative aspects of the environmental management plan. The purpose of the study to focus the importance of sugar industry including process, the resource required and products formed along with sources of pollution and built-in mitigation measures with respect to wastewater, gaseous emissions, and solid wastes. Sugar industry by-products are now being used as raw material in the production of valuable products, which provides employment to the rural people and also have a potential to earn forging exchange by the export. The discussion of this study shows that sugar industry did not involve in a generation of harmful chemical substance neither the product has an effect on surrounding environment. It comes under the green industry, which maintained zero discharge.

Weed infestation and inherent low soil fertility are among primary reasons for low yields of tomato in Nigeria. Field trials were carried out during the wet season of 2015 and 2016 to evaluate yield response of tomato to nitrogen (N) application and weed control methods in the forest-savanna transition zone of Abeokuta, Nigeria. Positive relationship exists between growth of weed species and increase in N application. Across the years of study, increase in N up to 90 kg/ha increased weed density by 11–25%, however, the increased N gave the transplanted tomato competitive advantage and thus enhanced weed smothering. Pre-transplant application of butachlor (50% w/v) or probaben^® (metolachlor 20% w/v + prometryn 20% w/v) each at 2.0 kg a.i/ha followed by supplementary hoe weeding at 6 weeks after transplanting (WAT) significantly reduced weed density by at least 15% and increased fruit yield of tomato by at least 32%, compared to use of the pre-transplant herbicides alone, across both years of study. The greatest tomato fruit yield of 12.2 t/ha was obtained with pre-transplant application of butachlor at 2.0 kg a.i/ha followed by supplementary hoe weeding at 6 WAT, averaged for both years. In general, this study suggests that increased application of N up to 90 kg/ha, and complementary weed control by pre-transplant herbicide and hoe weeding at 6 WAT would improve yield of tomato in the forest-savanna transition zone of Nigeria.