Child Protection and Practice最新文献

Childhood image-based sexual abuse: Recipients of disclosure from a diverse group of young adults 基于儿童形象的性虐待：来自不同群体的年轻人披露的接受者

Child Protection and Practice

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100285

Kimberly J. Mitchell , Deirdre Colburn , Ateret Gewirtz-Meydan , David Finkelhor , Lisa M. Jones , Heather A. Turner , Jennifer E. O'Brien

Background

Image-Based Sexual Abuse (IBSA) in childhood presents unique disclosure challenges, yet patterns remain poorly understood.

Objective

To examine disclosure patterns of IBSA experienced during childhood.

Participants and setting

Participants were 2854 U.S. young adults (ages 18-28) who provided detailed information on 4149 IBSA incidents with information about disclosure.

Methods

Participants were recruited through social media using rigorous fraud deterrent and detection protocols. They completed a confidential online survey.

Findings

Disclosure rates were low, with only 39.2 % of incidents disclosed. Disclosure was more common to informal sources (37.9 %) like friends known in person, while 11.3 % of incidents were disclosed to a formal source, like a teacher at school or mental health professionals. Only 5.2 % of incidents were known to police. Incident severity influenced disclosure likelihood—cases involving intent to harm, multiple people responsible, or repeated victimization were more likely to be disclosed, particularly to formal sources. Sexual and gender minority youth were significantly more likely than their heterosexual and cisgender peers to disclose to both formal and informal sources, particularly professionals and romantic partners, yet less likely to disclose to family members.

Conclusion

Findings underscore the barriers to IBSA disclosure and the urgent need for victim-centered reporting mechanisms, culturally competent services, and improved digital reporting options to support survivors.

儿童基于图像的性虐待（IBSA）呈现出独特的披露挑战，但其模式仍然知之甚少。目的探讨儿童期IBSA的披露方式。参与者和环境参与者为2854名美国年轻人（18-28岁），他们提供了4149例IBSA事件的详细信息和披露信息。方法通过社交媒体招募参与者，使用严格的欺诈威慑和检测协议。他们完成了一项保密的在线调查。调查结果披露率很低，只有39.2%的事件被披露。在非正式来源中（37.9%），如熟人，披露事件更为常见，而11.3%的事件是向正式来源披露的，如学校的老师或心理健康专业人员。只有5.2%的事件被警方知晓。事件严重程度影响披露的可能性——涉及伤害意图、多人负责或反复受害的案件更有可能被披露，特别是向正式来源披露。与异性恋和顺性恋同龄人相比，性少数和性别少数的年轻人更有可能向正式和非正式的来源（尤其是专业人士和浪漫伴侣）透露自己的性取向，但向家庭成员透露的可能性较小。结论：调查结果强调了IBSA披露的障碍，迫切需要以受害者为中心的报告机制、文化主管服务和改进的数字报告选项，以支持幸存者。

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引用次数: 0

Practitioners’ perspectives on enablers of improved mental health outcomes for children and young people in out-of-home care: Beyond a “scattergun approach” 从业人员对改善儿童和青少年在家庭外护理中的心理健康结果的推动因素的看法：超越“散弹枪方法”

Child Protection and Practice

Pub Date : 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100283

Lottie G. Harris , Daryl J. Higgins , Megan L. Willis

Background

In Australia, children and young people in out-of-home care (OOHC) face high rates of complex mental health challenges, yet no systemic framework exists to address their needs effectively. As a result, this population's mental health care needs remain largely unmet.

Objective

This study aimed to identify key enablers the OOHC sector can leverage to improve mental health outcomes for this cohort.

Participants

27 Australian OOHC practitioners in diverse roles (case worker, therapeutic specialist, clinical lead, executives) participated in semi-structured interviews in which a phenomenological approach was applied.

Methods

Drawing on evidence derived from an earlier literature review on the same topic; participant interview data was thematically analysed and subsequently mapped onto the ecological model for targeted identification and investment.

Findings

Practitioners endorsed all 11 enablers identified in the literature and introduced four new ones: (1) fostering belonging through community connections, (2) building sustainable workforces, (3) embedding clinical teams within OOHC services, and (4) promoting collective investment in the mental health of children and young people.

Conclusions

Greater investment and advocacy by the OOHC sector for the systematic implementation of these enablers is likely to improve the mental health of children and young people. Future practice and research should evaluate these enablers systematically to ensure comprehensive mental health care for this population.

在澳大利亚，接受家庭外护理（OOHC）的儿童和青少年面临复杂心理健康挑战的比例很高，但没有系统的框架来有效地解决他们的需求。因此，这一人群的精神卫生保健需求在很大程度上仍未得到满足。目的本研究旨在确定OOHC部门可以利用的关键因素，以改善该队列的心理健康结果。参与者27名不同角色的澳大利亚OOHC从业人员（个案工作者、治疗专家、临床领导、管理人员）参加了半结构化访谈，访谈中采用了现象学方法。方法：借鉴来自同一主题的早期文献综述的证据；参与者访谈数据进行了主题分析，并随后映射到生态模型中，以进行目标识别和投资。从业人员认可了文献中确定的所有11个促成因素，并引入了四个新的促成因素：(1)通过社区联系培养归属感，(2)建立可持续的劳动力，(3)在OOHC服务中嵌入临床团队，以及(4)促进对儿童和青少年心理健康的集体投资。结论OOHC部门加大投入和宣传力度，系统实施这些促进因素，有可能改善儿童和青少年的心理健康。未来的实践和研究应系统地评估这些促成因素，以确保为这一人群提供全面的精神卫生保健。

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引用次数: 0

“When we speak to them at their level, they are able to speak everything”: Reflections on training fieldworkers in South Africa to conduct research on violence across three generations “当我们在他们的水平上与他们交谈时，他们就能说出一切”：对培训南非实地工作者进行跨三代暴力研究的思考

Child Protection and Practice

Pub Date : 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100280

Mpho Silima , Kopano Monaisa , Franziska Meinck , Nicola Christofides , Nataly Woollett , Hannabeth Franchino-Olsen

Background

Violence against women and children (VAWC) are global issues that particularly affect South Africa. Conducting research on VAWC requires skilled and compassionate interviewers who can collect accurate and valuable data from multiple family members while being sensitive to participants' stories and potential distress. However, there is a lack of knowledge on how to train fieldworkers for such research.

Objectives

To address gaps in knowledge on appropriate training for fieldworkers, this paper presents key reflections and recommendations on challenges and opportunities for high-quality training and data collection from a research study on intergenerational violence transmission.

Methods

The study included three focus group discussions with six fieldworkers and debriefing sessions with seven study facilitators. The fieldworkers were aged 28–48 and resided in Mpumalanga, South Africa. The collected data (transcriptions from the audio recorded FDGs) was analyzed using a rapid analytical approach.

Results

The findings showed that continuous, experiential training is crucial in enhancing fieldworkers' skills and shifting attitudes, especially regarding gender norms and violence.

Conclusion

Training on sensitive topics should be tailored to address the specific demands of the study, considering the complexity of the subject matter and the interviewers' previous experience. Promoting a culture of self-care among the research teams is essential. This can be achieved by implementing techniques like meditation, frequent debriefings, and encouraging open communication to enhance the resilience and general well-being of fieldworkers.

对妇女和儿童的暴力行为是一个全球性问题，尤其影响到南非。进行VAWC的研究需要熟练和富有同情心的采访者，他们可以从多个家庭成员那里收集准确和有价值的数据，同时对参与者的故事和潜在的痛苦敏感。然而，缺乏关于如何为这类研究培训实地工作者的知识。为了解决外勤工作者在适当培训方面的知识差距，本文从一项关于代际暴力传播的研究中提出了关于高质量培训和数据收集的挑战和机遇的关键思考和建议。方法研究包括与6名实地工作者进行的3次焦点小组讨论和与7名研究协调员进行的述职会议。现场工作人员年龄在28-48岁之间，居住在南非普马兰加省。收集到的数据（来自录音fdg的转录）使用快速分析方法进行分析。结果研究结果表明，持续的经验培训对于提高现场工作者的技能和转变态度至关重要，特别是在性别规范和暴力方面。考虑到主题的复杂性和采访者以往的经验，敏感话题的培训应该针对研究的具体需求进行定制。在研究团队中提倡一种自我照顾的文化是必不可少的。这可以通过实施冥想、频繁汇报和鼓励开放沟通等技术来实现，以增强现场工作者的适应力和总体幸福感。

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引用次数: 0

Strengthening parental safeguarding against intrafamilial child sexual abuse: Sexual assault counselors’ window into salient family dynamics and prevention 加强父母对家庭内儿童性虐待的保护：性侵犯辅导员对显著家庭动态和预防的窗口

Child Protection and Practice

Pub Date : 2026-01-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100281

Shona L. Innes , Susan Rayment-McHugh , Harriot Beazley

Background

A substantial proportion of childhood sexual abuse occurs in family settings. Intrafamilial child sexual abuse can commence at a very early age, be long lasting and can impact a child's entire early social system. Criminological guardianship highlights the role that individuals (capable guardians) can play in safeguarding children (deterring crime). Whilst parents are well placed to safeguard against intrafamilial child sexual abuse, the complexity of family dynamics and the privacy of domestic settings can complicate prevention efforts. Counselors working with families after intrafamilial child sexual abuse gain real-time, first-hand insights into what strengthens or hinders parental safeguarding – a viewpoint not captured by existing safeguarding research.

Objective

This study sought to explore factors that Australian child sexual abuse counseling professionals believed were important to understand when strengthening parental guardianship against intrafamilial child sexual abuse.

Participants and setting

Participants were 11 social workers and psychologists employed in public, private and community-based agencies in Australia to counsel children and family members following intrafamilial child sexual abuse.

Methods

Child sexual abuse counseling professionals were interviewed using a semi-structured interview format. An inductive, exploratory approach was taken with resultant interview transcripts analyzed using Reflexive Thematic Analysis.

Results

Five key themes were developed: Parents bring their own histories to their families; parent-child attunement matters; a family is a system within systems; children are active participants in family life; and everyday family interactions provide powerful prevention opportunities. Together, the themes shape how care, risk and communication in families can improve safeguarding.

Conclusions

The resultant themes have implications for supporting parents to safeguard against intrafamilial child sexual abuse in day-to-day ways. Practice and policy should broaden guardianship frameworks to include parental self-awareness, parent-child attunement and systemic factors to strengthen prevention and response to intrafamilial child sexual abuse.

很大一部分儿童性虐待发生在家庭环境中。家庭内部的儿童性虐待可能在很小的时候就开始了，持续时间很长，并可能影响孩子的整个早期社会体系。犯罪学监护强调个人（有能力的监护人）在保护儿童（阻止犯罪）方面可以发挥的作用。虽然父母很好地防范家庭内部的儿童性虐待，但家庭动态的复杂性和家庭环境的私密性可能使预防工作复杂化。在家庭内部儿童性虐待后，辅导员与家庭一起工作，获得实时的、第一手的见解，了解是什么加强或阻碍了父母的保护——这是现有的保护研究没有捕捉到的观点。目的：本研究旨在探讨澳大利亚儿童性虐待咨询专家认为在加强父母对家庭内儿童性虐待的监护时应了解的重要因素。参与者和环境参与者是11名社会工作者和心理学家，他们受雇于澳大利亚的公共、私人和社区机构，在家庭内部儿童性虐待后为儿童和家庭成员提供咨询。方法采用半结构化访谈方式对儿童性虐待咨询专业人员进行访谈。采用归纳的探索性方法，使用反身性主题分析分析了最终的访谈记录。结果：研究提出了五个关键主题：父母将自己的历史带入家庭；亲子调音事宜；家庭是系统中的系统；儿童是家庭生活的积极参与者；每天的家庭互动提供了强有力的预防机会。这些主题共同塑造了家庭中的护理、风险和沟通如何能够改善保护。由此产生的主题对支持父母在日常生活中防范家庭内部的儿童性虐待具有启示意义。实践和政策应扩大监护框架，包括父母的自我意识、亲子协调和系统因素，以加强对家庭内儿童性虐待的预防和反应。

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引用次数: 0

Framing child protection systems: Toward a normative framework and operational definition for policy and practice 构建儿童保护体系：为政策和实践建立规范框架和可操作定义

Child Protection and Practice

Pub Date : 2026-01-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100277

Bruce Grant

This paper proposes an expanded conceptual and normative framing of child protection systems to support more coherent, inclusive, and accountable approaches in both development and humanitarian contexts. The term normative framework refers to the shared rules, standards, and social values that guide how institutions should function and what they aim to achieve. The paper responds to persistent gaps in how child protection systems are defined. The analysis is situated within a wider global context in which child protection systems are under strain due to multiple global pressures.

Building on foundational work from 2010 and drawing on recent momentum from the 2024 Bogotá Call to Action and the Framework for Action, the paper describes what a child protection system is. It introduces a dual-axis normative framework that distinguishes between norms of operation and norms of intent.

The paper examines evolving expectations of system components, draws on benchmarking data from over 150 countries, and addresses persistent challenges. The last section proposes a working, field-tested definition of a child protection system to guide national planning, partner alignment, and systems-focused reform.

Clear definitions play a policy-like role in shaping implementation and resource flows, and inclusive and accountable systems are essential to upholding every child's right to protection.

本文提出了一个扩大的儿童保护系统概念和规范框架，以支持在发展和人道主义背景下采取更加连贯、包容和负责任的方法。规范框架一词指的是指导机构如何运作及其目标的共同规则、标准和社会价值观。该文件回应了在如何定义儿童保护系统方面存在的差距。这项分析是在一个更广泛的全球背景下进行的，在这个背景下，由于多重全球压力，儿童保护系统承受着压力。在2010年基础工作的基础上，利用2024年《波哥大行动呼吁》和《行动框架》的最新势头，本文描述了什么是儿童保护体系。它引入了一个双轴规范框架，区分操作规范和意图规范。该文件审查了系统组成部分不断变化的期望，借鉴了来自150多个国家的基准数据，并解决了持续存在的挑战。最后一节提出了一个可行的、经过实地检验的儿童保护系统定义，以指导国家规划、合作伙伴协调和以系统为重点的改革。明确的定义在制定实施和资源流动方面发挥着类似政策的作用，而包容和负责任的制度对于维护每个儿童的受保护权至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

When practitioners become research partners: Lessons from two cross-national child protection studies 当从业者成为研究伙伴：来自两项跨国儿童保护研究的经验教训

Child Protection and Practice

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100278

Paula S. Oliveira

引用次数: 0

“It's a slippery slope:” How foster parents and agency staff navigate their relationship “这是一个滑坡：”寄养父母和机构工作人员如何处理他们的关系

Child Protection and Practice

Pub Date : 2025-12-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100276

Judy Havlicek , Stacey Shipe

引用次数: 0

Cumulative and item-level adverse childhood experiences in relation to suicidal ideation and attempts among incarcerated Japanese youth 日本被监禁青少年中与自杀意念和企图有关的累积和项目层面的不良童年经历

Child Protection and Practice

Pub Date : 2025-12-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100275

Masaru Takahashi , Kasumi Imahara , Kayoko Myojo , Michiko Yasuda , Yukiko Miyamoto

Background

Research reports higher suicidal ideation (SI) and suicide attempts (SAs) among offender populations than the general population.

Objective

This study investigated the association of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on SI and SAs among Japanese incarcerated youth.

Participants and setting

The study included 436 participants (351 boys, 85 girls) placed in four juvenile correctional institutions in Japan. Mean age was 17.09 years (SD = 1.59) for boys and 16.76 years (SD = 1.65) for girls, age range 12–19 years.

Method

A self-report questionnaire was administered to detained youth between September 2021 and March 2023, including only those who consented to participate.

Results

Lifetime prevalence of SI was 44.7 % for girls and 19.3 % for boys, while SAs were 29.4 % for girls and 8.0 % for boys, showing girls were significantly more likely to report both behaviors. Logistic regression analyses showed that while cumulative ACE scores were associated with both SI and SAs (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.40, 95 %CI = [1.21–1.62] for SA; AOR = 1.32, 95 %CI = [1.17–1.49] for SI), most individual ACEs were not. Only family SAs significantly increased risk of both behaviors, while having an incarcerated family member decreased SI risk.

Conclusions

Our findings highlight the need for trauma-informed approaches within forensic and correctional environments to enhance mental health support for affected youth offenders. The results indicate that childhood adversity is not uniformly associated with mental health issues, underscoring the importance of examining how individual ACEs relate to youth suicide prevention efforts.

研究报告表明，罪犯群体中的自杀意念（SI）和自杀企图（SAs）高于一般人群。目的探讨不良童年经历（ace）对日本青少年社会行为和社会行为的影响。参与者和环境这项研究包括436名参与者（351名男孩，85名女孩），他们被安置在日本的四所青少年教养机构。男孩平均年龄17.09岁（SD = 1.59），女孩平均年龄16.76岁（SD = 1.65），年龄范围12-19岁。方法在2021年9月至2023年3月期间，对被拘留的青少年进行自我报告问卷调查，仅包括同意参与的青少年。结果女孩和男孩的终生SI患病率分别为44.7%和19.3%，而女孩和男孩的终生SI患病率分别为29.4%和8.0%，这表明女孩更有可能报告这两种行为。Logistic回归分析显示，虽然累积ACE评分与SI和SA均相关（SA的调整优势比[AOR] = 1.40, 95% CI = [1.21-1.62]； SI的调整优势比[AOR] = 1.32, 95% CI =[1.17-1.49]），但大多数个体ACE并非如此。只有家庭暴力会显著增加这两种行为的风险，而家庭成员被监禁则会降低这种风险。结论我们的研究结果强调了在法医和惩教环境中采用创伤知情方法来加强对受影响的青少年罪犯的心理健康支持的必要性。研究结果表明，童年逆境与心理健康问题并不总是相关的，这就强调了研究个体ace与青少年自杀预防工作之间的关系的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Surveying children and young people on sensitive topics: Creating engaging, accessible, trauma-informed digital questionnaires 调查儿童和年轻人的敏感话题：创建有吸引力的，可访问的，创伤信息的数字问卷

Child Protection and Practice

Pub Date : 2025-12-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100274

Anna McCarthy , Julia I. Rudolph , Deborah Fry , Claire P. Monks , Rosana Pacella , Franziska Meinck

Background

Research with children and young people requires bespoke measurement tools and methodologies, designed with the end-user in mind.

Objective

This paper describes the design of digital questionnaires for children and young people which are engaging, accessible, and trauma-informed. It is presented in the context of a larger study, which designed violence prevalence survey questionnaires for participants aged 11–25 years in the United Kingdom.

Participants and setting

Data collection was conducted with child abuse and violence research professionals, adults and children with lived experience of violence in the UK, and children and young people in the target age group in the UK.

Methods

Feedback on the design of the questionnaires was gathered via online Delphi surveys, focus groups, participatory research sessions, qualitative interviews, and individual consultations. Thematic analysis was conducted to review feedback on digital format features, trauma-informed design, and accessibility. The project followed an iterative and multi-stage process.

Findings

Digital formatting (including matrix questions, survey branching, and navigation buttons), trauma-informed design (including question introductions and opt-out response phrasing), and accessibility features (including audio recordings and readability) can be utilised to generate an engaging, accessible, and trauma-informed measurement tool appropriate for children and young people.

Conclusions

Using an inclusive and child-focused approach to design has the potential to positively impact children's ability and willingness to engage with surveys, ultimately improving the resulting data and our understanding of children's experiences of violence.

针对儿童和年轻人的研究需要为最终用户设计定制的测量工具和方法。目的：本文描述了面向儿童和青少年的数字问卷的设计，该问卷具有参与性、可访问性和创伤信息。它是在一个更大的研究背景下提出的，该研究为英国11-25岁的参与者设计了暴力流行调查问卷。参与者和环境数据收集与儿童虐待和暴力研究专业人员，英国有暴力生活经历的成人和儿童，以及英国目标年龄组的儿童和年轻人一起进行。方法通过在线德尔菲调查、焦点小组、参与式研究会议、定性访谈和个别咨询收集问卷设计反馈。进行了专题分析，以审查对数字格式特征、创伤通知设计和可访问性的反馈。该项目遵循了一个迭代和多阶段的过程。数字格式（包括矩阵问题、调查分支和导航按钮）、创伤知情设计（包括问题介绍和选择退出的回答措辞）和可访问性特征（包括录音和可读性）可用于生成适合儿童和年轻人的引人入胜、可访问和创伤知情的测量工具。采用包容和以儿童为中心的设计方法有可能对儿童参与调查的能力和意愿产生积极影响，最终改善所得数据和我们对儿童暴力经历的理解。

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引用次数: 0

Accounts about siblings’ experience of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse: Prevalence and agreement in a retrospective study of adult sibling pairs 关于兄弟姐妹遭受身体、性和精神虐待的经历：一项对成年兄弟姐妹的回顾性研究的普遍性和一致性

Child Protection and Practice

Pub Date : 2025-12-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100273

Susanne Witte , Jörg M. Fegert , Sabine Walper

Background

The validity of child abuse reports has been investigated, focusing on the agreement between prospective and retrospective reports of child abuse. The agreement of siblings' accounts about each other's experiences of abuse has been overlooked, although it might provide valuable insights.

Objective

We examined the prevalence of accounts about siblings' experience of abuse in a retrospective survey and analyzed predictors of accounts about different types of abuse. Moreover, agreement between accounts about siblings’ experiences of abuse and predictors of agreement were investigated.

Methods

Retrospective reports of 4568 adults participating in an online survey were analyzed in terms of predictors of accounts about siblings' experience of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse (71.31 % female). In a subsample of 870 participants, another sibling from the same family also participated in the survey, enabling the assessment of agreement in accounts. Predictors of accounts about siblings' experience of abuse and agreement between accounts were assessed using multivariate logistic regression. Agreement was assessed using Cohen's Kappa as well as agreement in percent.

Findings

Siblings' experience of emotional abuse was reported by 6.33 % of the participants, siblings' experience of physical abuse by 5.76 %, and siblings' experience of sexual abuse by 2.74 %. The agreement was highest for accounts about physical abuse, followed by sexual abuse. The agreement was higher for accounts about older siblings' experience than for younger siblings' experience of all abuse types. Significant predictors of accounts about siblings’ experiences of abuse and agreement between accounts relate to informant characteristics, sibling constellation, sibling relationship quality, and self-reported experience of abuse and neglect.

Conclusion

Findings highlight the possibility of investigating the prevalence rates of child abuse with reports of siblings, but also show possible factors contributing to bias in reporting and thus estimates. In practice, testimony from other family members is an essential aspect of restorative justice proceedings, and these findings might help understand conflicting testimonies.

背景虐待儿童报告的有效性已被调查，重点是儿童虐待的前瞻性和回顾性报告之间的一致性。兄弟姐妹们对彼此受虐经历的一致描述一直被忽视，尽管它可能提供有价值的见解。目的通过回顾性调查，了解兄弟姐妹受虐待经历的流行程度，并分析不同类型受虐待经历的预测因素。此外，关于兄弟姐妹虐待经历的描述之间的一致性和一致性的预测因素进行了调查。方法对参与在线调查的4568名成年人的回顾性报告进行分析，分析其兄弟姐妹遭受身体、性和精神虐待经历的预测因素（71.31%为女性）。在870名参与者的子样本中，来自同一家庭的另一位兄弟姐妹也参与了调查，从而能够评估账户的一致性。使用多变量逻辑回归评估关于兄弟姐妹虐待经历的预测因子和描述之间的一致性。协议是用科恩Kappa和百分比协议来评估的。研究发现，有6.33%的参与者报告了自己的兄弟姐妹遭受过精神虐待，5.76%的参与者报告了自己的兄弟姐妹遭受过身体虐待，2.74%的参与者报告了自己的兄弟姐妹遭受过性虐待。人们对身体虐待的认同程度最高，其次是性虐待。在所有类型的虐待中，对哥哥姐姐经历的描述比对弟弟妹妹经历的描述的一致性更高。关于兄弟姐妹虐待经历的描述和描述之间的一致性的重要预测因素与举报人特征、兄弟姐妹星座、兄弟姐妹关系质量和自我报告的虐待和忽视经历有关。结论研究结果强调了通过兄弟姐妹报告调查儿童虐待发生率的可能性，但也显示了可能导致报告和估计偏差的因素。实际上，其他家庭成员的证词是恢复性司法程序的一个重要方面，这些调查结果可能有助于理解相互矛盾的证词。

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引用次数: 0