Child Protection and Practice最新文献

{"title":"Maternal risk factors for infant foster care from birth: A retrospective observational study","authors":"Inés Blanco Lara ,&nbsp;Antje Horsch ,&nbsp;Roger Hilfiker ,&nbsp;Sarah Depallens ,&nbsp;Vania Sandoz","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100095","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100095","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Infant foster care may be necessary to avoid negative consequences for the infant linked to an abusive environment. Studies have found associations between such placement and negative outcomes for the child's development. This study investigated maternal perinatal risk factors associated with infant foster care at birth to improve the management of these situations.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This retrospective observational study aimed to examine the associations between maternal perinatal risk factors and infant foster care at birth in a Swiss University Hospital.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>The sample consisted of 386 mother-infant dyads. Eligibility criteria included referral to the Child Abuse and Neglect (CAN) Team from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2022 and that the infant was alive at the hospital discharge. The local ethics committee approved the study.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Based on the literature, the following maternal risk factors were selected: (1) personal history of abuse, (2) substance abuse, (3) psychiatric disorder, (4) minority of mother-to-be, (5) lack of post-compulsory education, and (6) psychological vulnerability. Chi-square tests of independence assessed the associations between the maternal risk factors and infant foster care.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Twenty-six (6.7%) newborns were placed at birth. Psychiatric disorder (p = 0.006), psychological vulnerability (p = 0.047), and alcohol and/or drug abuse (p=&lt;0.001) were found to be significantly associated with child placement.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Increased risks of infant foster care at birth were found when mothers had a psychiatric disorder, psychological vulnerability, or substance abuse. Implications for practice include developing healthcare structures tailored to this specific population, which may be associated with lower rates of mother-infant separation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100095"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship between parents’ and daughters' self-reported attitudes, protective behaviours and online behaviours in relation to remote-coerced child sexual abuse","authors":"Samantha Lundrigan ,&nbsp;Paul Conway ,&nbsp;Ellen Daly","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100096","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100096","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>In 2021, the Internet Watch Foundation (IWF) ran a public awareness campaign aimed at providing parents and 11–13-year-old daughters with the knowledge to build resilience against online groomers who attempt to elicit remote-coerced sexual imagery of children. A parent-child paired response survey was conducted as part of the campaign monitoring.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The purpose was to use the survey data to investigate the relationship between awareness campaign exposure, parents/carers' self-reported attitudes and protective behaviours and children's self-reported attitudes and online behaviour in relation to remote-coerced child sexual abuse (RCCSA).</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>3132 participants, comprising 1566 parents/carers and 1566 of their daughters aged 11–13.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>Three surveys were conducted: pre-campaign launch, six weeks into campaign and 12 weeks into campaign. Surveys were completed by parent/carer and child pairs. Correlational and regression analysis was conducted on the aggregated responses.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>Viewing more campaign materials was associated with more positive outcomes. However, this did not increase the likelihood that girls would tell someone if they received a request for explicit material. Daughters are more willing to disclose a request for explicit material when they have stronger ties with friends and family and weaker ties with strangers and when parents are open to seeking information and employing multiple strategies to respond.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Four recommendations for RCCSA prevention were made: prioritise empowerment models over safety models for children, prioritise talking over strict controlling measures, raise awareness of the full range of motivations and offending types, and tailor interventions to specific audiences.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100096"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Describing the innovation and development of Educational Storytelling; an innovative, novel interdisciplinary training program against child maltreatment","authors":"Frida Kathrine Sofie Mathisen ,&nbsp;Tone Grøttjord-Glenne ,&nbsp;Karin Goplerud Berge ,&nbsp;Ingfrid Vaksdal Brattabø","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100094","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100094","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Child maltreatment is a global problem with far-reaching negative effects on children's psychological and physical well-being, highlighting the importance of prevention, detection and intervention. Professionals working with children in health, social, or educational services in Norway are required by law to report suspected child maltreatment to child welfare services. However, reporting can be challenging, and under-reporting is a serious and well-documented issue, calling for effective training programs. This paper focuses on the research-based and interdisciplinary Educational Storytelling program for dental health personnel, a 7.5 h face-to-face seminar using a full-length documentary. The program aims to empower dental health personnel in their interaction with at-risk children by enhancing their awareness, knowledge and competence related to prevention, detection, follow-up and care, fostering a deep understanding of the effects of trauma from child maltreatment, making dental health personnel safer when handling trauma-related cases, ensuring positive patient experiences and effectively reduce odontophobia, and helping dental health personnel fulfill their legal obligation to report any suspected child maltreatment.</div><div>This paper aims to describe how the program used a documentary as the foundation for developing the program, and further explains the multidimensional content, the innovative process, and the implementation of this training program for dental health personnel in Norway. In conclusion, the paper explores potential strategies to empower dental health personnel in preventing child maltreatment and highlights the impact of using real stories and active learning to drive knowledge and behavior change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100094"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strengthening Canadian Child and Youth Advocacy Centres through coordinated research and knowledge sharing: Establishing a Canadian Research and Knowledge Centre","authors":"Parker Naomi ,&nbsp;Elenko Janine ,&nbsp;Cullen Olivia ,&nbsp;Alaggia Ramona ,&nbsp;Bélanger Roxane ,&nbsp;Biener Cassidy ,&nbsp;Binford Warren ,&nbsp;Blake Maggie ,&nbsp;Collin-Vezina Delphine ,&nbsp;Daignault Isabelle ,&nbsp;Hews-Girard Julia ,&nbsp;Kimber Melissa ,&nbsp;Koshan Jennifer ,&nbsp;Madigan Sherri ,&nbsp;Ornstein Amy ,&nbsp;Heather L Price ,&nbsp;Shaffer Christina ,&nbsp;Zwicker Jennifer ,&nbsp;Dimitropoulos Gina","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2024.100091","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2024.100091","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It is crucial to create a platform for coordinating, building, and sharing knowledge to guide practice and policy development among both established and emerging Child and Youth Advocacy Centres (CYACs). CYACs bring together multidisciplinary professionals from various systems to collectively address child abuse and support the healing of children, youth, and their families from trauma and its impacts. We collaborated with partners from academic, practice, and policy sectors through a co-design process to establish a Canadian Child and Youth Advocacy Research and Knowledge Centre. This discussion paper will start by highlighting the importance of community-academic partnerships. We will then outline the processes used to develop and establish the Research and Knowledge Centre. Finally, we will describe the outcomes of establishing the Research and Knowledge Centre, including the guiding principles, priority action areas and the research agenda, along with considerations for ongoing work and collaboration in this field. The goal of this Research and Knowledge Centre is to equip CYAC leaders, practitioners, and policymakers with contextual and rigorous evidence to inform decisions that will improve support for children, youth, and families impacted by child abuse.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100091"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expanding the framework of childhood adversity: Structural violence and aggression in childhood","authors":"L. Petrovic ,&nbsp;C.N. Baker ,&nbsp;S. Francois ,&nbsp;M. Wallace ,&nbsp;S. Overstreet","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2024.100092","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2024.100092","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Structural violence harms youth by preventing them from meeting basic needs for safety, belonging, dignity, and agency, leading to negative outcomes like increased aggression. Such behaviors harm children's social and emotional well-being and academic success, particularly affecting Black youth who disproportionately experience structural violence. Although predictors of student aggression have been explored, the specific influence of structural violence—as measured through socioeconomic and racial disparities—remains under examined in the literature. This gap highlights the need for further investigation into how these external factors contribute to aggressive behaviors in school settings,</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study sought to examine the relationship between structural violence and aggression, taking into account key student characteristics and features of the school climate. It was hypothesized that lower values of structural violence would predict increased student and teacher-reported aggression.</div></div><div><h3>Participants</h3><div><em>and Setting</em>: Participants included students and teachers across six New Orleans K-8 public charter schools.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Structural violence was measured via the Index of the Concentration of the Extremes (ICE), a measure of economic and racial inequality within a geographic area. Student characteristics, neighborhood crime rate, and school climate variables were included as covariates.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Results showed that higher structural violence was significantly associated with student-reported aggression (β = −.12, p = .02) and with teacher-reported aggression (β = −.14, p = .02). Lower student-reported aggression was associated with higher perceptions of school safety (β = −.24, p = .04).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Students from neighborhoods with greater structural violence exhibited higher levels of physical aggression, though lower reports of aggression are associated with better perceptions of school climate characteristics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100092"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Childhood emotional abuse is becoming a public health priority: Evidentiary support for a paradigm change","authors":"Ben Mathews ,&nbsp;Shanta Dube","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2024.100093","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2024.100093","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A growing evidence base is demonstrating that childhood emotional abuse – often also referred to as psychological abuse – is a particularly harmful form of maltreatment compared with most other maltreatment types. Recent rigorous national surveys have generated epidemiological data indicating the prevalence of emotional abuse is substantial, and may be increasing. Theoretical analyses of the concept of emotional abuse, and major international policy documents, evince an emerging consensus about the proper conceptualisation and definition of this form of child maltreatment, and the need for societies to accelerate a public health approach to prevent it and respond to it. However, despite international advances in these domains, at the national level of domestic policy and child protection systems practice, the longstanding lesser priority afforded to emotional abuse continues. Emotional abuse does not yet receive the same attention in domestic policy and practice as physical abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect. This discussion article considers the nature of childhood emotional abuse generally, and verbal abuse in particular, and calls for a shift in domestic policy to afford greater priority to preventing and responding to this problem. In Part 1, we first identify the emerging consensus in science and international policy about the appropriate conceptual and definitional understanding of emotional abuse. In Part 2, we then highlight key research about the significance for health and development of emotional abuse in general, and verbal abuse in particular, and outline the pathways of its associated distress and injury. Part 3 summarises the prevalence of emotional abuse, both globally and in diverse countries, and draws on recent data from the USA and Australia to understand population-wide trends by age group, indicating that emotional abuse may be increasing in prevalence in some nations. Finally, in Part 4, we then situate this evidence within domestic child protection policy and practice and its traditional and continuing approach to different types of child maltreatment. We argue for intensified priority for investment and prevention of emotional abuse, using a rigorous, responsible public health model of child health promotion and child maltreatment prevention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100093"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behind the screens: Understanding the gaps in India's fight against online child sexual abuse and exploitation","authors":"Daniel Manoj ,&nbsp;Ranjit Immanuel James ,&nbsp;Senthil Kumaran ,&nbsp;Gerard Pradeep Devnath ,&nbsp;Benjy Tom Varughese ,&nbsp;Antony L. Arakkal ,&nbsp;Latif Rajesh Johnson","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2024.100088","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2024.100088","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In today's digital age, where children are increasingly exposed to online platforms, the prevalence of online child sexual abuse and exploitation poses a significant threat to their safety and well-being. This article examines the multifaceted issue of online child sexual abuse and exploitation, focusing on interpersonal cybercrimes and the legal provisions in India aimed at combating these offences. It highlights the vulnerabilities faced by children in digital environments, particularly exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has led to a surge in internet usage among young users.</div><div>The overarching aim of the article is to analyze existing legal frameworks in India and compare them with those of other countries, advocating for improved protective measures and policies to effectively combat these crimes. Key recommendations include mandatory reporting of online child sexual abuse, due diligence by Internet Service Providers (ISPs), and the establishment of log retention periods to facilitate effective cybercrime investigations. A comprehensive approach involving parents, lawmakers, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), and law enforcement agencies is essential for combating online child sexual abuse. Furthermore, leveraging new technological solutions and signing international conventions is proposed to enhance cooperation and improve prosecution efforts across borders.</div><div>In conclusion, protecting children from online sexual abuse requires a concerted effort to update legal frameworks, raise awareness, and implement effective measures to safeguard their digital well-being. The urgency for comprehensive, stringent, and unambiguous legal provisions cannot be overstated, as the safety of our children depends on it.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100088"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“If you take care of that child, tomorrow it will be a profit to you and an entire generation”: A qualitative evaluation of a program to prevent ACEs and promote child development in Northern Sierra Leone","authors":"Elizabeth W. Perry ,&nbsp;Sujung Hwang ,&nbsp;Bando Marah ,&nbsp;Yembeh Kondowulay Mansaray ,&nbsp;Shannon Self-Brown ,&nbsp;Eunsoo Timothy Kim ,&nbsp;Janella Nelson","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2024.100090","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2024.100090","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The Education for Protection and Well-being (EPW) model is a program that aims to promote child development by preventing ACEs and creating nurturing school and home environments. The purpose of this study was to understand teacher and caregiver experience participating in EPW, including what participants learned, any new skills they applied, and changes observed in children at home and school.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted 9 focus groups with teachers (N = 16) and caregivers (N = 63) involved in the EPW pilot in two communities in Northern Sierra Leone that have experienced high levels of adversity. We used purposive sampling to explore teacher and caregiver experiences, learnings, and practices, and observed changes in their homes and schools since starting the program. Data were translated, transcribed, and analyzed using content analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The four themes that emerged were improved social cohesion, more conducive learning environments, improved parenting practices, and improved child well-being reported by teachers and caregivers, which aligned with levels of the social-ecological model. At the community level, participants noted increased social cohesion at home and in the community, enhanced parent engagement in education, stronger caregiver-teacher relationships, and a communal approach to raising children. Teachers reported fostering conducive learning environments at the school level through social-emotional learning, effective classroom management, and positive teaching practices. The family-level theme highlighted improved parenting practices and parent emotional regulation. At the child level, caregivers and teachers observed enhanced child well-being, including increased engagement in education, strengthened teacher-child and parent-child relationships, and reduced negative behaviors among children.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Caregivers and teachers reported learning and applying new skills and other benefits of the EPW program for themselves, their students, children, and families and expressed a desire for program continuation in their community and expansion across communities in Sierra Leone.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100090"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The social brain: Applying a neurological, social and cultural lens to emotional neglect in childhood","authors":"M. Catherine Maternowska","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2024.100089","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2024.100089","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Charting the Experiences of Children and Adolescents Affected by Emotional Neglect</em> (2025) provides a much-needed primer on how emotional neglect manifests in and throughout childhood and adolescence. The book's ten chapters, each with a brief abstract that serves as a helpful roadmap, cover four different topical areas: defining and understanding emotional neglect; the role of socio-emotional learning in child development; developmental trajectories of emotional neglect from infancy to adolescence; and the long-term impacts of and interventions for emotional neglect. Moving through the chapters is an intensive review of child development from a neurological, social and cultural lens. The authors take on culture—namely the effects of our digitalised lifestyle—to demonstrate how biomedical and biopsychosocial models may be insufficient considering contemporary health issues, namely stress and addictions. The book offers a timely and updated perspective on neglect serving academics and practitioners working with children and adolescents in the field of mental health. Importantly, it untangles how childhood trauma (including emotional neglect) has intergenerational effects and in doing so advocates for the creation of public policies, family support programs, and improved therapeutic interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100089"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Once you see it you can't unsee it”: Law enforcement trauma and immersion in child sexual abuse material","authors":"Jonah R. Rimer ,&nbsp;Shannon Brown ,&nbsp;Jennifer Martin ,&nbsp;Andrea Slane","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2024.100085","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2024.100085","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Police working with child sexual abuse material (CSAM) have a complex and significant job. Their experiences have potential to cause trauma, and so to inform better responses and supports, more must be understood about their work from their perspectives.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This article focuses on internet child exploitation law enforcement (ICE LE) experiences and perspectives regarding the impacts of working with CSAM, trauma, and implications for professional practice.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>The sample encompassed 27 ICE LE investigators and supervisors in Ontario, Canada whose main job is investigations involving CSAM.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Three focus groups were conducted with participants, followed by an inductive thematic analysis, whereby themes were developed through a multi-stage process of coding and clustering.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>Instead of simply viewing, seeing, hearing, being exposed to, or working with CSAM, participants described <em>immersion</em> in/with the material. Framed within a taxonomy of trauma focusing on events, experiences, and effects, participants described being warned about the depravity and difficulty of CSAM, continually seeing and hearing distressing content, working closely with CSAM, and being greatly impacted by audio. They reported effects including shock, never forgetting CSAM, feeling suspicious, and wanting distance.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Events, experiences, and effects were recounted as experiential and detrimental. Therefore, it is more accurate to categorise participants’ immersion in/with CSAM as a direct experience of primary trauma, not “secondary” or “vicarious” trauma. Implications for multiple sectors involved in child protection and practice are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100085"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}