Architecture, Structures and Construction最新文献

The economical and reliable design of steel-concrete composite structures relies on accurate predictions of the resistance of headed studs transferring the longitudinal shear forces between the two materials. The existing mechanics-based or empirical design equations do not always produce accurate and safe predictions of the stud shear resistance. This study presents the evaluation of nine machine learning (ML) algorithms and the development of optimized ML models for predicting the stud resistance. The ML models were trained and tested using databases of push-out test results for studs in both normal weight and lightweight concrete. The reliability of ML model predictions was evaluated in accordance with European and US design practices. Reduction coefficients required for the ML models to satisfy the Eurocode reliability requirements for the design shear resistance were determined. Resistance factors used in US design practice were also obtained. The developed ML models were interpreted using the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method. Predictions by the ML models were compared with those by the existing descriptive equations, which demonstrated a higher accuracy for the ML models. A web application that conveniently provides predictions of the nominal and design stud shear resistances by the developed ML models in accordance with both European and US design practices was created and deployed to the cloud.

This work evaluates the behaviour of the only seismically isolated building in Albania during the Durrës sequence of 2019 and analyses the efficiency and feasibility of pendulum isolators in the region. The behaviour of the existing building is analysed through observational data gathered during on-site inspection and is verified through numerical simulations using the impact of the main shock of 26^th of November 2019. The technical efficiency and the economic feasibility of seismic isolation through pendulum isolators for non-strategic buildings are analysed by designing, detailing, and estimating the cost of an ordinary six story residential building in both approaches (capacity design and seismic isolation approach), accounting for the local factors such as typical architecture, soil characterization, the level of the seismic hazard and the cost of the construction materials and workmanship in the densely populated region of central Albania. The structural behaviour assessment highlighted the superiority of the seismic isolation, and the feasibility analysis revealed that the initial cost for delivering seismically isolated buildings is higher than that of the conventional approach by some percentage. However, the gains in structural performance and the relatively high seismic hazard of the country make seismic isolation of buildings a relevant alternative in achieving seismic protection for buildings in the region.

Radical Tectonics is a multi-scalar approach to improving the short- and long-term outcomes of sustainable design and circular economies. Community empowerment, building reuse, and material regeneration are three fundamental principles of a radical tectonics which operates simultaneously at the macro, meso, and micro scale. Three tactics define our integrated approach to radical tectonics: building material choices and labor practices which favor the health, safety, and prosperity of communities; urban design policies which favor the re-habilitation, re-use, re-programming and re-mining of existing structures; building construction innovations that channel the adoption of traditional, craft-based, local, low-energy, and regenerative materials. Not only does each scale introduce an original interpretation of tectonics (as a form of built justice, a practice of urban re-mining, and regenerating matter) but their integration speaks to the question of ‘radicality’ which at its simplest form references change or action with essential, fundamental, and all-encompassing outcomes. In this sense, this collaboratively written paper introduces a methodological approach whose multi-scaler insistence on circularity is essential to its role as transformative agent.

In this paper, an optimization strategy for a canopy, based on computational modelling approaches is presented. The design approach is applied to a realistic roof structure of an ecological island (waste collection centre) and has been completely redesigned with the aid of a Genetic Algorithm and a Dynamic Relaxation Algorithm. The preliminary design of the roof structure can be formulated as a shape optimization problem, involving functional needs and constraints at different scales of the structure. The proposed hypothesis solution was studied by using an optimization procedure through algorithms in the software Rhinoceros3D®/Grasshopper®. The main aim of this work is to explore different modelling approaches for form-finding that can be built from the use of numerical simulations based on algorithms. To this aim, the need to meet various requirements (structural, functional, formal) involving a team of architects and engineers can be interpreted as a matter of structural optimization.

The paper discusses how characteristics of the mycelium growth process—namely different growth effectiveness depending on the nutrition content of the substrate, gradual solidification of the inoculated substrate, and bio-welding—can be a driving force for developing sustainable biofabrication processes of mycelium based composites (MBC) for architectural application. To explore this potential one-semester (12 weeks) seminar and one block seminar (2 weeks) with master-level students were held at the University of Stuttgart, and independent work within the Institute IBK2 was performed. The free experimentation with fabrication tactics resulted in the emergence of different investigation paths, tested with small-scale demonstrators, from which the most interesting three this paper presents in detail. The first is the two-phase printing process of mycelium substrate and subsidiary reusable support materials. It applied tests with the small, inorganic, loose substances (plastic pellets) extractable mechanically and meltable substances (wax) extracted by heating. The second path of investigation followed lost formworks created from hemp strings positioned inside the material. Finally, the third path is a particular case of lost formwork approach utilizing different tubular bandages stuffed with MBC and utilizing it later as a thick filament for other different form-giving deposition practices: layering, hanging, braiding, and knotting. All three investigation paths prove feasible, although their upscaling potential correlates strongly with the successful automation of the processes using CNC machines, which could provide the precision and sterility needed for this highly heterogenous and sensitive material. In addition, further developments in the material cultivation protocols are indispensable to provide a higher repetition of the results.

BIM-based construction specification and quantity takeoff (QTO) processes have proven faster and more reliable than traditional methods. However, their execution and integration still rely on time-consuming and error-prone manual or semi-automatic interventions to deal with the lack of completeness, suitability and granularity of produced BIM models in design practice, mostly related to elements and activities not digitally represented in these models. In addition, besides the BIM authoring tool, they demand other proprietary platforms to obtain the expected outcomes, leading to interoperability issues and representing an obstacle to small and medium architectural design offices in terms of needed investment and customisations inherent to their business model. This work addresses the problem by proposing a BIM-based framework for automatised coordinated construction specification and quantity takeoff. It encompasses information modelling requirements, establishing a construction specification database and an add-in on the authoring tool that automatically produces joint construction specifications and quantity QTO documentation. The proposed system improves current BIM-based practices by mitigating the number of non-automatised intermediary steps, not requiring any other proprietary BIM platform rather than the authoring tool. Besides, it structures alternative ways of digitally representing elements and activities not graphically expressed in the model, allowing automated, more efficient, faster and cheaper production of coordinated reports of quantities and construction specifications. Two real projects validated the implementation of the framework, as well as the capabilities of the add-in, demonstrating its applicability in practical cases.

In recent years there has been more raise in manufacturing dissipate materials and bi-products produces due to the more enlargement rate of inhabitants. By the growth of industries and technology enlargement of consumption, due to this consumption raw materials produced more and more therefore the environment going to be polluted. The raw materials like iron, steel and aluminum waste reacts in atmosphere it creates air pollution and water pollution. To avoid these air pollution the application of manufacturing solid waste (ferrochrome slag) as a half substitute of raw resources in building activities. An experimental work is conducted on mix design of M₄₀ grade concrete material by semi alternate of coarse size particles with ferrochrome by 25%, 50% and 75% by weight of concrete and partial replacement of fine aggregate (sand) with Robo sand by 25%, 50% and 75% by mass. These mixtures of materials will be applied to analysis the compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength for 7 days and 28 days. In this work, the strength and toughness of potable concrete are the main parameters to be studied.

Tectonics as the visual communication of creating buildings by linking the construction processes with structural form should inform the dialogue between new and existing fabric at interventions in historic buildings, but has not been mapped in the relevant theoretical debate. This paper attempts this mapping by highlighting two underlying concepts: firstly, how such a component in the vocabulary of designers informs their role in conservation; secondly the value of this communication for the user, i.e. how to appreciate historical fabric by connecting with more familiar forms and matter from contemporary architecture. The study develops around modern traits in tectonic explorations that can be used to preserve and communicate the historical ways through which construction produced architectural space: the generation of structural form and its relation to the construction processes around the nature of the main material systems (existing and new). The tectonics of composing historic and modern material systems is explored, including innovative materials like mass timber.

Abstract