Child Protection and Practice最新文献_第5页

Include all children – a discussion of improving self-report measures of violence for overlooked child populations 包括所有儿童——讨论如何改善被忽视儿童群体的暴力自我报告措施

Child Protection and Practice

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100234

Troels Græsholt-Knudsen , Sophia Backhaus , Katrin Chauviré-Geib , Aya Fujita , Carolina Jernbro , Stephanie Lange , Lakshmi Neelakantan , Dennis Oberleiter , Vania Sandoz , Meret Sophie Wallimann , Lucas Wissmann , Tobias Hecker , Gertrud Sofie Hafstad , Franziska Meinck

To protect children against violence, we need robust data from every child population. In spite of this, not all child populations are well represented in research. This hampers the usability of results to those left out, and necessitate a discussion of potential solutions. Data collection efforts are hampered by a lack of validated instruments for a number of populations, including but not limited to young children, children with disabilities, and children on the move, including refugees and immigrants. This results in the exclusion from research of many children who are disproportionately affected by violence, but unable to exercise their right to be heard on this matter. In this discussion article, we draw on the co-authors’ research experience and relevant literature to present issues specific to measurement of violence, and recommendations on how to get precise estimates in these underrepresented groups. These include puppet-based interviews for young children, alternative response formats such as validated sign language instruments for children with disabilities, and a range of violence measures which reflect the diverse violence experienced by children on the move. However, the literature also reveals an overall lack of validation and participatory approaches, affecting both research measuring violence against children, and development of instruments for this purpose. This article outlines recommendations and examples of best practice for including these children in research, and for the development and validation of instruments suitable for capturing their self-report of violence. It is our hope that this discussion article, and the potential solutions presented, can inspire further studies on violence on how to include all child populations in research.

为了保护儿童免受暴力侵害，我们需要来自每个儿童群体的可靠数据。尽管如此，并不是所有的儿童群体在研究中都得到了很好的代表。这阻碍了结果对那些被遗漏的人的可用性，并且需要讨论潜在的解决方案。由于缺乏针对一些人群的有效工具，包括但不限于幼儿、残疾儿童和流动儿童，包括难民和移民，数据收集工作受到阻碍。这导致许多儿童被排除在研究之外，这些儿童不成比例地受到暴力的影响，但却无法行使在这个问题上发表意见的权利。在这篇讨论文章中，我们借鉴了共同作者的研究经验和相关文献，提出了测量暴力的具体问题，并就如何在这些代表性不足的群体中获得精确的估计提出了建议。这些措施包括对幼儿进行基于木偶的访谈，为残疾儿童提供经过验证的手语工具等替代回应形式，以及一系列反映流动儿童所遭受的各种暴力的暴力措施。然而，文献也表明，总体上缺乏验证和参与性方法，这既影响了衡量暴力侵害儿童行为的研究，也影响了为此目的开发工具。本文概述了将这些儿童纳入研究的建议和最佳做法示例，以及开发和验证适合捕获其自我暴力报告的工具。我们希望这篇讨论文章以及提出的可能的解决办法能够激发关于如何将所有儿童纳入研究的暴力问题的进一步研究。

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引用次数: 0

Single parenthood and streetism: The hidden struggles of children in (urban settings) Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania 单亲家庭和街头歧视：坦桑尼亚达累斯萨拉姆市（城市环境）儿童的隐藏斗争

Child Protection and Practice

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100252

Sister Jeston Shitindi, Yinong Zhang

Background

Streetism in urban areas is influenced by the challenges single-parent families face. Children in these households often endure significant difficulties. While various family dynamics can lead to streetism, the effects of single-parenthood and the underlying factors affecting street children remain under-researched.

Objectives

This study examined the challenges faced by street children in the urban areas of Dar es Salaam, focusing on three areas: (a) the impact of family dynamics on streetism, (b) the hidden struggles of street children, and (c) the difficulties single parents encounter regarding their children's involvement in street life.

Participants and setting

The research involved forty-two participants: twenty street children aged eight to seventeen, six single parents, eight social welfare officers, and eight caregivers from four administrative units in Dar es Salaam. The selection of participants was based on their insights into streetism and single parenthood.

Method

This study employed a qualitative research design grounded in ethnographic methods. It combined focus group discussions, participant observations, and in-depth interviews to gain a deeper understanding of the social realities that participants encountered.

Results

The study's findings showed that children face severe emotional challenges resulting from the difficulties of being raised by a single parent. These challenges can lead to feelings of neglect and abandonment. Single parents often struggle with various issues, including financial pressures and societal stigma, which contribute to ongoing emotional distress for both the parents and their children.

Conclusion

The study recommends that governmental and non-governmental organizations implement strategies to strengthen family support systems, emphasizing economic empowerment programs for single parents. Collaborative efforts among social workers and community organizations are essential to advocate for policies that enhance the well-being of vulnerable urban families in Dar es Salaam.

城市地区的街头现象受到单亲家庭面临的挑战的影响。这些家庭的孩子往往承受着巨大的困难。虽然各种各样的家庭动态都可能导致流落街头，但单亲家庭的影响和影响流落街头儿童的潜在因素仍未得到充分研究。本研究考察了达累斯萨拉姆市区街头儿童面临的挑战，重点关注三个方面：(a)家庭动态对街头行为的影响，(b)街头儿童隐藏的挣扎，以及(c)单亲父母在他们的孩子参与街头生活时遇到的困难。这项研究涉及42名参与者：20名8至17岁的街头儿童，6名单亲父母，8名社会福利官员和8名来自达累斯萨拉姆四个行政单位的看护人。参与者的选择是基于他们对街头主义和单身父母的见解。方法本研究采用基于民族志方法的定性研究设计。它结合了焦点小组讨论、参与者观察和深度访谈，以更深入地了解参与者所遇到的社会现实。研究结果表明，由于单亲家庭的困难，孩子们面临着严重的情感挑战。这些挑战会导致被忽视和被抛弃的感觉。单亲父母经常与各种问题作斗争，包括经济压力和社会耻辱，这导致父母和孩子持续的情绪困扰。结论本研究建议政府和非政府组织实施加强家庭支持系统的战略，强调单亲父母的经济赋权计划。社会工作者和社区组织之间的合作努力对于倡导提高达累斯萨拉姆城市弱势家庭福祉的政策至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Drivers of child-parents separation informed by children and young people: findings from an eight country comparative study 儿童和年轻人告知父母分离的驱动因素：来自八个国家比较研究的结果

Child Protection and Practice

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100260

Christine Gale , Mehrigiul Ablezova , Charlotte Bredahl Jacobsen , N.'Dri Kan David , Andhita Nurul Khasanah , Ian Milligan , Cecilie Kolonda Moesby-Jensen , Paola Maria Navarrete Galvez , Roseline Olumbe , Rosalind Willi , Joumana Stephan Yeretzian

Children around the world are being separated from parents and placed in alternative care. It is believed that for thousands of children, this separation is unnecessary. Our research sought evidence on the antecedents of such separation and how the placement of children into formal alternative care might be prevented. The study was undertaken in eight countries each presenting varied socio-economic contexts and realised through partnerships with national universities. This article, whilst emphasising the importance of the research methodology, has placed a primary focus on findings from the research with children and young people and the information they provided indicating the drivers of separation. Recognising how the participation of those with lived experience is vital in understanding real-life situations and relevant solutions, the use of participatory research workshops allowed for consultation with 517 children and care-experienced young people. Their voices were pivotal in gathering evidence about factors that keep families united and situations that might lead to separation. A particularly prominent finding was the many parallels in the insights children and young people shared with us across the countries. A conclusion drawn from the evidence is that the separation of children from parents and placement in alternative care can be prevented. This requires investment in legislation and policy that ensures universal access to basic and specialist services and addresses a range of interconnected socio-economic factors. The research findings were used to inform a set of recommendations aimed at policy makers and other stakeholders at both a national and international level.

世界各地的儿童正在与父母分离，并被安置在其他照料机构。人们相信，对于成千上万的孩子来说，这种分离是不必要的。我们的研究寻找证据，证明这种分离的先例，以及如何防止将儿童安置到正式的替代照料中。这项研究是在八个国家进行的，每个国家都有不同的社会经济背景，并通过与国家大学的伙伴关系实现。这篇文章，同时强调了研究方法的重要性，已经把主要焦点放在研究结果与儿童和青少年和他们提供的信息表明分离的驱动因素。认识到有生活经验的人的参与对于理解现实生活情况和相关解决方案至关重要，使用参与式研究研讨会允许与517名儿童和有护理经验的年轻人进行磋商。他们的声音在收集有关保持家庭团结的因素和可能导致分离的情况的证据方面发挥了关键作用。一个特别突出的发现是，各国儿童和年轻人与我们分享的见解有许多相似之处。从证据中得出的结论是，儿童与父母分离和安置在替代照料机构是可以防止的。这需要在立法和政策方面进行投资，以确保普遍获得基本服务和专业服务，并解决一系列相互关联的社会经济因素。研究结果被用来为一套针对国家和国际一级的决策者和其他利益攸关方的建议提供信息。

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引用次数: 0

How often do bruised pre-mobile infants subsequently sustain abuse? 会移动前受伤的婴儿后来遭受虐待的频率有多高？

Child Protection and Practice

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100242

Patrick Hewes , Varun Manohara , Christian Brown , Bridgette Maryman , Kenneth W. Feldman

Background

About half bruised pre-mobile infants have concurrent, often occult abuse. Others had legitimate accidents, birth injuries, bleeding disorders, and/or abuse without additional abuse findings or incomplete evaluations.

Washington State's recent legal and judicial changes cause fewer infants to be determined abused, and those to not be consistently protected. State law requires “Imminent danger” for protection, yet no literature documents subsequent abuse rates. Our goal was to determine how often subsequent abuse occurs.

Participants and setting

Since 2016, emergency department (ED) triage nurses screened children less than 4-years-old for high-risk bruising. Since 2018, our electric record included a pop-up for positive nurse screens, requiring physicians to confirm bruising and its evaluation.

Methods

We reviewed positive screens for less than 6-month-olds between 12/30/2018-12/30/2021. Hospital records were reviewed for initial evaluations and subsequent abuse. The County Prosecutor's Office reviewed subsequent felony referrals.

Findings

Of 100 positive nurse screens, 40 had physician confirmed bruising. Ten (25.0 %) were confirmed accidents, 3 (7.5 %) birth related, 3 (7.5 %) bleeding disorders, 20 (50.0 %) abuse, and 4 (20.0 %) unknown. Seventy-nine percent of abused and unknown infants were discharged with protection. Before 2-years-old, two (5.0 %) children (1 abused, 1 unknown) had subsequent abuse.

Conclusion

Only 0.14 % of ED infants less than 6-months-old had bruises. ED evaluations found abuse in half. Lack of Protective Services records precluded knowing how many children remained with or were returned to caretakers or had subsequent referrals. Subsequent abuse was infrequent, but clinically important for future risk.

背景：大约一半的活动前擦伤的婴儿有并发的，通常是隐匿的虐待。其他人有合法的事故，出生伤害，出血性疾病和/或虐待，没有额外的虐待发现或不完整的评估。华盛顿州最近的法律和司法改革减少了被认定为受虐待的婴儿，也减少了那些没有得到持续保护的婴儿。州法律要求“迫在眉睫的危险”作为保护，但没有文献记录随后的虐待率。我们的目标是确定随后发生虐待的频率。自2016年以来，急诊科（ED）分诊护士对4岁以下儿童进行高风险瘀伤筛查。自2018年以来，我们的电子记录包括一个弹出式的阳性护士筛查，要求医生确认瘀伤及其评估。方法回顾2018年12月30日至2021年12月30日期间6个月以下婴儿的阳性筛查。对医院记录进行了审查，以进行初步评估和随后的滥用。县检察官办公室审查了随后移交的重罪案件。在100例阳性的护士筛查中，有40例有医生确认的瘀伤。确诊事故10例（25.0%），出生相关3例（7.5%），出血性疾病3例（7.5%），虐待20例（50.0%），未知原因4例（20.0%）。79%的受虐待和身份不明的婴儿出院时得到了保护。2岁前，2名（5.0%）儿童（1名受虐待，1名未知）随后发生虐待。结论6个月以下ED患儿中仅有0.14%出现瘀伤。ED评估发现一半的孩子有虐待行为。由于缺乏保护服务记录，因此无法知道有多少儿童仍留在照料者那里，或被送回照料者那里，或后来被转诊。随后的滥用并不常见，但在临床上对未来的风险很重要。

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引用次数: 0

Honouring child and youth voices in child protection research and practice: From rights to realities 尊重儿童和青年在儿童保护研究和实践中的声音：从权利到现实

Child Protection and Practice

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100253

Afnan Attrash-Najjar , Melissa Kimber

引用次数: 0

Missed opportunities to screen for sexual exploitation among youth who have experienced sex trafficking 错过了对经历过性交易的青少年进行性剥削筛查的机会

Child Protection and Practice

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100264

Cheyenne Smith , Joanne N. Wood , Shelby Davies , Sarah Green , Cynthia Mollen , Cindy W. Christian , Anish Raj , Polina Krass

Sex trafficking and sexual exploitation (SE) of youth remain pervasive but underrecognized crimes in the US. Most youth who experience SE interact with healthcare during their exploitation but many are not recognized. To identify opportunities to strengthen care for youth at risk of SE, we examined the frequency and predictors of youth being screened for SE and receiving other elements of best practice adolescent healthcare in the year prior to their intake at a specialty clinic for sex-trafficked youth. We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients seen for an intake appointment between July 2021–October 2022 at this specialty clinic. We evaluated past-year healthcare visit locations, reasons for visits, screening for SE, and provision of three elements of guideline-compliant adolescent care: confidential conversation with a provider, sexually transmitted infection testing, and social work referral when indicated. We used comparative statistics to evaluate associations with screening for SE, and logistic regression to evaluate the association between SE, guideline-compliant care and prior healthcare visit location. Of the 31 included patients, 87 % (n = 27) had at least one prior-year healthcare visit, corresponding to 102 visits. The most common visit location was the Emergency Department (ED) and the most common reasons for visits were reproductive health/STI testing and injury/assault. During at least one prior-year healthcare visit, 56 % of youth (n = 15/27) had documented screening for SE and 56 % (n = 15/27) received all three elements of guideline-compliant care. Youth who received any of the three elements of guideline-compliant care were more likely to be screened for SE, as were youth who were admitted to the hospital. Despite frequent healthcare utilization, many youth with histories of sexual exploitation did not receive guideline-compliant adolescent care or screening for SE. Embedding trauma-informed adolescent care into routine healthcare practice may improve recognition and support for this population. Looking ahead, it is critical for health systems to develop protocols and trainings to support providers in appropriately identifying and supporting youth with histories of SE.

性交易和性剥削（SE）在美国仍然普遍存在，但未得到充分认识。大多数经历东南偏南的青年在被剥削期间与医疗保健机构有互动，但许多人没有得到认可。为了确定加强对有SE风险的青少年的护理的机会，我们检查了青少年在进入性交易青少年专科诊所之前接受SE筛查和其他最佳实践青少年保健的频率和预测因素。我们对2021年7月至2022年10月在该专科诊所就诊的患者进行了回顾性图表回顾。我们评估了过去一年的医疗保健访问地点、访问原因、SE筛查和提供符合指南的青少年护理的三个要素：与提供者的保密谈话、性传播感染检测和必要时的社会工作转介。我们使用比较统计学来评估与SE筛查的关联，并使用逻辑回归来评估SE、指南依从性护理和既往医疗访问地点之间的关联。在31例纳入的患者中，87% （n = 27）至少有一次以前的医疗保健访问，相当于102次访问。最常见的就诊地点是急诊科（ED），最常见的就诊原因是生殖健康/性传播感染检测和伤害/攻击。在至少一次前一年的医疗保健访问中，56%的青少年（n = 15/27）进行了记录的SE筛查，56% （n = 15/27）接受了所有符合指南的三个要素的护理。接受了符合指南的三个要素中的任何一个的青少年更有可能被筛查为SE，入院的青少年也是如此。尽管经常使用医疗保健，但许多有性剥削史的青少年没有得到符合指南的青少年护理或SE筛查。将创伤知情青少年护理纳入常规保健实践可以提高对这一人群的认识和支持。展望未来，卫生系统制定方案和培训，以支持提供者适当识别和支持有东南偏南病史的青年，这一点至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring clients’ experiences of disclosing childhood adversity to mental health professionals 探讨来访者向心理健康专业人员披露童年逆境的经历

Child Protection and Practice

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100256

K. McLaren, J. Read

Background

There are gaps in the existing literature exploring the experiences of clients’ disclosing childhood adversity (CA) to mental health professionals (MHPs).

Objective

The current study explored facilitators of, and barriers to, disclosure of and enquiry about childhood adversity to mental health professionals.

Participants

An anonymous, online survey gathered quantitative and qualitative data from 96 people who had experienced CA and used mental health services in the UK.

Methods

The quantitative data was analysed to produce descriptive data. The qualitative data was subjected to four content analyses.

Results

The facilitators of disclosure found were: positive dynamics between the client and MHP, clients' motivation to disclose, and disclosure environment. Barriers found were: negative influence of the MHP, clients' experiences, and session environment. A range of emotional responses to mental health professionals’ enquiry (or lack thereof) about CA were also reported. 35 participants were not asked about their experiences of CA, and 7 participants did not disclose their experiences.

Conclusions

The identification of facilitators of, and barriers to, disclosing childhood adversity may expand the knowledge base surrounding the disclosure process, inform training for mental health professionals and encourage effective provision of ‘trauma-informed’ care in mental health services, via increasing sensitive, effective enquiry, and increased disclosure.

背景现有文献对心理健康专业人员（MHPs）披露童年逆境（CA）经历的研究存在空白。目的探讨儿童逆境向心理健康专业人员披露和询问的促进因素和障碍。参与者进行了一项匿名的在线调查，收集了96名在英国经历过CA并使用过心理健康服务的人的定量和定性数据。方法对定量资料进行分析，得出描述性数据。定性数据进行了四次内容分析。结果客户与MHP之间的正向动态关系、客户的信息披露动机和信息披露环境是促成信息披露的主要因素。发现的障碍是：MHP的负面影响、来访者的体验和会话环境。还报告了对心理健康专业人员关于CA的询问（或缺乏询问）的一系列情绪反应。35名参与者没有被问及他们的CA经历，7名参与者没有透露他们的经历。结论通过增加敏感、有效的询问和增加披露，确定童年逆境的促进因素和障碍，可以扩大关于披露过程的知识基础，为心理卫生专业人员提供培训，并鼓励在心理卫生服务中有效地提供“创伤知情”护理。

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引用次数: 0

Erratum to “COVID-related stress as a driver of unusual medical presentations” [Child Protection and Practice 1 (April 2024) 100017] “与新冠病毒相关的压力是异常医学表现的驱动因素”的勘误表[儿童保护与实践1（2024年4月）100017]

Child Protection and Practice

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100257

Vincent J. Palusci , Kymme Napoli

引用次数: 0

Exploring the education experiences of children in alternative care in Kenya: Challenges and opportunities 探索肯尼亚替代性照料儿童的教育经验：挑战与机遇

Child Protection and Practice

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100247

Justin Rogers , Gidraph Wairire , Jen Dixon , Lizzi Milligan

This study examines the educational experiences of children living in Charitable Children's Institutions (CCIs) in Kenya, within the context of national care reform. While institutional care is often framed as a protective response for orphaned and vulnerable children, in practice it often fills gaps left by inadequate education and other kinds of service provision in contexts with high levels of poverty.

Drawing on eleven semi-structured interviews with practitioners, policy actors, and care-experienced advocates, the research explores how key stakeholders perceive and respond to systemic challenges affecting children's access to and participation in education. Particular attention is given to barriers related to education costs, curriculum implementation, school inclusion, and safeguarding.

Findings show that institutional care can create new risks while failing to address the root causes of educational exclusion. Children in CCIs often face marginalisation in schools and experience stigma, violence, and disrupted learning. However, the study also identifies promising levers for change, including cross-sector partnerships, safeguarding training, and the potential for CCIs to transition into community-based support providers within the national care reform process.

The paper contributes to the emerging evidence on education in alternative care settings in low- and middle-income countries. It offers insights to inform policy and practice that aims to support inclusive services, enable family-based care, and reduce reliance on institutional care for children.

本研究考察了肯尼亚慈善儿童机构（CCIs）儿童在国家护理改革背景下的教育经历。虽然机构照料常常被认为是对孤儿和易受伤害儿童的一种保护性反应，但实际上，它往往填补了在高度贫困的环境中由于教育和其他服务提供不足而留下的空白。通过对从业人员、政策参与者和有护理经验的倡导者的11次半结构化访谈，本研究探讨了关键利益相关者如何看待和应对影响儿童获得和参与教育的系统性挑战。特别关注与教育成本、课程实施、学校包容和保障有关的障碍。调查结果表明，机构护理可能会产生新的风险，同时无法解决教育排斥的根本原因。cci的儿童往往在学校中面临边缘化，经历耻辱、暴力和学习中断。然而，该研究也确定了有希望的变革杠杆，包括跨部门伙伴关系、保障培训以及cci在国家护理改革进程中向社区支持提供者转型的潜力。该论文为低收入和中等收入国家替代性照料环境中的教育提供了新证据。它为政策和实践提供了见解，旨在支持包容性服务，实现以家庭为基础的护理，并减少对儿童机构护理的依赖。

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引用次数: 0

The disclosure of child psychological maltreatment: A systematic review 儿童心理虐待的披露：系统回顾

Child Protection and Practice

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100233

Ida Kilkku , Ida Liias , Taina Laajasalo , Noora Ellonen , Riikka Ikonen

Background

Child psychological maltreatment can be defined as intentional or unintentional harm to a child's psychological well-being and neglect of the child's emotional life and of care and attention to the child. It is the most common form of maltreatment, but it remains difficult to identify, address, and intervene against.

Objective

This study aims to describe the ways in which 6–17-year-old children disclose psychological maltreatment and the factors that either promote or prevent disclosure.

Participants and setting

This review included a total of 27,875 participants, mostly from the USA.

Methods

The literature search was conducted in June 2024 using the databases, CINAHL, Medline, Social Science Premium Collection, PsycINFO, and Science Direct. Studies selected according to the inclusion criteria were analyzed using inductive content analysis.

Findings

An analysis of 17 studies identified that in many cases, reporting of psychological maltreatment was planned and intentional, but that children also disclosed maltreatment unintentionally, for example, through risky behavior. Gender, age, emotional attachment to the perpetrator, and the child's emotional skills all related to the reporting of psychological maltreatment. The likelihood of reporting psychological maltreatment increased if the child self-identified the maltreatment and was supported in receiving help. With the appropriate response and strong social skills, the professional or supporter was able to facilitate the child's reporting of psychological maltreatment.

Conclusions

Children's emotional skills and ability to self-identify the maltreatment, as well as professionals' ability to respond to help-seeking and their social skills should be strengthened to facilitate disclosure of psychological maltreatment.

儿童心理虐待可以被定义为有意或无意地伤害儿童的心理健康，忽视儿童的情感生活以及对儿童的照顾和关注。这是最常见的虐待形式，但仍然难以识别、处理和干预。目的探讨6 - 17岁儿童心理虐待的披露方式及促进或阻止披露的因素。参与者和环境本综述共纳入27,875名参与者，主要来自美国。方法于2024年6月，通过CINAHL、Medline、Social Science Premium Collection、PsycINFO、Science Direct等数据库进行文献检索。根据纳入标准选取的研究采用归纳内容分析法进行分析。一项对17项研究的分析表明，在许多情况下，报告心理虐待是有计划和有意的，但儿童也会在无意中暴露虐待，例如，通过冒险行为。性别、年龄、对施暴者的情感依恋以及儿童的情感技能都与心理虐待的报告有关。如果儿童自我识别虐待并在接受帮助方面得到支持，报告心理虐待的可能性就会增加。通过适当的回应和强大的社交技巧，专业人员或支持者能够促进儿童报告心理虐待。结论应加强儿童的情感技能和自我识别虐待的能力，以及专业人员的求助反应能力和社交技能，促进心理虐待的披露。

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引用次数: 0