As a primary solid waste treatment method, landfills risk groundwater pollution via leachate leakage, which aids pollutant transport through aquifer media. However, research on the adsorption mechanisms of emerging pollutants in aquifer media and Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM)’s impact on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) adsorption remains limited. This study investigated four short-chain PFASs in three landfills of different ages (AD > SY > ZT) via adsorption equilibrium experiments, examining the effects of leachate DOM (ultrafiltered into <5, 5–10, >10 kDa fractions) and typical coexisting ions (Cl−-Mg2+, SO42−-Mg2+, SO42−-Na+) on PFAS migration, with key factors identified via spectral analysis. Results showed leachate DOM and coexisting ions significantly affected PFAS adsorption capacity: <5 kDa DOM increased adsorption by 32 % on average (vs. 8 %–12 % for 5–10 kDa DOM); Cl−-Mg2+ had a 1.6-fold stronger synergistic effect than SO42−-Na+. Adsorption equilibrium took 24 h (pure water) vs. 20 h (leachate). AD landfill DOM (SUVA254: 4.1 L/(mg·m)) had 51.9 % higher aromaticity than ZT (2.7 L/(mg·m)), regulating PFAS adsorption better. These results confirm adsorption mode is linked to DOM molecular weight and ion type, which determine PFAS adsorption efficiency. Additionally, leachate DOM promotes adsorption via hydrophobic interactions/complexation (regulatory effect depends on its molecular weight); aquifer media adsorption efficiency improves in leachate, highlighting DOM's role in pollutant migration. DOM composition changes with landfill age also affect PFAS adsorption.
{"title":"Adsorption and fate of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances from landfill leachate onto aquifer media under the influence of dissolved organic matter","authors":"Kunlong Hui, Haohao Li, Chang Xing, Beidou Xi, Ying Yuan, Wenbing Tan","doi":"10.1016/j.enceco.2025.11.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enceco.2025.11.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a primary solid waste treatment method, landfills risk groundwater pollution via leachate leakage, which aids pollutant transport through aquifer media. However, research on the adsorption mechanisms of emerging pollutants in aquifer media and Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM)’s impact on <em>per</em>- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) adsorption remains limited. This study investigated four short-chain PFASs in three landfills of different ages (AD > SY > ZT) via adsorption equilibrium experiments, examining the effects of leachate DOM (ultrafiltered into <5, 5–10, >10 kDa fractions) and typical coexisting ions (Cl<sup>−</sup>-Mg<sup>2+</sup>, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>-Mg<sup>2+</sup>, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>-Na<sup>+</sup>) on PFAS migration, with key factors identified via spectral analysis. Results showed leachate DOM and coexisting ions significantly affected PFAS adsorption capacity: <5 kDa DOM increased adsorption by 32 % on average (vs. 8 %–12 % for 5–10 kDa DOM); Cl<sup>−</sup>-Mg<sup>2+</sup> had a 1.6-fold stronger synergistic effect than SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>-Na<sup>+</sup>. Adsorption equilibrium took 24 h (pure water) vs. 20 h (leachate). AD landfill DOM (SUVA<sub>254</sub>: 4.1 L/(mg·m)) had 51.9 % higher aromaticity than ZT (2.7 L/(mg·m)), regulating PFAS adsorption better. These results confirm adsorption mode is linked to DOM molecular weight and ion type, which determine PFAS adsorption efficiency. Additionally, leachate DOM promotes adsorption via hydrophobic interactions/complexation (regulatory effect depends on its molecular weight); aquifer media adsorption efficiency improves in leachate, highlighting DOM's role in pollutant migration. DOM composition changes with landfill age also affect PFAS adsorption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100480,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology","volume":"8 ","pages":"Pages 13-28"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145521021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-07DOI: 10.1016/j.enceco.2025.11.003
Qikun Pu , Xixi Li , Yu Li
Microplastics (MPs) in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents created a unique microenvironment for extracellular antibiotic resistance genes (eARGs) within extracellular DNA (eDNA). However, the micro-scale mechanisms governing the association of eARGs with biodegradable versus non-biodegradable MPs—and the resulting health risks—in WWTP effluents remained poorly understood on a global scale. In this study, the first comprehensive characterization of eARGs bound to biodegradable (polylactic acid, polyhydroxyalkanoates, and poly (butylene succinate)) and non-biodegradable (polyethylene, polystyrene, and polyvinyl chloride) MPs in WWTP effluents was presented, alongside an evaluation of the contributions of key environmental factors. The findings revealed that MPs selectively adsorbed eDNA fragments, with biodegradable MPs exhibiting markedly higher loading capacities. MPs underwent heterogeneous aggregation with effluent eDNA and low-molecular-weight environmental molecules via van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bonding; Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions further facilitated eDNA adsorption through cation bridging. Conversely, disinfection by-products, dissolved organic matter (DOM), and antibiotics (ANT) attenuated eDNA adsorption via steric hindrance. However, DOM and ANT could co-adsorb onto MP surfaces, indirectly amplifying the health risks of MP-associated eARGs. A global health risk assessment of eARG-laden MPs in WWTP effluents identified high-risk regions such as Morocco, Vietnam, Denmark, Portugal, South Korea, and India spanning Western, Central, and Southern Europe, Western Asia, and Africa. Therefore, while global efforts focus on restricting or banning non-biodegradable plastics and promoting biodegradable alternatives, the health risks associated with biodegradable MPs carrying eARGs should be a priority concern. Furthermore, the molecular-level mechanisms driving the association of eARGs with MPs elucidated in this study can provide theoretical foundations and references for the development of risk control technologies targeting the transmission of MPs and ARGs in WWTP effluents.
{"title":"Biodegradable and conventional microplastics as vectors of extracellular ARGs in WWTP effluents: Mechanistic and differential global health risk","authors":"Qikun Pu , Xixi Li , Yu Li","doi":"10.1016/j.enceco.2025.11.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enceco.2025.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microplastics (MPs) in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents created a unique microenvironment for extracellular antibiotic resistance genes (eARGs) within extracellular DNA (eDNA). However, the micro-scale mechanisms governing the association of eARGs with biodegradable versus non-biodegradable MPs—and the resulting health risks—in WWTP effluents remained poorly understood on a global scale. In this study, the first comprehensive characterization of eARGs bound to biodegradable (polylactic acid, polyhydroxyalkanoates, and poly (butylene succinate)) and non-biodegradable (polyethylene, polystyrene, and polyvinyl chloride) MPs in WWTP effluents was presented, alongside an evaluation of the contributions of key environmental factors. The findings revealed that MPs selectively adsorbed eDNA fragments, with biodegradable MPs exhibiting markedly higher loading capacities. MPs underwent heterogeneous aggregation with effluent eDNA and low-molecular-weight environmental molecules via van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bonding; Ca<sup>2+</sup> and Mg<sup>2+</sup> ions further facilitated eDNA adsorption through cation bridging. Conversely, disinfection by-products, dissolved organic matter (DOM), and antibiotics (ANT) attenuated eDNA adsorption via steric hindrance. However, DOM and ANT could co-adsorb onto MP surfaces, indirectly amplifying the health risks of MP-associated eARGs. A global health risk assessment of eARG-laden MPs in WWTP effluents identified high-risk regions such as Morocco, Vietnam, Denmark, Portugal, South Korea, and India spanning Western, Central, and Southern Europe, Western Asia, and Africa. Therefore, while global efforts focus on restricting or banning non-biodegradable plastics and promoting biodegradable alternatives, the health risks associated with biodegradable MPs carrying eARGs should be a priority concern. Furthermore, the molecular-level mechanisms driving the association of eARGs with MPs elucidated in this study can provide theoretical foundations and references for the development of risk control technologies targeting the transmission of MPs and ARGs in WWTP effluents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100480,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology","volume":"8 ","pages":"Pages 29-42"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145521091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-07DOI: 10.1016/j.enceco.2025.11.005
Carla Patinha , Carlos Silva , Rodrigo Neves , Pedro Pato , Solange Magalhães , Isabel Lopes , Cátia Venâncio
Water hyacinth (WH) is an invasive aquatic species for which no universal biomass management strategy exists, although many developing countries use it in agriculture with limited understanding of its potential environmental impacts. As WH is an effective bioaccumulator it is essential to assess its composition and quantify potentially harmful elements before this surplus green biomass can be effectively valorised. Determining the thresholds for their effects is crucial to define safe and sustainable uses. In this context, this study characterized WH biomass from six Portuguese locations (four northern and two southern), focusing on nutrient and potentially toxic element (PTE) profiles, sugar, protein, and structural composition. Furthermore, the ecotoxicological profile of aqueous extracts from each WH biomass was evaluated using several freshwater species (Raphidocelis subcapitata, Brachionus calyciflorus, Daphnia magna, and Danio rerio) and multiple endpoints, to benchmark safe agricultural application rates. Structural analysis revealed tissue type (leaves, floaters, roots) had greater influence than sampling location, with roots showing highest absorbance linked to lignin, proteins, and cellulose. These wall components provide metal-binding sites, explaining root PTE levels being higher than other tissues. Elemental composition showed high primary nutrients (e.g., potassium, phosphorus), meeting EU requirements for organic soil improvers (EU Regulation 2019/1009). Whole-plant WH water extracts had high conductivity (≥ 6.98 mS/cm), nutrient and PTE concentrations, and caused adverse effects on all aquatic species. No clear toxicity ranking emerged, though Bico and Pateira extracts were least toxic, and Sorraia extract most severe (algal inhibition, zooplankton mortality, zebrafish effects at 0.78 % dilution). The findings indicate that WH biomass incorporation into soils should be considered on a site-specific basis, owing to variations in PTEs accumulation across locations, requiring contaminant screening and regulatory guidance before large-scale use. The results evidenced multispecies, multi-endpoint ecotoxicity that might justify the need for dilution strategies and controlled application rates of WH biomass on soils to minimize putative downstream impacts.
{"title":"Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) biomass characterization for a potential exploration as an agriculture soil enhancer: Linking multi-location biogeochemical profiles to ecotoxicological safety","authors":"Carla Patinha , Carlos Silva , Rodrigo Neves , Pedro Pato , Solange Magalhães , Isabel Lopes , Cátia Venâncio","doi":"10.1016/j.enceco.2025.11.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enceco.2025.11.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water hyacinth (WH) is an invasive aquatic species for which no universal biomass management strategy exists, although many developing countries use it in agriculture with limited understanding of its potential environmental impacts. As WH is an effective bioaccumulator it is essential to assess its composition and quantify potentially harmful elements before this surplus green biomass can be effectively valorised. Determining the thresholds for their effects is crucial to define safe and sustainable uses. In this context, this study characterized WH biomass from six Portuguese locations (four northern and two southern), focusing on nutrient and potentially toxic element (PTE) profiles, sugar, protein, and structural composition. Furthermore, the ecotoxicological profile of aqueous extracts from each WH biomass was evaluated using several freshwater species (<em>Raphidocelis subcapitata, Brachionus calyciflorus, Daphnia magna,</em> and <em>Danio rerio</em>) and multiple endpoints, to benchmark safe agricultural application rates. Structural analysis revealed tissue type (leaves, floaters, roots) had greater influence than sampling location, with roots showing highest absorbance linked to lignin, proteins, and cellulose. These wall components provide metal-binding sites, explaining root PTE levels being higher than other tissues. Elemental composition showed high primary nutrients (e.g., potassium, phosphorus), meeting EU requirements for organic soil improvers (EU Regulation 2019/1009). Whole-plant WH water extracts had high conductivity (≥ 6.98 mS/cm), nutrient and PTE concentrations, and caused adverse effects on all aquatic species. No clear toxicity ranking emerged, though Bico and Pateira extracts were least toxic, and Sorraia extract most severe (algal inhibition, zooplankton mortality, zebrafish effects at 0.78 % dilution). The findings indicate that WH biomass incorporation into soils should be considered on a site-specific basis, owing to variations in PTEs accumulation across locations, requiring contaminant screening and regulatory guidance before large-scale use. The results evidenced multispecies, multi-endpoint ecotoxicity that might justify the need for dilution strategies and controlled application rates of WH biomass on soils to minimize putative downstream impacts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100480,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology","volume":"8 ","pages":"Pages 101-111"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145520937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-05DOI: 10.1016/j.enceco.2025.11.002
Mahalakshmi Kamalakannan, John Thomas
Increasing concern surrounds the impact of pollutants on marine ecosystems, particularly the combined effects of nanoplastics and synthetic dyes. This present study evaluated the toxicity of 100 nm polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPs) and Metanil Yellow (MY) co-exposure in Artemia salina, a model marine bioindicator. Physicochemical characterization through DLS, FTIR, and Raman analyses confirmed the interaction between PSNPs and MY, indicating dye adsorption on the surface of PSNPs and increased aggregate size after 48 h. The LC₅₀ value for the PSNPs+MY complex, 6.76 mg/L, was significantly lower than that of pristine 14.79 mg/L components, reflecting enhanced toxicity. Mortality rates exceeded 93 % in the complex-exposed group compared to 23 % and 66 % for PSNPs and MY alone, respectively. Co-exposure resulted in elevated ROS levels and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity, indicating significant oxidative stress. The pristine treatment at 20 mg/L induced 73 % oxidative stress, while the complex exposure at 100 + 20 mg/L increased it to 86 %. Overall, the findings demonstrate that interactions between nanoplastics and dyes exacerbate toxic responses in marine organisms, posing a compounded ecological risk and highlighting the need for stricter monitoring and remediation of such emerging contaminants.
{"title":"Ecotoxicity of emerging pollutants: Interactive impact of polystyrene nanoplastics and Metanil yellow on Artemia salina","authors":"Mahalakshmi Kamalakannan, John Thomas","doi":"10.1016/j.enceco.2025.11.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enceco.2025.11.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Increasing concern surrounds the impact of pollutants on marine ecosystems, particularly the combined effects of nanoplastics and synthetic dyes. This present study evaluated the toxicity of 100 nm polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPs) and Metanil Yellow (MY) co-exposure in <em>Artemia salina</em>, a model marine bioindicator. Physicochemical characterization through DLS, FTIR, and Raman analyses confirmed the interaction between PSNPs and MY, indicating dye adsorption on the surface of PSNPs and increased aggregate size after 48 h. The LC₅₀ value for the PSNPs+MY complex, 6.76 mg/L, was significantly lower than that of pristine 14.79 mg/L components, reflecting enhanced toxicity. Mortality rates exceeded 93 % in the complex-exposed group compared to 23 % and 66 % for PSNPs and MY alone, respectively. Co-exposure resulted in elevated ROS levels and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity, indicating significant oxidative stress. The pristine treatment at 20 mg/L induced 73 % oxidative stress, while the complex exposure at 100 + 20 mg/L increased it to 86 %. Overall, the findings demonstrate that interactions between nanoplastics and dyes exacerbate toxic responses in marine organisms, posing a compounded ecological risk and highlighting the need for stricter monitoring and remediation of such emerging contaminants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100480,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology","volume":"8 ","pages":"Pages 76-88"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145521090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-04DOI: 10.1016/j.enceco.2025.11.001
Fei Liu , Xianhui Peng , Yvkai Ma , Chenyang Yu , Helian Li , Shiwei Li , Hongbo Li
Quantifying hexavalent Chromium [Cr(VI)] transformation in soils under different pollution levels is critical for accurate environmental risk assessment. This study investigated Cr(VI) transformation dynamics over a 180-day aging period in eight contrasting soils at four pollution levels. Elevating pollution level from 20 to 300 mg kg−1 increased the available Cr(VI) in the eight soils from 1 to 40 % to 29–81 % (with an average increase of 34.1 %) following 10 days of aging; After 180 days, available Cr(VI) rose from 0 to 3 % to 0–36 % (13.3 %) across the same pollution gradient, indicating weaker influence for long-term aging period. Kinetic analysis indicated that, Cr(VI) reduction was better fitted by second-order and Elovich models than by first-order or parabolic diffusion models at a given pollution level, highlighting a chemisorption-dominated process. Increasing pollution levels enhanced the fit of the parabolic diffusion model, suggesting that diffusion plays a progressively significant role in Cr(VI) reduction at higher pollution level. Correlation analyses identified pH, organic matter, pollution level, and aging time as key factors controlling Cr(VI) reduction. Accordingly, a multiple linear regression model incorporating pollution level was developed to predict Cr(VI) reduction percentage with R2 = 0.84 (RMSE = 9.77 %). The model was validated against independent datasets, yielding an R2 of 0.74, notably outperforming models based on single pollution level conditions (R2 = 0.64). These results advance mechanistic understanding of long-term Cr(VI) behavior in soils across diverse pollution levels and provide a predictive framework to support risk assessment and soil quality standard development.
{"title":"Transformation dynamics and predictive modeling of Cr(VI) in agricultural soils under different pollution levels","authors":"Fei Liu , Xianhui Peng , Yvkai Ma , Chenyang Yu , Helian Li , Shiwei Li , Hongbo Li","doi":"10.1016/j.enceco.2025.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enceco.2025.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Quantifying hexavalent Chromium [Cr(VI)] transformation in soils under different pollution levels is critical for accurate environmental risk assessment. This study investigated Cr(VI) transformation dynamics over a 180-day aging period in eight contrasting soils at four pollution levels. Elevating pollution level from 20 to 300 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> increased the available Cr(VI) in the eight soils from 1 to 40 % to 29–81 % (with an average increase of 34.1 %) following 10 days of aging; After 180 days, available Cr(VI) rose from 0 to 3 % to 0–36 % (13.3 %) across the same pollution gradient, indicating weaker influence for long-term aging period. Kinetic analysis indicated that, Cr(VI) reduction was better fitted by second-order and Elovich models than by first-order or parabolic diffusion models at a given pollution level, highlighting a chemisorption-dominated process. Increasing pollution levels enhanced the fit of the parabolic diffusion model, suggesting that diffusion plays a progressively significant role in Cr(VI) reduction at higher pollution level. Correlation analyses identified pH, organic matter, pollution level, and aging time as key factors controlling Cr(VI) reduction. Accordingly, a multiple linear regression model incorporating pollution level was developed to predict Cr(VI) reduction percentage with R<sup>2</sup> = 0.84 (RMSE = 9.77 %). The model was validated against independent datasets, yielding an R<sup>2</sup> of 0.74, notably outperforming models based on single pollution level conditions (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.64). These results advance mechanistic understanding of long-term Cr(VI) behavior in soils across diverse pollution levels and provide a predictive framework to support risk assessment and soil quality standard development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100480,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology","volume":"8 ","pages":"Pages 43-52"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145521031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-03DOI: 10.1016/j.enceco.2025.10.027
Yanan Qu , Yizhuo Wang , Siying Li , Xuzhen Shi , Gan Ai , Xiaoliang Liu , Zongzhe He , Liqing Zeng , Xuesheng Li , Zhaojie Chen
Protoporphyrinogen oxidase herbicides, such as oxadiazon (ODZ) and oxyfluorfen (OFF), were widely used to control field weeds for crop production. However, their excessive use can lead to its accumulation in soils and crops, affecting crop yields and human health. Therefore, developing a method to degrade ODZ and OFF in rice is crucial for ensuring food safety and agricultural productivity. A phase I reaction enzyme, haloacid dehalogenase-2 (HAD-2), has not been identified facilitates this breakdown. To assess the detoxifying and metabolic functions of HAD-2 on ODZ and OFF, we generated CRISPR-Cas9-based knockout mutant lines and genetically edited rice cultivars that overexpress OsHAD-2 (OE). The metabolites and conjugates of these compounds were identified via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to a linear ion trap (LTQ) tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-LTQ-MS/MS). Our results indicated that the OsHAD-2 was localized on the plasma membrane and significantly induced under ODZ/OFF stress. The overexpression of OsHAD-2 conferred resistance to ODZ and OFF toxicity in rice compared with the wild-type (WT), as demonstrated by increased biomass and elongation of rice plants, reduced cellular damage, higher chlorophyll accumulation, and enhanced antioxidant and detoxification enzyme activities. The OE-16 rice seedlings removed 14 % and 32 % more ODZ/OFF from their growth medium, respectively, than the WT and accumulated considerably lower quantity of parent compounds. They also exhibited a greater abundance of degradative metabolites through dehalogenation and hydrolysis. The concentration of dechlorination-hydrolysis-oxadiazon (m/z 327) and hydrolysis-nitroreduction-oxyfluorfen (m/z 314) in the OE-16 rice grains were 2.13- and 2.70-fold higher than those in WT. In contrast, OsHAD-2 knockout lines exhibited increased accumulation of toxic ODZ and OFF in rice, increased toxic symptoms under ODZ/OFF stress, and reduced growth performance. These rice seedlings also showed reduced levels of ODZ and OFF hydrolysis and dehalogenation metabolites, indicating a functional loss of OsHAD-2. These findings highlight the role of OsHAD-2 expression in detoxifying protoporphyrinogen oxidase herbicides in rice, primarily through dehalogenation and hydrolysis mechanisms.
{"title":"Haloacid dehalogenase–mediated dehalogenation and hydrolysis of oxadiazon and oxyfluorfen mitigate environmental risks in rice production","authors":"Yanan Qu , Yizhuo Wang , Siying Li , Xuzhen Shi , Gan Ai , Xiaoliang Liu , Zongzhe He , Liqing Zeng , Xuesheng Li , Zhaojie Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.enceco.2025.10.027","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enceco.2025.10.027","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Protoporphyrinogen oxidase herbicides, such as oxadiazon (ODZ) and oxyfluorfen (OFF), were widely used to control field weeds for crop production. However, their excessive use can lead to its accumulation in soils and crops, affecting crop yields and human health. Therefore, developing a method to degrade ODZ and OFF in rice is crucial for ensuring food safety and agricultural productivity. A phase I reaction enzyme, haloacid dehalogenase-2 (HAD-2), has not been identified facilitates this breakdown. To assess the detoxifying and metabolic functions of HAD-2 on ODZ and OFF, we generated CRISPR-Cas9-based knockout mutant lines and genetically edited rice cultivars that overexpress <em>OsHAD-2</em> (OE). The metabolites and conjugates of these compounds were identified via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to a linear ion trap (LTQ) tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-LTQ-MS/MS). Our results indicated that the <em>OsHAD-2</em> was localized on the plasma membrane and significantly induced under ODZ/OFF stress. The overexpression of <em>OsHAD-2</em> conferred resistance to ODZ and OFF toxicity in rice compared with the wild-type (WT), as demonstrated by increased biomass and elongation of rice plants, reduced cellular damage, higher chlorophyll accumulation, and enhanced antioxidant and detoxification enzyme activities. The OE-16 rice seedlings removed 14 % and 32 % more ODZ/OFF from their growth medium, respectively, than the WT and accumulated considerably lower quantity of parent compounds. They also exhibited a greater abundance of degradative metabolites through dehalogenation and hydrolysis. The concentration of dechlorination-hydrolysis-oxadiazon (<em>m</em>/<em>z</em> 327) and hydrolysis-nitroreduction-oxyfluorfen (m/z 314) in the OE-16 rice grains were 2.13- and 2.70-fold higher than those in WT. In contrast, <em>OsHAD-2</em> knockout lines exhibited increased accumulation of toxic ODZ and OFF in rice, increased toxic symptoms under ODZ/OFF stress, and reduced growth performance. These rice seedlings also showed reduced levels of ODZ and OFF hydrolysis and dehalogenation metabolites, indicating a functional loss of <em>OsHAD-2</em>. These findings highlight the role of <em>OsHAD-2</em> expression in detoxifying protoporphyrinogen oxidase herbicides in rice, primarily through dehalogenation and hydrolysis mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100480,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology","volume":"8 ","pages":"Pages 1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145521022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-31DOI: 10.1016/j.enceco.2025.10.033
Jiahao Song , Shuhui Wan , Wendi Shi , Sinan Wu , Le Hong , Zhiying Huo , Yueru Yang , Da Shi , Qing Liu , Yongfang Zhang , Xuefeng Lai , Wei Liu , Hao Wang , Weihong Chen , Bin Wang
Background
Air pollution exposure has been identified as a pathogenic factor of lung cancer, whereas the metabolic profile disturbance involved and its underlying role remain unclear while attract much attention.
Methods
Metabolomic profiling in plasma was conducted among 205,974 participants in the UK Biobank. Particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 μm (PM10), PM2.5, PM2.5–10, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) were assessed by land-use regression models. Mediation roles of metabolic features involved in air pollution and incident lung cancer, and performance of the lung cancer prediction model incorporating crucial metabolite features identified by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and multivariate Cox regression, were evaluated.
Results
During a median follow-up period of 13.1 years, 1,536 incident lung cancer cases were recorded. Among the 143 metabolite features, 66 overlapped in PM2.5, NO2, or NOx exposure-associated incident lung cancer after multivariate adjustment (false discovery rate P < 0.05). The highest mediation proportions were observed for Albumin (percentage mediated: 4.02 %), Phospholipids in Medium Very-Low-Density Lipoproteins (M-VLDL) (6.38 %), and M-VLDL (6.42 %) in incident lung cancer from PM2.5, NO2, and NOx exposure, respectively. LASSO and multivariate Cox regression identified 15 metabolite features associated with lung cancer, and inclusion of these metabolite features significantly improved the prediction of lung cancer (C statistic: 0.851; Net reclassification improvement index: 0.144; Integrated discrimination improvement index: 0.005).
Discussion
Disturbance and mediation role of circulating metabolic features in air pollution exposure and incident lung cancer were identified, and metabolite profiling may well improve early prediction of lung cancer.
{"title":"Metabolomic signature and prediction of incident lung cancer from air pollution exposure in a national cohort: Unraveling the link and underlying role","authors":"Jiahao Song , Shuhui Wan , Wendi Shi , Sinan Wu , Le Hong , Zhiying Huo , Yueru Yang , Da Shi , Qing Liu , Yongfang Zhang , Xuefeng Lai , Wei Liu , Hao Wang , Weihong Chen , Bin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.enceco.2025.10.033","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enceco.2025.10.033","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Air pollution exposure has been identified as a pathogenic factor of lung cancer, whereas the metabolic profile disturbance involved and its underlying role remain unclear while attract much attention.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Metabolomic profiling in plasma was conducted among 205,974 participants in the UK Biobank. Particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 μm (PM<sub>10</sub>), PM<sub>2.5</sub>, PM<sub>2.5–10</sub>, nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>), and nitrogen oxides (NO<sub>x</sub>) were assessed by land-use regression models. Mediation roles of metabolic features involved in air pollution and incident lung cancer, and performance of the lung cancer prediction model incorporating crucial metabolite features identified by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and multivariate Cox regression, were evaluated.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>During a median follow-up period of 13.1 years, 1,536 incident lung cancer cases were recorded. Among the 143 metabolite features, 66 overlapped in PM<sub>2.5</sub>, NO<sub>2</sub>, or NO<sub>x</sub> exposure-associated incident lung cancer after multivariate adjustment (false discovery rate <em>P</em> < 0.05). The highest mediation proportions were observed for Albumin (percentage mediated: 4.02 %), Phospholipids in Medium Very-Low-Density Lipoproteins (M-VLDL) (6.38 %), and M-VLDL (6.42 %) in incident lung cancer from PM<sub>2.5</sub>, NO<sub>2</sub>, and NO<sub>x</sub> exposure, respectively. LASSO and multivariate Cox regression identified 15 metabolite features associated with lung cancer, and inclusion of these metabolite features significantly improved the prediction of lung cancer (C statistic: 0.851; Net reclassification improvement index: 0.144; Integrated discrimination improvement index: 0.005).</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>Disturbance and mediation role of circulating metabolic features in air pollution exposure and incident lung cancer were identified, and metabolite profiling may well improve early prediction of lung cancer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100480,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology","volume":"8 ","pages":"Pages 238-247"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145571855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.enceco.2025.04.002
Alen Albreht , Anja Koroša
An analytical method based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection for the simultaneous separation and determination of nitroaromatics, nitramines, and nitrate esters in aqueous environmental samples was developed. The modification of a preconcentration step based on solid phase extraction proved crucial for avoiding the frequently occurring measurement bias. The fully validated method has a range spanning four orders of magnitude and enables a precise, accurate, and sensitive determination of species down to a concentration of 0.3 μg/L. The method's applicability was demonstrated by quantifying energetic materials and their degradation products in nine groundwater and nine surface water samples, obtained from a single sampling campaign of Slovenian aquifers. Three contaminants, namely 1,3-dinitrobenzene (1,3-DNB), 2-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (2A-DNT), or pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), were detected in 5 of the 18 samples. The measured concentrations of nitro compounds were low, with the exception of the Mura River, where PETN exceeded 1 μg/L. The anthropogenic origin of the pollution observed for this part of Europe must be linked to the (un)exploded ordnance from both World Wars. However, the presence of 1,3-DNB and 2A-DNT in the Pivka River is also likely to be associated with regular military activities in the area.
{"title":"Simultaneous analysis of sixteen energetic nitro compounds and their degradation products in groundwaters and surface waters by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography","authors":"Alen Albreht , Anja Koroša","doi":"10.1016/j.enceco.2025.04.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enceco.2025.04.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An analytical method based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection for the simultaneous separation and determination of nitroaromatics, nitramines, and nitrate esters in aqueous environmental samples was developed. The modification of a preconcentration step based on solid phase extraction proved crucial for avoiding the frequently occurring measurement bias. The fully validated method has a range spanning four orders of magnitude and enables a precise, accurate, and sensitive determination of species down to a concentration of 0.3 μg/L. The method's applicability was demonstrated by quantifying energetic materials and their degradation products in nine groundwater and nine surface water samples, obtained from a single sampling campaign of Slovenian aquifers. Three contaminants, namely 1,3-dinitrobenzene (1,3-DNB), 2-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (2A-DNT), or pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), were detected in 5 of the 18 samples. The measured concentrations of nitro compounds were low, with the exception of the Mura River, where PETN exceeded 1 μg/L. The anthropogenic origin of the pollution observed for this part of Europe must be linked to the (un)exploded ordnance from both World Wars. However, the presence of 1,3-DNB and 2A-DNT in the Pivka River is also likely to be associated with regular military activities in the area.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100480,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology","volume":"7 ","pages":"Pages 753-761"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143843556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.enceco.2025.04.003
Hameed Ullah , Zheng Wang , Weihan Xu , Wenjing Wang , Yanqing Sheng
Cadmium (Cd) contamination is a significant global environmental issue due to its toxic effects on plant and human health. However, the specific impacts of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (CdS NPs) on plants, including the underlying molecular mechanisms, toxicity, uptake, and accumulation, remain poorly understood. This study explored the influence of CdS NPs on spinach plants by combining phenotypic and metabolomics analyses. Spinach plants were exposed to CdS NPs (0.005, 0.01, 0.2, 0.4, and 1 mg/L) and Cd ions (0.1 mg/L) through foliar and root for three weeks. Results indicated that root exposure had a more pronounced impact on biomass, plant height, leaf structure, and chlorophyll content than foliar exposure. Cd and CdS NPs uptake in root and shoot were confirmed through Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), respectively and/or jointly. Metabolomics analysis revealed that CdS NPs altered nitrogen metabolism, carbon metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, and isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis, which are crucial for plant growth, development, and survival. These findings enhance comprehension of the intrinsic phenotypic and metabolic alterations induced by CdS NPs in spinach plants.
{"title":"CdS nanoparticles may disrupt nitrogen and carbon metabolism in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) through different exposure pathways","authors":"Hameed Ullah , Zheng Wang , Weihan Xu , Wenjing Wang , Yanqing Sheng","doi":"10.1016/j.enceco.2025.04.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enceco.2025.04.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cadmium (Cd) contamination is a significant global environmental issue due to its toxic effects on plant and human health. However, the specific impacts of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (CdS NPs) on plants, including the underlying molecular mechanisms, toxicity, uptake, and accumulation, remain poorly understood. This study explored the influence of CdS NPs on spinach plants by combining phenotypic and metabolomics analyses. Spinach plants were exposed to CdS NPs (0.005, 0.01, 0.2, 0.4, and 1 mg/L) and Cd ions (0.1 mg/L) through foliar and root for three weeks. Results indicated that root exposure had a more pronounced impact on biomass, plant height, leaf structure, and chlorophyll content than foliar exposure. Cd and CdS NPs uptake in root and shoot were confirmed through Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), respectively and/or jointly. Metabolomics analysis revealed that CdS NPs altered nitrogen metabolism, carbon metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, and isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis, which are crucial for plant growth, development, and survival. These findings enhance comprehension of the intrinsic phenotypic and metabolic alterations induced by CdS NPs in spinach plants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100480,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology","volume":"7 ","pages":"Pages 741-752"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143826473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.enceco.2025.05.016
Farhan Nabi , Rakhwe Kama , Sumbal Sajid , Muslim Qadir , Razia Kanwal , Fareed Uddin Memon , Chongjian Ma , Huashou Li
Arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) are persistent heavy metals commonly found in agricultural environments, where they pose a serious risk due to their high potential for bioaccumulation in the food chain. Therefore, effective management through advanced agricultural practices is crucial to minimize their presence and immobilize these contaminants in soil. In pursuit of this goal, we conducted a study to evaluate the potential of biochar (BC) and modified BC enriched with magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe) for the adsorption of As and Cd in contaminated agricultural soils. We synthesized rice straw-derived BC, Mg-modified BC (Mg-BC), Fe-modified BC (Fe-BC), and a bimetallic BC (Bi-BC), incorporating both Fe and Mg. Following synthesis, these BC were applied to contaminated soils to assess changes in soil physicochemical properties, the immobilization of As and Cd, and the uptake of these metals by Ipomoea aquatica (commonly known as water spinach). The BC were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), which revealed notable structural and compositional changes. Characterization confirmed the successful incorporation of Mg and Fe into the Mg-BC, Fe-BC, and Bi-BC samples. Application of the modified BC significantly improved several soil parameters, including pH (5.7–7.8), cation exchange properties (7.4–11 cmol+.kg−1), organic matter (2.1–4.8 %), water holding capacity (18.9–24.0 %), redox potential (204.6–273.3 mV). Enzyme activities, including dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, β-glucosidase, and urease activity increased by 41.1 %, 61.2 %, 58.5 %, and 97.4 %, respectively, in Bi-BC treated soils compared to CK. Furthermore, the application of Bi-BC reduced soil Cd and As(III) concentrations by 59.0 % and 60.0 %, respectively, and decreased their accumulation in the edible parts of water spinach by 71.31 % and 82.5 %. This not only enhanced plant growth but also significantly reduced the bioavailability of these toxic metals. These findings indicate that Bi-BC is more effective than BC, Mg-BC, and Fe-BC in immobilizing Cd and As, leading to improved soil quality. The synergistic effects of Mg and Fe modifications present a sustainable and efficient strategy for remediating soils co-contaminated with As and Cd.
{"title":"Synergistic effects of Mg and Fe-modified bimetallic biochar for immobilization of As and Cd in agricultural soils","authors":"Farhan Nabi , Rakhwe Kama , Sumbal Sajid , Muslim Qadir , Razia Kanwal , Fareed Uddin Memon , Chongjian Ma , Huashou Li","doi":"10.1016/j.enceco.2025.05.016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enceco.2025.05.016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) are persistent heavy metals commonly found in agricultural environments, where they pose a serious risk due to their high potential for bioaccumulation in the food chain. Therefore, effective management through advanced agricultural practices is crucial to minimize their presence and immobilize these contaminants in soil. In pursuit of this goal, we conducted a study to evaluate the potential of biochar (BC) and modified BC enriched with magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe) for the adsorption of As and Cd in contaminated agricultural soils. We synthesized rice straw-derived BC, Mg-modified BC (Mg-BC), Fe-modified BC (Fe-BC), and a bimetallic BC (Bi-BC), incorporating both Fe and Mg. Following synthesis, these BC were applied to contaminated soils to assess changes in soil physicochemical properties, the immobilization of As and Cd, and the uptake of these metals by <em>Ipomoea aquatica</em> (commonly known as water spinach). The BC were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), which revealed notable structural and compositional changes. Characterization confirmed the successful incorporation of Mg and Fe into the Mg-BC, Fe-BC, and Bi-BC samples. Application of the modified BC significantly improved several soil parameters, including pH (5.7–7.8), cation exchange properties (7.4–11 cmol<sup>+</sup>.kg<sup>−1</sup>), organic matter (2.1–4.8 %), water holding capacity (18.9–24.0 %), redox potential (204.6–273.3 mV). Enzyme activities, including dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, β-glucosidase, and urease activity increased by 41.1 %, 61.2 %, 58.5 %, and 97.4 %, respectively, in Bi-BC treated soils compared to CK. Furthermore, the application of Bi-BC reduced soil Cd and As(III) concentrations by 59.0 % and 60.0 %, respectively, and decreased their accumulation in the edible parts of water spinach by 71.31 % and 82.5 %. This not only enhanced plant growth but also significantly reduced the bioavailability of these toxic metals. These findings indicate that Bi-BC is more effective than BC, Mg-BC, and Fe-BC in immobilizing Cd and As, leading to improved soil quality. The synergistic effects of Mg and Fe modifications present a sustainable and efficient strategy for remediating soils co-contaminated with As and Cd.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100480,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology","volume":"7 ","pages":"Pages 1059-1071"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144168889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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