Crop Design

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cropd.2025.100120

Hamze Hamze , Rahim Mohammadian , Saeed Darabi , Jamshid Soltani Idiliki , Shahram khodadadi , Hamed Mansouri , Ali Saremirad , Jaber Nasiri

The aim of this research was to evaluate the stability of 11 hybrid sugar beet varieties and two resistant control cultivars, Denzel and Melindia, in the presence of natural Rhizomania conditions. A two-year experiment was conducted at five agricultural stations in Iran: Karaj, Mashhad, Miandoab, Zarqan, and Hamedan, utilizing a randomized complete block design with four replications. The results showed no significant differences in sugar content (SC), white sugar content (WSC), and white sugar yield (WSY) between the hybrids F-21374 and F-21375, and the resistant cultivar Melindia, across all locations. The Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) stability value (ASV) index revealed that the Denzel cultivar demonstrated the greatest stability for SC and WSC, while hybrids 21372, F-21374, and F-21376 were the most stable for WSY. Additionally, F-21376, F-21375, and F-21374 were found to have high and steady values for all principal components (PCs) involved in genotype × environment interaction, such as Weighted Average of Absolute Scores for Stability and Mean Performance (WAASBY), Weighted Average of Absolute Scores (WAAS), and the best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP). Further analysis using the Multi-Trait Stability Index (MTSI) indicated F-21376 and F-21370 hybrids as the most promising in terms of cultivar stability for all the examined quantitative and qualitative traits. Lastly, based on the Multi-Trait Genotype-Ideotype Distance Index (MGIDI), hybrids F-21374 and F-21375, along with resistant Melindia, were identified as being closest to the ideal genotype for all assessed traits. Therefore, it can be concluded that F-21376, F-21375, and F-21374 possess strong quantitative and qualitative traits and resistance to rhizomania and are potential candidates for future sugar beet varieties.

本研究旨在评价11个甜菜杂交品种和2个抗病对照品种丹泽尔（Denzel）和梅利迪亚（Melindia）在天然根茎病条件下的稳定性。一项为期两年的试验在伊朗的五个农业站点进行：卡拉杰、马什哈德、米安多布、扎尔坎和哈马丹，采用随机完全区组设计，有四个重复。结果表明，杂交品种F-21374、F-21375与抗性品种Melindia在各产地的糖含量、白糖含量和白糖产量均无显著差异。可加性主效应和乘法互作稳定值（AMMI）指数表明，丹泽尔品种对SC和WSC的稳定性最强，而杂交品种21372、F-21374和F-21376对WSY的稳定性最强。此外，F-21376、F-21375和F-21374在参与基因型与环境相互作用的所有主成分（PCs）（稳定性和平均性能加权平均绝对分数（WAASBY）、绝对分数加权平均（WAAS）和最佳线性无偏预测（BLUP））中均具有较高且稳定的值。利用多性状稳定性指数（MTSI）进一步分析表明，F-21376和F-21370杂种在所有数量和质量性状方面的稳定性最有希望。最后，基于多性状基因型-理想型距离指数（MGIDI），鉴定出杂种F-21374和F-21375以及抗性Melindia最接近所有被评估性状的理想基因型。综上所述，F-21376、F-21375和F-21374具有较强的数量和质量性状以及对根瘤病的抗性，是未来甜菜品种的潜在候选品种。

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引用次数: 0

Nickel stress modulates growth dynamics, disrupts redox homeostasis, and induces ultrastructural damage in maize 镍胁迫调节玉米生长动态，破坏氧化还原稳态，诱导超微结构损伤

Crop Design

Pub Date : 2025-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cropd.2025.100122

Muhammad Rehman , Bahar Ali , Abdul Salam , Madiha Zaynab , Zulqarnain Haider , Muhammad Umair Yasin , Irshan Ahmad , Chunyan Yang , Muhammad Haseeb Javaid , Yinbo Gan

Heavy metal (HMs) contamination is becoming increasingly critical due to rapid urbanization and unregulated industrialization. Nickel (Ni), although an essential trace element for plants, becomes toxic at high concentration, where it can accumulate to phytotoxic levels and make plants highly susceptible to its adverse effects. This study investigated the impact of variable Ni concentrations on maize seedlings by analyzing physiological, biochemical, ultrastructural, and molecular responses to understand the stress adaptation mechanisms. The results showed that Ni exposure suppressed plant growth and development by inducing oxidative stress, limiting nutrient uptake, and reducing photosynthetic efficiency. Higher Ni concentrations led to excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in roots and shoots, resulting in oxidative damage as indicated by elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) content and ultrastructural disruptions. In vivo ROS detection using Dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate (H₂DCFDA) and dihydroethidium (DHE) staining further confirmed ROS overaccumulation under stress. Antioxidant enzyme activities initially increased with Ni levels, but declined sharply at the highest concentration, while ROS levels continued to rise, suggesting a breakdown in redox homeostasis. Furthermore, qPCR analysis revealed changes in the expression of antioxidant-related genes under Ni stress. In summary, Ni exposure disrupted redox balance, triggered oxidative damage, and activated defense responses in maize seedlings.

由于快速的城市化和不受管制的工业化，重金属污染变得越来越严重。镍（Ni）虽然是植物必需的微量元素，但在高浓度时会产生毒性，在高浓度时它可以积累到植物毒性水平，使植物极易受到其不利影响。本研究通过分析不同浓度Ni对玉米幼苗生理生化、超微结构和分子响应的影响，探讨不同浓度Ni对玉米幼苗的胁迫适应机制。结果表明，Ni暴露通过诱导氧化胁迫、限制养分吸收、降低光合效率等方式抑制植物生长发育。较高的Ni浓度导致根和芽产生过多的活性氧（ROS），导致丙二醛（MDA）含量升高和超微结构破坏。采用双乙酸二氯-二氢荧光素（H2DCFDA）和双氢乙啶（DHE）染色法检测体内ROS进一步证实了应激下ROS的过度积累。抗氧化酶活性最初随着Ni水平的升高而升高，但在最高浓度时急剧下降，而ROS水平继续升高，表明氧化还原稳态被破坏。此外，qPCR分析揭示了Ni胁迫下抗氧化相关基因的表达变化。综上所述，Ni暴露破坏了玉米幼苗的氧化还原平衡，引发了氧化损伤，激活了防御反应。

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引用次数: 0

Global perspectives on sorghum production: A SPAR-4-SLR framework of its role, trends, and climate-resilient strategies 高粱生产的全球视角：SPAR-4-SLR框架的作用、趋势和气候适应战略

Crop Design

Pub Date : 2025-09-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.cropd.2025.100121

Eliakira Kisetu Nassary , Aneth Japhet Magubika , George Muhamba Tryphone

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) remains a crucial crop for food security and livelihood resilience in arid and semi-arid regions. This study reviews existing literature to identify thematic and geographical gaps in sorghum research, focusing on climate adaptation, farmer-led practices, input systems, and institutional dynamics. The goal is to critically analyze patterns in adaptation strategies, production challenges, and future research directions that affect sorghum sustainability under changing environmental and socio-economic conditions. A systematic review method was used to analyze peer-reviewed studies. Key themes covered agronomic adaptation, genetic diversity across ecological zones, policy barriers, and innovations in disease management. The findings reveal regional differences in research focus, with limited long-term data from the Middle East, Latin America, and Eastern Europe. Interdisciplinary studies remain few, especially those linking climate projections with behavioural adoption of technologies. Improvements in soil water retention with broad bed furrows, along with yield declines under delayed sowing. The study underscores the importance of localized, farmer-centred innovations, better institutional coordination, and region-specific data collection. Promoting a research agenda that combines agronomy, policy, and social factors can strengthen sorghum's future amid rising climate uncertainty and support scalable, inclusive agricultural development strategies.

高粱（Sorghum bicolor， L.）在干旱和半干旱地区，小麦仍然是粮食安全和生计恢复力的关键作物。本研究回顾了现有文献，以确定高粱研究的专题和地理差距，重点关注气候适应、农民主导的实践、投入系统和制度动态。目的是批判性地分析在不断变化的环境和社会经济条件下影响高粱可持续性的适应策略、生产挑战和未来研究方向的模式。采用系统评价方法分析同行评议的研究。关键主题包括农艺适应、跨生态区的遗传多样性、政策障碍和疾病管理方面的创新。研究结果揭示了研究重点的地区差异，中东、拉丁美洲和东欧的长期数据有限。跨学科的研究仍然很少，特别是那些将气候预测与技术的行为采用联系起来的研究。宽畦土壤保水性的改善，以及延迟播种下产量的下降。该研究强调了本地化、以农民为中心的创新、更好的机构协调和针对特定区域的数据收集的重要性。在气候不确定性不断上升的背景下，推动结合农学、政策和社会因素的研究议程可以加强高粱的未来，并支持可扩展、包容性的农业发展战略。

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引用次数: 0

Unlocking higher productivity and nutrient use efficiency in cereals through nano-fertilizers 通过纳米肥料提高谷物的生产力和养分利用效率

Crop Design

Pub Date : 2025-09-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.cropd.2025.100119

Shivani Ranjan , Sumit Sow , Souvik Sadhu , Ritwik Sahoo , Dibyajyoti Nath , Dinabandhu Samanta , Muhammad Nazim , Navnit Kumar , Lalita Rana

The rapid increase in global demand for cereals has led to excessive use of conventional fertilizers. While these fertilizers enhance crop yields, they are also associated with environmental degradation, soil and water pollution, and health concerns. In response to these issues, nanotechnology has been introduced as a revolutionary approach in agriculture, offering improvements through advanced practices. Nano-fertilizers, including nano NPK, nano iron, HAP-modified urea nanoparticles, and nano zeolite composite fertilizers, have been studied for their potential benefits. This review examines the application of these nano-fertilizers in three major cereal crops—wheat, maize, and rice. The comparative studies reveal that the biological yield of wheat can be increased by 20–55 %, maize by 20–40 %, and rice by 13–25 % with the use of nano-fertilizers. Furthermore, the overall grain yield of wheat has been found to increase by 20–55 %, maize by 22–50 %, and rice by 30–40 %. It is emphasized that careful management of nano-fertilizer concentrations is essential to avoid any adverse effects on plant health. The review highlights the significant improvements in cereal productivity and nutrient use efficiency offered by nano-fertilizers as a sustainable alternative to conventional methods along with limitations and way forward.

全球谷物需求的快速增长导致了常规肥料的过度使用。虽然这些肥料提高了作物产量，但它们也与环境退化、土壤和水污染以及健康问题有关。为了应对这些问题，纳米技术作为一种革命性的方法被引入农业，通过先进的实践提供改进。纳米肥料，包括纳米氮磷钾、纳米铁、hap修饰的尿素纳米颗粒和纳米沸石复合肥料，已经研究了它们的潜在效益。本文综述了这些纳米肥料在小麦、玉米和水稻三种主要谷类作物中的应用。对比研究表明，施用纳米肥料可使小麦增产20 ~ 55%，玉米增产20 ~ 40%，水稻增产13 ~ 25%。此外，小麦的总产量提高了20 - 55%，玉米提高了22 - 50%，水稻提高了30 - 40%。作者强调，仔细管理纳米肥料浓度对于避免对植物健康产生任何不利影响至关重要。该综述强调了纳米肥料作为传统方法的可持续替代方案在谷物生产力和养分利用效率方面的重大改进，以及局限性和前进方向。

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引用次数: 0

CropARNet: A deep learning framework for crop genomic prediction with attention and residual modules CropARNet：一个基于关注和残差模块的作物基因组预测深度学习框架

Crop Design

Pub Date : 2025-08-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.cropd.2025.100118

Shuchang Zhou , Ke Cheng , Lei Lv , Jiamei Jiang , Shusheng Zhou , Yanda Zhou , Zhitao Xu , Qixiang Huang , Huankun Yang , Lingxi Chen , Yuzhe Xu , Zhangliang Yao , Ting Zhao

Genomic selection (GS) utilizes genome-wide markers to predict complex traits, thereby enhancing crop breeding efficiency. Recently, deep learning has emerged as a promising approach to improve prediction accuracy in GS. This study introduces CropARNet, a novel deep learning framework for GS that integrates a self-attention mechanism with a deep residual network. We systematically evaluated CropARNet's performance on 53 key agronomic traits across four major crops: rice, maize, cotton, and millet. When benchmarked against established models including GBLUP, DNNGP, XGBoost, and CropFormer, CropARNet ranked first in prediction accuracy for 29 of the 53 traits and consistently placed among the top performers for the remainder. Furthermore, CropARNet can successfully predict phenotypes using transcriptomic data. In summary, CropARNet represents a robust, accurate, and powerful tool for advancing the molecular breeding of complex traits in crops. The CropARNet software and illustrative examples are publicly available for download at: https://github.com/Zhoushuchang-lab/CropARNet.

基因组选择（GS）利用全基因组标记预测复杂性状，从而提高作物育种效率。最近，深度学习已经成为一种有希望提高GS预测精度的方法。本研究介绍了一种新的GS深度学习框架CropARNet，它将自注意机制与深度残差网络集成在一起。我们系统地评估了CropARNet在水稻、玉米、棉花和小米四种主要作物的53个关键农艺性状上的表现。当与已建立的模型（包括GBLUP， DNNGP， XGBoost和CropFormer）进行基准测试时，CropARNet在53个性状中的29个性状的预测准确性上排名第一，并且在其余性状中始终名列前茅。此外，CropARNet可以利用转录组学数据成功预测表型。总之，CropARNet代表了一个强大、准确和强大的工具，用于推进作物复杂性状的分子育种。CropARNet软件和说明性示例可在以下网址公开下载：https://github.com/Zhoushuchang-lab/CropARNet。

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引用次数: 0

Genetic manipulation of BnCOP1 genes enhances multiple agronomic traits in rapeseed 对BnCOP1基因的遗传操作可提高油菜的多种农艺性状

Crop Design

Pub Date : 2025-08-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.cropd.2025.100117

Yanjing Xu , Yue Cao , Rui Sun , Baogang Lin , Jie Dong

引用次数: 0

Rhizosphere microbial communities of bacteria and fungi responding to cadmium stress in wheat 小麦根际细菌和真菌群落对镉胁迫的响应

Crop Design

Pub Date : 2025-06-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.cropd.2025.100112

Yunfeng Xu , Ling Shen , Mingjiong Chen , Haoran Sun , Liangbo Fu , Guoping Zhang , Qiufang Shen

Cadmium (Cd) contamination in soil poses a threat to crop production and food safety. Rhizosphere microorganisms are crucial for crop growth and production. However, sufficient evidence regarding Cd-responsive bacteria and fungi within crop rhizosphere remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the impacts of Cd on soil microbial communities in wheat rhizosphere by performing 16S and ITS sequencing under normal (CK) and Cd (10 μM) conditions. We found that the lower concentration of Cd significantly increased Cd concentration in wheat grains (nearly 0.2 mg kg⁻¹), but it had no obvious growth inhibition. Interestingly, bacterial abundance and diversity were significantly decreased in soil rhizosphere when exposed to Cd, whereas little changes were observed in fungi. A total of 259 CK-specific and 45 Cd-specific operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in bacteria, as well as 3 CK-specific and 2 Cd-specific OTUs in fungi were identified. The function of identified bacteria were enriched in human diseases, organismal systems, metabolism, genetic information processing and environmental information processing. We also revealed a complicated bacterial co-occurrence network responding to Cd, including the core bacteria of Acidobacteria, Nitrospirae and Chloroflexi phylums. This study revealed Cd-responding bacteria and fungi communities in wheat rhizosphere, which may provide new insights into beneficial microorganisms for food safety.

土壤镉污染对作物生产和食品安全构成威胁。根际微生物对作物生长和生产至关重要。然而，关于作物根际对cd有反应的细菌和真菌的充分证据在很大程度上仍然未知。在正常（CK）和Cd （10 μM）条件下，通过16S和ITS测序研究了Cd对小麦根际土壤微生物群落的影响。结果表明，低浓度Cd处理显著提高了小麦籽粒Cd浓度（约0.2 mg kg - 1），但对小麦生长无明显抑制作用。土壤根际细菌丰度和多样性显著降低，而真菌的丰度和多样性变化不大。细菌中共鉴定出259个ck特异性otu和45个cd特异性otu，真菌中鉴定出3个ck特异性otu和2个cd特异性otu。鉴定出的细菌在人类疾病、机体系统、代谢、遗传信息处理和环境信息处理等方面功能丰富。我们还发现了一个复杂的细菌共生网络，包括酸杆菌门、硝基螺旋菌门和绿藻门的核心细菌。本研究揭示了小麦根际对cd响应的细菌和真菌群落，为食品安全有益微生物的研究提供了新的思路。

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引用次数: 0

Advances and applications of the fungal bioluminescence pathway 真菌生物发光途径的研究进展及应用

Crop Design

Pub Date : 2025-06-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.cropd.2025.100111

Yuhao Li , Dang Xu , Hao Du

Bioluminescence has emerged as a valuable resource for developing novel biological tools and engineered luminescent organisms. The fungal bioluminescence pathway (FBP) represents a particularly promising system, employing endogenous, non-toxic substrates to enable sustained light emission in autoluminescent plants. Recent progress in substrate optimization, enzyme engineering, and metabolic pathway enhancement has significantly improved the system's robustness, facilitating commercial applications. Beyond plant illumination, FBP has proven effective as a biological reporter for quantitative measurements in research settings. This review comprehensively examines the FBP system, detailing its progress, challenges, and multidisciplinary applications. As an innovative biotechnology system, the FBP system paves the way for a future illuminated by living organisms.

生物发光已成为开发新型生物工具和工程发光生物的宝贵资源。真菌生物发光途径（FBP）是一个特别有前途的系统，它利用内源性、无毒的底物来实现植物自发光的持续发光。在底物优化、酶工程和代谢途径增强方面的最新进展显著提高了该系统的稳健性，促进了商业应用。除了植物照明外，FBP已被证明是研究环境中定量测量的有效生物报告器。这篇综述全面研究了FBP系统，详细介绍了它的进展、挑战和多学科应用。作为一种创新的生物技术系统，FBP系统为生物照明的未来铺平了道路。

引用次数: 0

Heterosis estimation and heterotic grouping of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L) moench] inbred lines in dryland environments 旱地环境下高粱[高粱双色]自交系杂种优势评价及杂种优势类群

Crop Design

Pub Date : 2025-06-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.cropd.2025.100110

Temesgen Begna , Techale Birhan , Taye Tadesse

Sorghum is one of the most vital cereal crops well adapted to arid and semi-arid regions. However, its productivity remains low compared to its potential, primarily due to severe and recurrent drought stress. To develop climate-resilient sorghum hybrids, it is essential to understand the extent of heterosis and identify heterotic groups comprising drought-tolerant inbred lines. Therefore, this study was conducted to quantify the magnitude of heterosis and to classify sorghum inbred lines into heterotic groups using specific combining ability (SCA) and general combining ability (GCA) across multiple traits. A total of 42 sorghum genotypes were evaluated using an alpha lattice design with two replications across two environments during the 2019 cropping season. Significant genetic differences among genotypes were observed for the traits studied across locations. Several top-performing and well-adapted hybrids P-9534 × Melkam (6.32 t ha⁻¹), B6 × ICRS-14 (5.92 t ha⁻¹), TX-623 × ICRS-14 (5.88 t ha⁻¹), P9511 × Melkam (5.78 t ha⁻¹), and P-850341 × ICRS-14 (5.57 t ha⁻¹) were identified as promising for moisture-stressed environments. Among these, B6 × ICRS-14 exhibited the highest mid-parent heterosis (112.41 %), TX-623 × ICRS-14 showed the highest better-parent heterosis (68.71 %), and P-9534 × Melkam recorded the highest standard heterosis (30.71 %) for grain yield. Heterotic grouping based on specific combining ability (SCA) classified the sorghum inbred lines into two distinct groups, while the general combining ability of multiple traits (HGCAMT) method identified three heterotic groups for the development of superior hybrid varieties. Combining ability-based heterotic grouping is a critical approach for identifying the most suitable parental lines for creating new, agronomically superior hybrids. Overall, several sorghum hybrids demonstrated superiority over their mid-parents, better-parents, and the standard check in terms of grain yield and key agronomic traits. Therefore, the hybrids P-9534 × Melkam, B6 × ICRS-14, TX-623 × ICRS-14, MARC3 × Melkam, MARC3 × ICRS-14, P-9511 × Melkam, and P-850341 × ICRS-14 were identified as superior performers with the potential to significantly increase sorghum productivity per unit area.

高粱是适应干旱半干旱地区的最重要的谷类作物之一。然而，其生产力与其潜力相比仍然很低，主要是由于严重和经常性的干旱压力。为了开发适应气候变化的高粱杂交种，必须了解杂种优势的程度，并确定由耐旱自交系组成的杂种优势群体。因此，本研究利用特定配合力（SCA）和一般配合力（GCA）对高粱自交系的杂种优势程度进行量化，并将其划分为杂种优势类群。在2019年种植季，采用α晶格设计，在两个环境中进行了两次重复，对42种高粱基因型进行了评估。不同地区的性状基因型间存在显著的遗传差异。结果表明，P-9534 × Melkam （6.32 t ha -1）、B6 × ICRS-14 （5.92 t ha -1）、TX-623 × ICRS-14 （5.88 t ha -1）、P9511 × Melkam （5.78 t ha -1）和P-850341 × ICRS-14 （5.57 t ha -1）在水分胁迫环境中表现优异，适应性良好。其中，B6 × ICRS-14中亲本杂种优势最高（112.41%），x -623 × ICRS-14优良亲本杂种优势最高（68.71%），P-9534 × Melkam标准杂种优势最高（30.71%）。基于特定配合力（SCA）的杂种优势分组将高粱自交系划分为两个不同的类群，而多性状一般配合力（HGCAMT）方法则确定了三个杂种优势类群，用于培育优良杂交种。以配合力为基础的杂种优势分组是鉴定最合适的亲本系以创造新的、农艺学上优越的杂种的关键方法。总体而言，几种高粱杂交种在产量和关键农艺性状方面均优于中亲本、好亲本和标准检验。结果表明，P-9534 × Melkam、B6 × ICRS-14、TX-623 × ICRS-14、MARC3 × Melkam、MARC3 × ICRS-14、P-9511 × Melkam和P-850341 × ICRS-14表现优异，具有显著提高高粱单位面积产量的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

The heat shock transcription factors regulate response mechanisms to abiotic stresses in plants 热休克转录因子调节植物对非生物胁迫的响应机制

Crop Design

Pub Date : 2025-06-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.cropd.2025.100109

Yu-Xiao Wang , Jian-Hong Xu

Plants frequently encounter diverse abiotic stresses, including high temperature, low temperature, drought, salinity, and heavy metal contamination during their growth and development. These environmental challenges disrupt cellular homeostasis, impacting cell membrane stability, osmotic regulation, ionic composition, thereby leading to protein misfolding and the over-accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Heat shock transcription factors (HSFs) play a crucial role in plant stress response and adaptation by regulating the transcription of heat shock protein (HSP) genes and other stress-inducible genes. This process is integral to plant resilience against adverse conditions and other physiological functions. This review synthesizes the structure features, classification, regulatory mechanisms, and functional roles of plant HSFs in response to abiotic stresses such as high and low temperature, drought and salinity. Furthermore, we discuss future research directions, aiming to provide a theoretical guidance and genetic resources for enhancing crop stress tolerance through genetic improvement.

植物在生长发育过程中经常遇到高温、低温、干旱、盐碱、重金属污染等多种非生物胁迫。这些环境挑战破坏细胞稳态，影响细胞膜稳定性、渗透调节、离子组成，从而导致蛋白质错误折叠和活性氧（ROS）的过度积累。热休克转录因子（Heat shock transcription factors, HSFs）通过调控热休克蛋白（Heat shock protein， HSP）基因和其他胁迫诱导基因的转录，在植物的逆境响应和适应中起着至关重要的作用。这一过程是植物抵御不利条件和其他生理功能的必要条件。本文综述了植物hsf的结构特征、分类、调控机制及其在高温、低温、干旱、盐度等非生物胁迫下的功能作用。并对今后的研究方向进行了探讨，以期为通过遗传改良提高作物的抗逆性提供理论指导和遗传资源。

引用次数: 0

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