Crop Design最新文献

Meiotic recombination is essential for the generation of genetic diversity in natural and breeding context. The chromosome axis comprises cohesin, HORMA-domain containing proteins and coiled coil proteins and is crucial for the establishment of meiotic recombination. These proteins form a complex during meiosis of Brassica oleracea but information about their respective localisation and dynamic on meiotic chromosomes remain sparse. Our study reveals that the HORMA-protein ASY1 aggregates on the chromatin and forms domains of high and low abundances. The regions enriched for ASY1 are also highly enriched for the axis proteins ASY3, SMC3 and SCC3, although to varying degrees between leptotene and pachytene stages. At later stages, when most DNA double strand breaks are repaired and the chromosome axis disassemble, ASY1, ASY3, SCC3 and SMC3 co-localise and form large aggregates on the discontinuous axis structures. As the axis structures reduce in length, we found that all four axis proteins relocalise in the nucleoplasm and further aggregates. Moreover, we found that ZYP1, the transverse filament of the synaptonemal complex, forms numerous chromosomic aggregates that are sometimes associated with MLH1 and can form ectopic synaptic interactions. Overall, our study indicates that axis proteins have a high propensity to aggregate. This property is important for assembling the chromosome axis but the association of axis proteins with the chromatin must be tightly regulated to limit polycomplex formation.

High-throughput sequencing technologies at single-cell resolution have great potential to reveal a new landscape of plant cells. Single-cell/nucleus RNA (scRNA/snRNA), single-cell/nucleus assay for transposase accessible chromatin (scATAC/snATAC) and spatial transcriptome sequencing have been applied in multiple plant tissues. Consequently, a significant increase in publications on plant single-cell transcriptomics was seen in the recent two years. In this review, we will summarize the advantages and weaknesses of these single-cell sequencing approaches, offer a glimpse of their developments in cell biology, bioinformatic tools and databases in the latest two years.

Heavy metals, drought, salinity, cold stress, and heat stress are some of the main abiotic stresses that adversely affect plant growth and crop productivity generally. For crop production systems to be sustainable in the face of abiotic environmental constraints, effective strategies must be used in conjunction with technological advancement to achieve this goal. In recent times, the emergence of nanotechnology as an intriguing field of study with application potential in the field of agriculture needs to be given the necessary attention to address some of the abiotic stresses. Due to their environmental friendliness, affordability, special physicochemical properties, and increased plant productivity, the use of nanoparticles (NPs) as nano fertilizers has enormous potential and much interest has developed in the field in recent times. Abiotic stress management involves NPs, according to several studies. In order to create a practical and environmentally responsible plan for the long-term sustainability of agriculture, this review focuses on the effects of abiotic stress on plants, synthesis, and the roles of NPs in managing abiotic stresses, and future prospects.

Groundnut improvement tasks are generally engrossed to breed foliar fungal disease-resistant varieties. Early and late leaf spot diseases of groundnuts cause significant loss in yield and quality of groundnut seeds. Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers represent high polymorphic amplification, while Inter-simple sequence (ISSR) is being used widely for diversity assessment due to their large size and reproducible results. The current investigation was carried out with 96 groundnut genotypes for morpho-physiological characterization, disease indexing for early and late leaf spot diseases under field conditions and by employing SSR and ISSR markers for diversity assessment. In correlation analysis, kernel weight was found positively and highly significantly correlated with harvest index and pod weight (r ​= ​0.906) at 1% level of significance. While, pod weight is negatively correlated with early leaf spot at 30 days (r ​= ​-0.401) and at 45 days (r ​= ​-0.410), late leaf spot at 70 days (r ​= ​-0.342) and at 85 days (r ​= ​-0.309) at 1% significant level. With the use of SSR markers, a total 16 alleles were recognized with a mean of 3.20 alleles per locus. The gene multiplicity differed from 0.6074 to 0.6491 for the markers Seq5D05 and PM137 respectively with an average of 0.6289. A total 18 alleles were produced by ISSR markers with an average of 3.6 alleles per locus. In our study, the gene diversity varied from 0.5877 to 0.6625 for the markers ISSR3 and ISSR21 respectively with an average of 0.6164. Diverse group of groundnut germplasm has been identified on the basis of SSR and ISSR markers along with morphological characterization.

Low temperature is a major environmental constraint that limits crop productivity. In this investigation, 256 diverse garlic germplasm were tested for their cold tolerance at the seedling stage by being exposed to natural low-temperature stress −10∼-15 ​°C for the lowest at night for eight days. Several plant development indicators, as well as the cold index (CI), were studied. The findings showed a significant range of CI among these accessions, ranging from 16.98 to 70.38. All germplasms were divided into five groups according to their CI and different grades of tolerance to low-temperature stress. Four highly tolerant and eight low temperature-tolerant germplasm were screened out. Multivariate analysis of the acquired phenomic data using principal component analysis (PCA) addressed sufficient variability, i.e., 70.5% revealed a significant influence of low-temperature stress on growth and bulb attributes. PCA and cluster analysis classified accessions into three groups representing high diversity, providing feasibility for their use in breeding programs. In many phenotypic variables, different germplasm responded differently to low-temperature stress. Furthermore, an exceptionally significantly negative correlation was observed between CI and agronomic traits (PH, LL, LW, RHL) and initiation of bulb traits (Bulb height, width, weight). This study provides a sustainable solution and useful resources for the garlic low temperature tolerant genetic enhancement.

With global climate change, extreme weather events are becoming more frequent. In particular, seasonal cold stress is causing great losses in cotton yield and quality. Xinjiang, one of the major cotton-producing areas in the world, experiences recurrent cold stress in spring and autumn. To understand the impacts of cold stress on cotton production, we summarized the frequency of cold injury in the main cotton-producing areas of Xinjiang, the damages caused by cold injury, and the mechanisms of cold tolerance in cotton. The collective data suggest that developing cold tolerance is becoming one of the most demanding goals for future cotton breeding. Applying genomic and population genetic methodologies to cotton cold stress can lead to innovations in low-temperature stress tolerance breeding. This document discusses the challenges and prospects of cold tolerance breeding in cotton.

Successful barley genetic transformation is dependent on genotype selection, which largely limits its molecular breeding. To elucidate the effects of genotype and hormone on callus induction and differentiation of barley, we investigated the growth performance of callus proliferation and differentiation of green spot in three Chinese cultivars (ZU9, ZU10 and Hua30), one Australian malting barley (Franklin) and one Scotland Whisky barley (Golden Promise). The three Chinese barley showed shorter spikes but larger immature embryos after flowering for 15 ​d than the other two genotypes. Golden Promise had the largest callus proliferation and green spot differentiation than the other genotypes. Meanwhile, ZU10 showed a relatively similar appearance and high efficiency to Golden Promise, which highlights its capacity for genetic modification. Golden Promise maintained relatively higher expression of hormone-related genes at almost all stages of callus proliferation, including auxin and cytokinin related HvPIN1, HvARF3, HvRR6 and HvWOX11, which may explain its higher efficiency in genetic transformation. Adjusting hormone concentration to 1 ​mg ​L⁻¹ 6-BA and 0.25 ​mg. L⁻¹ 2,4-D in transition medium significantly increased green spot differentiation for most genotypes. These findings may provide useful information for overcoming genotype dependency with optimal hormones at callus proliferation stages of barley.

In plants, besides the role of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in gene expression, long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) play a key role in regulating various biological processes. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), an important legume crop, is sensitive to extreme temperature regimes. Here, we identified the lincRNAs and mRNAs in three chickpea genotypes contrasting for heat stress response (two tolerant- ICC 1356, ICC 15614; one sensitive- ICC 4567) and investigated their role in heat stress. A total of 894 putative lincRNAs and 61,110 mRNAs were identified from leaf and root tissues at the vegetative and reproductive stages of the plant under control and heat stress conditions. Co-expression studies revealed the significant association of lincRNAs with mRNAs which are attributed to heat stress leaf samples at the reproductive stage. Further, mRNAs encoding heat shock transcription factors (HSFs), heat shock proteins (HSPs), starch, and sucrose metabolism pathway genes played an essential role in mitigating heat stress. Furthermore, three key lincRNAs underlying chickpea's heat-quantitative trait locus (QTL) region were identified. This study provided new insights into the regulation of heat stress tolerance in chickpea by identifying candidate lincRNAs and mRNAs.

The present-day climate change scenario represents a substantial peril to the global population concerning food security, given the potential impacts on agricultural productivity, food availability, and accessibility. The excessive use of agrochemicals, such as fertilizers and pesticides, leads to the deterioration of soil health as well. Sustainable land-use practices without perturbing the soil ecosystem are achievable only with a comprehensive mechanism. The current need for sustainable agriculture is fulfilled by harnessing the noble services of plant-microbial association. Microhabitats around plant roots represent the region of maximum microbial activity. Microbiomes play a functional role in affecting plant growth, soil fertility and biogeochemical cycles. Plant-microbe interactions are highly specific to the host controlled by root exudates, metabolites, environmental factors and symbiotic associations e.g. legume-rhizobia and plant-fungi association. Proper strategies for the use of microbial inoculants will certainly facilitate the various crop improvement programs. The present review, therefore, exemplifies the various studies on the potential of plant microbiomes for sustainable agricultural ecosystems coupled with assuring food security. The review also summarizes recent trends in plant microbiome diversity, the relationship between host plant and microbe, transgenic plants, designer plants and their role in mitigating soil stress. Nevertheless, the future of the global population and food production rely on the prospects of plant microbiome ingenuity.