Evolving Earth最新文献

Flood susceptibility mapping in the tropical river basinof central Kerala, India, using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and geospatial techniques 基于层次分析法和地理空间技术的印度喀拉拉邦中部热带河流流域洪水易感性制图

Evolving Earth

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eve.2026.100105

Ajayakumar Appukuttan , Kavya S. Kutty , Rajesh Reghunath , Vineetha P

Floods remain one of the most severe hydro-meteorological hazards globally, often exacerbated by rapid land-use change, geomorphic alterations, and intense rainfall in tropical regions. The Karuvannur River Basin (KRB) in central Kerala, India, has experienced frequent flood events, yet a systematic, geospatially integrated flood susceptibility assessment has been lacking. This study applies the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) coupled with Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques to develop a flood susceptibility map that captures the spatial variability of flood-prone zones based on geomorphological, hydrological, and land surface parameters. A total of nine environmental variables, including slope, drainage density, land use/land cover (LULC), soil texture, and the Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), were derived from SRTM DEM, Landsat 9 OLI, Survey of India toposheets, and ancillary soil data. Model validation was carried out using National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) flood inundation data, and the predictive performance was evaluated using the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. The model achieved a high Area Under the Curve (AUC) value of 0.945, indicating excellent predictive accuracy. The AHP consistency ratio was 0.02, confirming the logical consistency of the assigned weights. The results indicate that approximately 570.38 km² (54.9 % of the basin) fall under high and very high flood susceptibility zones, predominantly in the central and western floodplains. The study provides critical spatial insights for flood risk mitigation, landscape resilience planning, and geomorphologically informed infrastructure development, offering a replicable model for flood-prone tropical river basins.

洪水仍然是全球最严重的水文气象灾害之一，往往因土地利用的快速变化、地貌的改变和热带地区的强降雨而加剧。印度喀拉拉邦中部的Karuvannur河流域（KRB）经历了频繁的洪水事件，但缺乏系统的、地理空间一体化的洪水易感性评估。本研究应用层次分析法（AHP）和地理信息系统（GIS）技术，根据地貌、水文和地表参数，绘制洪水易发区空间变异性的洪水易发区地图。基于SRTM DEM、Landsat 9 OLI、Survey of India toposheets和辅助土壤数据，共获得9个环境变量，包括坡度、排水密度、土地利用/土地覆盖（LULC）、土壤质地和地形湿度指数（TWI）。利用国家遥感中心（NRSC）洪水淹没数据对模型进行验证，并利用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线对模型的预测性能进行评价。该模型的曲线下面积（AUC）为0.945，预测精度较高。AHP一致性比为0.02，证实了所分配权重的逻辑一致性。结果表明：流域高、极高易发区面积约为570.38 km2(54.9%)，主要分布在中西部洪泛平原；该研究为洪水风险缓解、景观恢复力规划和地貌信息基础设施开发提供了重要的空间见解，为洪水易发的热带河流流域提供了可复制的模型。

{"title":"Flood susceptibility mapping in the tropical river basinof central Kerala, India, using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and geospatial techniques","authors":"Ajayakumar Appukuttan , Kavya S. Kutty , Rajesh Reghunath , Vineetha P","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2026.100105","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2026.100105","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Floods remain one of the most severe hydro-meteorological hazards globally, often exacerbated by rapid land-use change, geomorphic alterations, and intense rainfall in tropical regions. The Karuvannur River Basin (KRB) in central Kerala, India, has experienced frequent flood events, yet a systematic, geospatially integrated flood susceptibility assessment has been lacking. This study applies the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) coupled with Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques to develop a flood susceptibility map that captures the spatial variability of flood-prone zones based on geomorphological, hydrological, and land surface parameters. A total of nine environmental variables, including slope, drainage density, land use/land cover (LULC), soil texture, and the Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), were derived from SRTM DEM, Landsat 9 OLI, Survey of India toposheets, and ancillary soil data. Model validation was carried out using National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) flood inundation data, and the predictive performance was evaluated using the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. The model achieved a high Area Under the Curve (AUC) value of 0.945, indicating excellent predictive accuracy. The AHP consistency ratio was 0.02, confirming the logical consistency of the assigned weights. The results indicate that approximately 570.38 km<sup>2</sup> (54.9 % of the basin) fall under high and very high flood susceptibility zones, predominantly in the central and western floodplains. The study provides critical spatial insights for flood risk mitigation, landscape resilience planning, and geomorphologically informed infrastructure development, offering a replicable model for flood-prone tropical river basins.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145927001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Groundwater quality assessments of phreatic and deeper aquifers of the eastern Palghat, Kerala, Southern India 印度南部喀拉拉邦帕尔加特东部深层含水层的地下水质量评估

Evolving Earth

Pub Date : 2025-12-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.eve.2025.100104

K.V. Sarath , E. Shaji , M. Thirumurugan , S.G. Dhanil Dev , G. Indu , Ashitha , Keerthana

Identification and management of groundwater quality is crucial for maintaining the resources of over-exploited areas in the rain shadow region of the hard rock aquifer, which is essential for sustainable development. This research aims to identify water quality analysis for drinking and agricultural harvest in the crystalline aquifer, located in the eastern Palghat, Kerala, southern India. A groundwater compatibility study was conducted by analysing in situ parameters, major cations, anions, macronutrients, and fluorine in groundwater. Irrigational water quality parameters like Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), and Kelly's Ratio (KR), Permeability Index (PI) and Magnesium Hazard were obtained from 48 samples, 24 from excavated wells and 24 from tube wells (TW) in the exact location. The Water Quality Index (WQI) and irrigation water quality (IWQ) index are utilised due to their high importance in identifying the quality of water resources for irrigation and drinking purposes. Groundwater is the essential source for domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes in the eastern Palghat, Kerala, southern India. This paper presents geochemical analyses of groundwater collected from phreatic and deeper aquifers of the area. Groundwater quality analyses show a considerable difference in the groundwater chemistry of phreatic and deeper aquifers. Excess fluoride is noted in a few samples. Rainwater harvesting, nanotechnology-based filters and awareness programs are recommended for reliable groundwater management in the study area.

地下水质量的识别和管理对维持硬岩含水层雨影区过度开发地区的资源至关重要，对可持续发展至关重要。本研究旨在确定位于印度南部喀拉拉邦帕尔加特东部的结晶含水层的饮用水和农业收获水质分析。通过分析地下水中的原位参数、主要阳离子、阴离子、常量营养素和氟，进行了地下水相容性研究。选取48个样品，其中开挖井24个，管井24个，获得了灌溉水的可溶性钠含量（SSP）、钠吸附比（SAR）、凯利比（KR）、渗透率指数（PI）、镁危害等水质参数。使用水质指数（WQI）和灌溉水质指数（IWQ）是因为它们在确定用于灌溉和饮用的水资源质量方面非常重要。地下水是印度南部喀拉拉邦东部帕尔加特地区家庭、农业和工业的重要水源。本文介绍了从该地区的深层和深层含水层收集的地下水的地球化学分析。地下水水质分析表明，深层含水层和深层含水层的地下水化学成分有相当大的差异。在一些样品中发现了过量的氟化物。雨水收集、基于纳米技术的过滤器和意识项目被推荐用于研究区域可靠的地下水管理。

{"title":"Groundwater quality assessments of phreatic and deeper aquifers of the eastern Palghat, Kerala, Southern India","authors":"K.V. Sarath , E. Shaji , M. Thirumurugan , S.G. Dhanil Dev , G. Indu , Ashitha , Keerthana","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2025.100104","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2025.100104","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Identification and management of groundwater quality is crucial for maintaining the resources of over-exploited areas in the rain shadow region of the hard rock aquifer, which is essential for sustainable development. This research aims to identify water quality analysis for drinking and agricultural harvest in the crystalline aquifer, located in the eastern Palghat, Kerala, southern India. A groundwater compatibility study was conducted by analysing in situ parameters, major cations, anions, macronutrients, and fluorine in groundwater. Irrigational water quality parameters like Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), and Kelly's Ratio (KR), Permeability Index (PI) and Magnesium Hazard were obtained from 48 samples, 24 from excavated wells and 24 from tube wells (TW) in the exact location. The Water Quality Index (WQI) and irrigation water quality (IWQ) index are utilised due to their high importance in identifying the quality of water resources for irrigation and drinking purposes. Groundwater is the essential source for domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes in the eastern Palghat, Kerala, southern India. This paper presents geochemical analyses of groundwater collected from phreatic and deeper aquifers of the area. Groundwater quality analyses show a considerable difference in the groundwater chemistry of phreatic and deeper aquifers. Excess fluoride is noted in a few samples. Rainwater harvesting, nanotechnology-based filters and awareness programs are recommended for reliable groundwater management in the study area.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145841677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Variability in Indian monsoon onset: Delays, advances, and regional disruptions 印度季风发生的变异性：延迟、提前和区域中断

Evolving Earth

Pub Date : 2025-12-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.eve.2025.100103

Hemalatha Kapa , Kandula Bharghavi , Thotli Lokeswara Reddy

The Indian Summer Monsoon is a critical climatic phenomenon that sustains agriculture, water resources, and economic stability across South Asia. Accurate prediction of monsoon onset timing is essential, as delays can severely disrupt agricultural cycles, reduce crop yields, and strain water availability. This review examines the factors driving monsoon onset variability, with particular emphasis on delayed onset patterns and their regional impacts. The ISM onset is governed by complex atmospheric transitions including the weakening of westerlies, strengthening of easterlies, and formation of onset vortices that are modulated by large-scale climate drivers. El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), and Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) phases play dominant roles in determining onset timing. Climate change has intensified these interactions by amplifying ENSO variability, altering IOD behavior, and weakening atmospheric circulation responses, thereby increasing the complexity of monsoon dynamics. Additionally, rising Land Surface Temperatures (LST) driven by global warming and land use changes have further contributed to onset variability. Historical analysis reveals that late-onset events were particularly frequent during 1900–1925 and 1970–1990, though some regions now experience earlier onsets, reflecting spatiotemporal heterogeneity in monsoon behavior. Advances in forecasting particularly through Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and Multi-Model Ensemble (MME) approaches—have enhanced prediction accuracy by capturing both deterministic and stochastic rainfall patterns while reducing model uncertainties. Integration of indigenous knowledge into forecasting frameworks offers valuable localized insights for climate adaptation. Agricultural resilience strategies, including climate-smart practices such as integrated soil fertility management, agroforestry, resource conservation techniques, and community-based adaptation programs, are crucial for mitigating the impacts of monsoon variability while simultaneously contributing to greenhouse gas mitigation. Given the escalating complexities introduced by climate change, a synergistic approach combining improved forecasting models with adaptive agricultural practices is essential to enhance preparedness, optimize resource management, and mitigate the socioeconomic and environmental risks associated with monsoon variability.

印度夏季风是维持南亚农业、水资源和经济稳定的关键气候现象。准确预测季风发生的时间至关重要，因为延迟会严重破坏农业周期，降低作物产量，并使水资源供应紧张。本文审查了驱动季风开始变率的因素，特别强调延迟开始模式及其区域影响。ISM的开始是由复杂的大气转变控制的，包括西风带的减弱，东风带的加强，以及由大尺度气候驱动因素调节的开始旋涡的形成。El Niño-Southern涛动（ENSO）相、印度洋偶极子（IOD）相和Madden-Julian涛动（MJO）相是决定发生时间的主要因素。气候变化通过放大ENSO变率、改变IOD行为和减弱大气环流响应而加剧了这些相互作用，从而增加了季风动力学的复杂性。此外，全球变暖和土地利用变化导致的地表温度上升进一步加剧了初始变率。历史分析表明，晚发事件在1900-1925年和1970-1990年尤为频繁，尽管一些地区现在经历了早发事件，反映了季风行为的时空异质性。预测技术的进步，特别是通过人工神经网络（ann）和多模型集成（MME）方法，通过捕获确定性和随机降雨模式，同时减少模型的不确定性，提高了预测精度。将本土知识整合到预测框架中为气候适应提供了宝贵的本地化见解。农业抗灾能力战略，包括土壤肥力综合管理、农林业、资源保护技术和基于社区的适应方案等气候智能型做法，对于减轻季风变率的影响，同时促进温室气体减排至关重要。鉴于气候变化带来的复杂性不断升级，将改进的预报模型与适应性农业实践相结合的协同方法对于加强防范、优化资源管理以及减轻与季风变率相关的社会经济和环境风险至关重要。

{"title":"Variability in Indian monsoon onset: Delays, advances, and regional disruptions","authors":"Hemalatha Kapa , Kandula Bharghavi , Thotli Lokeswara Reddy","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2025.100103","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2025.100103","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Indian Summer Monsoon is a critical climatic phenomenon that sustains agriculture, water resources, and economic stability across South Asia. Accurate prediction of monsoon onset timing is essential, as delays can severely disrupt agricultural cycles, reduce crop yields, and strain water availability. This review examines the factors driving monsoon onset variability, with particular emphasis on delayed onset patterns and their regional impacts. The ISM onset is governed by complex atmospheric transitions including the weakening of westerlies, strengthening of easterlies, and formation of onset vortices that are modulated by large-scale climate drivers. El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), and Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) phases play dominant roles in determining onset timing. Climate change has intensified these interactions by amplifying ENSO variability, altering IOD behavior, and weakening atmospheric circulation responses, thereby increasing the complexity of monsoon dynamics. Additionally, rising Land Surface Temperatures (LST) driven by global warming and land use changes have further contributed to onset variability. Historical analysis reveals that late-onset events were particularly frequent during 1900–1925 and 1970–1990, though some regions now experience earlier onsets, reflecting spatiotemporal heterogeneity in monsoon behavior. Advances in forecasting particularly through Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and Multi-Model Ensemble (MME) approaches—have enhanced prediction accuracy by capturing both deterministic and stochastic rainfall patterns while reducing model uncertainties. Integration of indigenous knowledge into forecasting frameworks offers valuable localized insights for climate adaptation. Agricultural resilience strategies, including climate-smart practices such as integrated soil fertility management, agroforestry, resource conservation techniques, and community-based adaptation programs, are crucial for mitigating the impacts of monsoon variability while simultaneously contributing to greenhouse gas mitigation. Given the escalating complexities introduced by climate change, a synergistic approach combining improved forecasting models with adaptive agricultural practices is essential to enhance preparedness, optimize resource management, and mitigate the socioeconomic and environmental risks associated with monsoon variability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145841679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Streptichnus ichnofossils from the Marwar Supergroup: Tracing early Cambrian shallow-marine ecosystems 来自马尔瓦尔超群的链甲鱼化石：追踪早寒武纪浅海生态系统

Evolving Earth

Pub Date : 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.eve.2025.100102

S. Ahmad

The ichnogenus Streptichnus is a key component of Early Cambrian ichnofaunas, reflecting the increasing complexity of benthic behavior and animal substrate interactions during this evolutionary interval. In the Cambrian Nagaur Sandstone (Marwar Supergroup) of western India, Streptichnus occurs abundantly within shallow-marine siliciclastic facies, providing important evidence for the nature of the Early Cambrian biosphere in the Indian subcontinent. In this study, Streptichnus burrows from the Nagaur Sandstone, Marwar Supergroup are described and compared with occurrences from the Shibantan Member of the Dengying Formation in South China. Their morphology, distribution, and global significance highlight the role of tracemakers in substrate destabilization and ecospace expansion during the Early Cambrian.

链链鱼属是早寒武纪鱼动物群的重要组成部分，反映了这一进化时期底栖动物行为和动物与底物相互作用的复杂性。在印度西部寒武系纳戈尔砂岩（马尔瓦尔超群）中，链甲虫大量分布于浅海硅酸岩相中，为研究印度次大陆早寒武世生物圈的性质提供了重要证据。本文对中国南方马尔瓦尔超群纳戈尔砂岩中的链链菌洞进行了描述，并与灯影组十板滩段的产状进行了比较。它们的形态、分布和全球意义突出了在早寒武纪基底不稳定和生态空间扩张中示踪者的作用。

引用次数: 0

Comparative assessment of seasonal dynamics in water characteristics of Salim Ali Lake and Harsul Lake in Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar, Maharashtra, India 印度马哈拉施特拉邦Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar Salim Ali湖和Harsul湖水特征季节动态的比较评价

Evolving Earth

Pub Date : 2025-12-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.eve.2025.100101

Prasanna Lavhale, Pranaya Diwate, Praful Shinde

Lakes are inland water bodies serving as a freshwater resource. They are critical resources that sustain ecological balance and support human beings. Present study was carried out to assess the level of contamination of two lakes situated in the Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar city. Water samples from the Salim Ali Lake and the Harsul Lake were collected in the year 2024 across four seasons. Physicochemical and heavy metal analysis were carried out in the laboratory using rapid water testing kit to find out the level of contamination. Water Quality Index (WQI), Coefficient of Variation (CV), Nemerow Pollution Index (NPI) and Pearson Correlation were derived. An evaluation of NPI revealed that, during Winter season the Harsul Lake has NPI value 0.99 indicating substantial pollution while the Salim Ali Lake has NPI value 1.17 exhibiting heavy pollution. During Premonsoon season, observed NPI values of the Salim Ali Lake and the Harsul Lake were 1.07 and 0.83 respectively suggesting heavy pollution and moderate level of pollution respectively. In the Monsoon season, observed NPI values were 1.38 and 1.14 of the Salim Ali Lake and the Harsul Lake respectively which clearly depicted the higher level of pollution. The NPI value during Postmonsoon season slightly increases of both the lakes. The observed NPI value of the Salim Ali Lake and the Harsul Lake was 1.39 and 1.12 respectively indicating both lakes are heavily polluted. Overall analysis revealed that, the Salim Ali Lake is more polluted than the Harsul Lake. It might be due to the Salim Ali Lake is situated in central part of city while the Harsul Lake is situated at outskirt of the city. The spatial analysis carried out and Watershed delineation and land use land cover map were prepared using ArcGIS 10.8 software. Shuttle Radar Topography Mission – Digital Elevation Model data were utilized for preparing the watershed delineation map and Sentinel – 2 satellite imagery were used for the land use land cover classification of watershed. The present study helps policymakers to understand the current state of lake, allowing them to develop new policies accordingly. The water quality index emphasizes the urgent need of implementing pollution controlling strategies to stop further disintegration of the both the lakes.

湖泊是作为淡水资源的内陆水体。它们是维持生态平衡和维持人类生存的重要资源。本研究是为了评估位于恰特拉帕蒂桑巴吉纳加尔市的两个湖泊的污染水平而进行的。萨利姆阿里湖和哈尔苏尔湖的水样是在2024年分四季采集的。化验室使用快速水检测设备进行了理化和重金属分析，以确定污染程度。得到水质指数（WQI）、变异系数（CV）、内梅罗污染指数（NPI）和Pearson相关系数。NPI评价结果表明，冬季哈尔苏湖的NPI值为0.99，表明污染严重，而萨利湖的NPI值为1.17，表明污染严重。在季风前季节，沙林阿里湖和哈尔苏湖的NPI值分别为1.07和0.83，表明其为重度污染和中度污染。在季风季节，Salim Ali湖和Harsul湖的NPI值分别为1.38和1.14，明显反映了较严重的污染程度。季风后季节两湖的NPI值均略有增加。Salim Ali湖和Harsul湖的NPI值分别为1.39和1.12，表明这两个湖泊都受到了严重污染。综合分析表明，萨利姆阿里湖比哈苏尔湖污染更严重。这可能是由于萨利姆阿里湖位于城市的中心部分，而哈苏尔湖位于城市的郊区。利用ArcGIS 10.8软件进行空间分析，绘制流域圈定图和土地利用土地覆被图。利用航天飞机雷达地形任务-数字高程模型数据编制流域圈定图，利用Sentinel - 2卫星图像进行流域土地利用土地覆被分类。本研究有助于决策者了解湖泊的现状，使他们能够制定相应的新政策。水质指数强调了迫切需要实施污染控制策略，以阻止两个湖的进一步解体。

{"title":"Comparative assessment of seasonal dynamics in water characteristics of Salim Ali Lake and Harsul Lake in Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar, Maharashtra, India","authors":"Prasanna Lavhale, Pranaya Diwate, Praful Shinde","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2025.100101","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2025.100101","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lakes are inland water bodies serving as a freshwater resource. They are critical resources that sustain ecological balance and support human beings. Present study was carried out to assess the level of contamination of two lakes situated in the Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar city. Water samples from the Salim Ali Lake and the Harsul Lake were collected in the year 2024 across four seasons. Physicochemical and heavy metal analysis were carried out in the laboratory using rapid water testing kit to find out the level of contamination. Water Quality Index (WQI), Coefficient of Variation (CV), Nemerow Pollution Index (NPI) and Pearson Correlation were derived. An evaluation of NPI revealed that, during Winter season the Harsul Lake has NPI value 0.99 indicating substantial pollution while the Salim Ali Lake has NPI value 1.17 exhibiting heavy pollution. During Premonsoon season, observed NPI values of the Salim Ali Lake and the Harsul Lake were 1.07 and 0.83 respectively suggesting heavy pollution and moderate level of pollution respectively. In the Monsoon season, observed NPI values were 1.38 and 1.14 of the Salim Ali Lake and the Harsul Lake respectively which clearly depicted the higher level of pollution. The NPI value during Postmonsoon season slightly increases of both the lakes. The observed NPI value of the Salim Ali Lake and the Harsul Lake was 1.39 and 1.12 respectively indicating both lakes are heavily polluted. Overall analysis revealed that, the Salim Ali Lake is more polluted than the Harsul Lake. It might be due to the Salim Ali Lake is situated in central part of city while the Harsul Lake is situated at outskirt of the city. The spatial analysis carried out and Watershed delineation and land use land cover map were prepared using ArcGIS 10.8 software. Shuttle Radar Topography Mission – Digital Elevation Model data were utilized for preparing the watershed delineation map and Sentinel – 2 satellite imagery were used for the land use land cover classification of watershed. The present study helps policymakers to understand the current state of lake, allowing them to develop new policies accordingly. The water quality index emphasizes the urgent need of implementing pollution controlling strategies to stop further disintegration of the both the lakes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145760840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Tectonic significance of meso-microscopic porphyritic granitic structures along Phulad shear zone, Rajasthan, NW India 印度拉贾斯坦邦Phulad剪切带细观斑状花岗岩构造的构造意义

Evolving Earth

Pub Date : 2025-12-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.eve.2025.100096

Alip Roy , Sadhana M. Chatterjee , Ayan Kumar Sarkar , Anirban Manna

The Phulad Shear Zone (PSZ) in northwestern India is a major crustal-scale transpressional structure striking NE-SW, which separates the South Delhi Fold Belt (SDFB) to the east from the Marwar Craton to the west. Although several porphyritic granites, traditionally called “Erinpura Granite,” are reported adjacent to the PSZ, their relationship to deformation and tectonic events remains debated. This study combines detailed field observations, mesoscopic and microscopic structural analyses, and Fractal Dimension Analysis (FDA) to clarify the tectonic evolution of the granites near the PSZ. Two distinct granitic bodies are identified: (i) the Megacrystic Granite (MG) to the west and (ii) the Phulad Granite (PG) within and near the PSZ. The MG preserves an early foliation (S1_MG) that predates PSZ shearing and shows signs of being fully crystallized and tectonically rigid during PSZ deformation. These features, along with existing geochronological data, suggest that the MG is a pre-tectonic granite forming part of the stable footwall of the Marwar Craton. Conversely, the PG displays both magmatic and solid-state foliations aligned with the mylonitic fabric of the PSZ, indicating syn-tectonic emplacement during shearing (820-810 Ma). FDA findings support the variation in strain intensity and deformation conditions between these two granite units. Overall, the results show that suturing along the PSZ occurs after the emplacement of MG and that PG was emplaced during active transpressional deformation. Therefore, MG serves as a pre-tectonic granite associated with the Marwar Craton, while PG is a syn-tectonic granite linked to the PSZ suturing event.

印度西北部的普拉德剪切带（PSZ）是一条北东-西向的重要的地壳尺度的反扭构造，东隔南德里褶皱带（SDFB），西隔马尔瓦尔克拉通（Marwar克拉通）。尽管在PSZ附近发现了几种斑岩花岗岩，传统上称为“Erinpura花岗岩”，但它们与变形和构造事件的关系仍存在争议。本研究结合详细的野外观测、细观和微观构造分析以及分形维数分析（FDA）来阐明PSZ附近花岗岩的构造演化。确定了两个不同的花岗岩体：(i)西部的巨型花岗岩（MG）和（ii） PSZ内及其附近的Phulad花岗岩（PG）。MG保留了早于PSZ剪切的早期片理（S1MG），并在PSZ变形期间显示出完全结晶和构造刚性的迹象。这些特征，连同现有的地质年代学数据，表明MG是一个构造前的花岗岩，形成了马尔瓦尔克拉通稳定下盘的一部分。相反，PG显示岩浆和固态片理与PSZ糜棱岩结构排列一致，表明剪切（820-810 Ma）期间的同构造侵位。FDA的调查结果支持这两个花岗岩单元之间应变强度和变形条件的变化。总的来说，结果表明沿PSZ方向的缝合发生在MG植入之后，PG是在主动跨压变形期间植入的。MG为与马尔瓦尔克拉通有关的构造前花岗岩，PG为与PSZ缝合事件有关的同构造花岗岩。

{"title":"Tectonic significance of meso-microscopic porphyritic granitic structures along Phulad shear zone, Rajasthan, NW India","authors":"Alip Roy , Sadhana M. Chatterjee , Ayan Kumar Sarkar , Anirban Manna","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2025.100096","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2025.100096","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Phulad Shear Zone (PSZ) in northwestern India is a major crustal-scale transpressional structure striking NE-SW, which separates the South Delhi Fold Belt (SDFB) to the east from the Marwar Craton to the west. Although several porphyritic granites, traditionally called “Erinpura Granite,” are reported adjacent to the PSZ, their relationship to deformation and tectonic events remains debated. This study combines detailed field observations, mesoscopic and microscopic structural analyses, and Fractal Dimension Analysis (FDA) to clarify the tectonic evolution of the granites near the PSZ. Two distinct granitic bodies are identified: (<em>i</em>) the Megacrystic Granite (MG) to the west and (<em>ii</em>) the Phulad Granite (PG) within and near the PSZ. The MG preserves an early foliation (S1<sub>MG</sub>) that predates PSZ shearing and shows signs of being fully crystallized and tectonically rigid during PSZ deformation. These features, along with existing geochronological data, suggest that the MG is a pre-tectonic granite forming part of the stable footwall of the Marwar Craton. Conversely, the PG displays both magmatic and solid-state foliations aligned with the mylonitic fabric of the PSZ, indicating syn-tectonic emplacement during shearing (820-810 Ma). FDA findings support the variation in strain intensity and deformation conditions between these two granite units. Overall, the results show that suturing along the PSZ occurs after the emplacement of MG and that PG was emplaced during active transpressional deformation. Therefore, MG serves as a pre-tectonic granite associated with the Marwar Craton, while PG is a syn-tectonic granite linked to the PSZ suturing event.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100096"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145841676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Chaotic behaviour of the Earth System in the Anthropocene 人类世地球系统的混沌行为

Evolving Earth

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eve.2025.100060

A.E. Bernardini , O. Bertolami , F. Francisco

It is shown that the Earth System (ES) can, due to the impact of human activities, behave in a chaotic fashion. Our arguments are based on the assumption that the ES can be described by a Landau–Ginzburg model, which on its own allows for predicting that the ES evolves, through regular trajectories in the phase space, towards a Hothouse Earth scenario for a finite amount of human-driven impact. Furthermore, we find that the equilibrium point for temperature fluctuations can exhibit bifurcations and a chaotic pattern if the human impact follows a logistic map. Our final analysis includes interactions between different terms of the planetary boundaries (PB) in order to gauge the predictability of our model.

研究表明，由于人类活动的影响，地球系统（ES）可以以混沌的方式运行。我们的论点是基于这样一个假设，即ES可以用朗道-金兹堡模型来描述，该模型本身就可以预测ES的演变，通过相空间中的规则轨迹，在有限数量的人类驱动的影响下，向温室地球的方向发展。此外，我们发现，如果人类的影响遵循逻辑映射，温度波动的平衡点会出现分岔和混沌模式。我们的最终分析包括行星边界（PB）不同项之间的相互作用，以衡量我们模型的可预测性。

引用次数: 0

Glacial-interglacial and millennial-scale changes in terrigenous supply and ocean circulation in the western South Atlantic 南大西洋西部冰期-间冰期和千年尺度的陆源供应和海洋环流变化

Evolving Earth

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eve.2025.100066

Igor M. Venancio , João M. Ballalai , Douglas V.O. Lessa , Thiago S. Figueiredo , Raissa Tayt-Sohn , Marianna C. Motta , Aurélio F. Silva , Nathalia O. de Lima , Beatriz C.O.D.S.S. da Silva , Rut Díaz , Manuel Moreira , Anderson G. de Almeida , Ana Luiza S. Albuquerque

Oceanic circulation changes play a fundamental role in shaping past climate variability in northeastern Brazil, influencing precipitation patterns and sediment transport on glacial-interglacial and millennial timescales. However, the extent to which these processes vary across different water depths and their geochemical imprints in marine sediments remain poorly constrained. Here, we present multiproxy geochemical records from three sediment cores in the Sergipe Basin, located off northeastern Brazil, spanning the last 45,000 years. Variations in Fe/Ca, Zr/Rb, TOC, CaCO₃, and sulfur content reveal distinct glacial-interglacial shifts, with enhanced terrigenous input and reduced carbonate deposition during glacials, likely linked to lower sea level and changes in ocean circulation. Millennial-scale fluctuations in sulfur and Zr/Rb suggest variations in deep-water ventilation and bottom-current speed. These results provide new insights into the regional paleoceanographic evolution of the western South Atlantic and reinforce mechanisms driving sedimentary responses to past climate variability.

海洋环流变化在塑造巴西东北部过去的气候变率中发挥了基本作用，影响了冰期-间冰期和千年时间尺度上的降水模式和沉积物输运。然而，这些过程在不同水深的变化程度及其在海洋沉积物中的地球化学印记仍然知之甚少。在这里，我们展示了来自巴西东北部Sergipe盆地三个沉积物岩心的多代理地球化学记录，这些岩心跨越了过去的45,000年。Fe/Ca、Zr/Rb、TOC、CaCO3和硫含量的变化显示出明显的冰期-间冰期变化，冰期陆源输入增强，碳酸盐沉积减少，可能与海平面下降和海洋环流变化有关。硫和Zr/Rb在千年尺度上的波动表明深水通风和底流速度的变化。这些结果为南大西洋西部区域古海洋学演化提供了新的见解，并强化了驱动沉积响应过去气候变率的机制。

{"title":"Glacial-interglacial and millennial-scale changes in terrigenous supply and ocean circulation in the western South Atlantic","authors":"Igor M. Venancio , João M. Ballalai , Douglas V.O. Lessa , Thiago S. Figueiredo , Raissa Tayt-Sohn , Marianna C. Motta , Aurélio F. Silva , Nathalia O. de Lima , Beatriz C.O.D.S.S. da Silva , Rut Díaz , Manuel Moreira , Anderson G. de Almeida , Ana Luiza S. Albuquerque","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2025.100066","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2025.100066","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Oceanic circulation changes play a fundamental role in shaping past climate variability in northeastern Brazil, influencing precipitation patterns and sediment transport on glacial-interglacial and millennial timescales. However, the extent to which these processes vary across different water depths and their geochemical imprints in marine sediments remain poorly constrained. Here, we present multiproxy geochemical records from three sediment cores in the Sergipe Basin, located off northeastern Brazil, spanning the last 45,000 years. Variations in Fe/Ca, Zr/Rb, TOC, CaCO<sub>3</sub>, and sulfur content reveal distinct glacial-interglacial shifts, with enhanced terrigenous input and reduced carbonate deposition during glacials, likely linked to lower sea level and changes in ocean circulation. Millennial-scale fluctuations in sulfur and Zr/Rb suggest variations in deep-water ventilation and bottom-current speed. These results provide new insights into the regional paleoceanographic evolution of the western South Atlantic and reinforce mechanisms driving sedimentary responses to past climate variability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100066"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143808342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Unravelling paleoenvironmental dynamics across the cretaceous-paleogene (K-Pg) boundary in the offshore Mannar Basin of the Northern Indian Ocean 北印度洋曼纳尔近海盆地白垩纪-古近纪（K-Pg）边界的古环境动力学揭示

Evolving Earth

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eve.2025.100062

S.S. Nawarathna , P.L. Dharmapriya , A.U. Wijenayake , E.K.C.W. Kularathna

Reconstructing the sedimentary environment and comprehension of the process of mineral enrichment rely significantly on lithofacies, which can be considered a proxy for the paleoenvironment. This study investigates the lithostratigraphic characteristics of the Late Cretaceous to Early Paleocene period, spanning the pivotal Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary, in the Mannar Basin. Utilizing 25 drill cutting samples from the Dorado exploration well at intervals of 10 m, ranging from 2800 m to 3040 m in depth, various lithofacies were identified using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), polarizing microscope, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Petrographic examinations revealed a diverse mineral arrangement, ranging from very fine to coarse-grained textures. Dominant minerals identified through XRD analysis include Quartz, Feldspar, Carbonate, and various clay minerals, facilitating shale classification. Five distinct lithofacies were delineated, encompassing calcareous, clayey, calcareous siliceous mixed, calcareous clayey mixed shales, and siliceous rocks. Noteworthy mineralogical compositions include abundant kaolinite, chlorite, and hematite minerals in the Maastrichtian succession, transitioning to montmorillonite, illite, and pyrite dominance in the Early Maastrichtian succession. Through clay mineralogy, this study discerns significant shifts in paleoenvironmental conditions, ranging from anoxic, arid to semi-arid climates during the Campanian to warm/wet, oxidizing environments during Maastrichtian, and finally to arid/semi-arid conditions during the early Paleocene. Additionally, evidence of early burial diagenesis and Late Maastrichtian sea-level regression is identified, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of environmental dynamics during this critical geological period in the Mannar Basin in the Equatorial Margin of the Northern Indian Ocean.

沉积环境的重建和矿物富集过程的认识在很大程度上依赖于岩相，岩相可以被认为是古环境的代表。本文研究了马纳尔盆地晚白垩世至早古新世的岩石地层特征，跨越了关键的白垩纪-古近纪（K-Pg）边界。利用Dorado探井在2800m至3040m深度的10 m区间内的25个钻切样品，利用扫描电镜（SEM）、偏光显微镜（polarmicroscope）和x射线衍射（XRD）分析确定了不同的岩相。岩石学检查显示矿物排列多样，从极细到粗粒结构。通过XRD分析确定的优势矿物包括石英、长石、碳酸盐和各种粘土矿物，有助于页岩分类。圈定了5种不同的岩相：钙质岩相、粘土岩相、钙质-硅质混合岩相、钙质-粘土混合页岩相和硅质岩相。值得注意的矿物组成包括丰富的高岭石、绿泥石和赤铁矿矿物，在马斯特里赫特演替早期过渡到蒙脱石、伊利石和黄铁矿为主。通过粘土矿物学研究，发现了古环境条件的显著变化，从坎帕尼亚期的缺氧、干旱到半干旱气候，到马斯特里赫特期的温暖/潮湿、氧化环境，再到古新世早期的干旱/半干旱环境。此外，还发现了早期埋藏成岩作用和马斯垂克晚期海平面回归的证据，有助于全面了解北印度洋赤道边缘马纳尔盆地这一关键地质时期的环境动力学。

{"title":"Unravelling paleoenvironmental dynamics across the cretaceous-paleogene (K-Pg) boundary in the offshore Mannar Basin of the Northern Indian Ocean","authors":"S.S. Nawarathna , P.L. Dharmapriya , A.U. Wijenayake , E.K.C.W. Kularathna","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2025.100062","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2025.100062","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reconstructing the sedimentary environment and comprehension of the process of mineral enrichment rely significantly on lithofacies, which can be considered a proxy for the paleoenvironment. This study investigates the lithostratigraphic characteristics of the Late Cretaceous to Early Paleocene period, spanning the pivotal Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary, in the Mannar Basin. Utilizing 25 drill cutting samples from the Dorado exploration well at intervals of 10 m, ranging from 2800 m to 3040 m in depth, various lithofacies were identified using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), polarizing microscope, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Petrographic examinations revealed a diverse mineral arrangement, ranging from very fine to coarse-grained textures. Dominant minerals identified through XRD analysis include Quartz, Feldspar, Carbonate, and various clay minerals, facilitating shale classification. Five distinct lithofacies were delineated, encompassing calcareous, clayey, calcareous siliceous mixed, calcareous clayey mixed shales, and siliceous rocks. Noteworthy mineralogical compositions include abundant kaolinite, chlorite, and hematite minerals in the Maastrichtian succession, transitioning to montmorillonite, illite, and pyrite dominance in the Early Maastrichtian succession. Through clay mineralogy, this study discerns significant shifts in paleoenvironmental conditions, ranging from anoxic, arid to semi-arid climates during the Campanian to warm/wet, oxidizing environments during Maastrichtian, and finally to arid/semi-arid conditions during the early Paleocene. Additionally, evidence of early burial diagenesis and Late Maastrichtian sea-level regression is identified, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of environmental dynamics during this critical geological period in the Mannar Basin in the Equatorial Margin of the Northern Indian Ocean.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100062"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143427852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Magnetostratigraphic perspectives and palaeoenvironmental implications of Deccan volcano-sedimentary succession within the Malwa subprovince, Central India 印度中部马尔瓦省德干火山-沉积演替的磁地层透视及其古环境意义

Evolving Earth

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eve.2025.100061

Sarvendra Pratap Singh , Mohammad Arif , Arvind Kumar Singh , Shreya Mishra , Vivesh Vir Kapur , Vandana Prasad , Mamilla Venkateshwarlu , Amiya Shankar Naik

The present study examines a composite section representing four basaltic and three intertrappean successions at Gujri locality, Malwa subprovince, Central India. An integrated palaeomagnetic, sedimentological, mineralogical, and palaeontological approach has been utilized to understand the palaeoenvironmental changes in a stratigraphic context. The palaeomagnetic results reveal the presence of C30n/C29r and C29r/C29n magnetic reversals providing the C30n-C29r-C29n magnetostratigraphy for the region that spans almost the entire eruption history of the Deccan volcanism. As the Malwa lava flows contain C30n magnetochron, it represents the earliest basalt flows of Deccan volcanism compared to the Western Ghats sequences. Additionally, the record of the younger C29n magnetochron suggests that the Malwa and Mandla lava flows are magnetostratigraphically correlatable and experienced synchronous volcanic activity with the Western Ghats sequences during the main (C29r) and late (C29n) phases of Deccan volcanic eruption. Sedimentological and palaeontological data support that the intertrappean sediments at the Gujri locality were deposited in a dominantly low to moderate-energy freshwater palustrine-lacustrine environment under tropical to sub-tropical humid conditions with seasonal precipitation. However, data from the topmost intertrappean unit at Gujri possibly hints at ‘Mock’ aridity across the C29r/C29n transition.

本研究考察了印度中部马尔瓦省古杰里地区的一个复合剖面，该剖面代表了四个玄武岩和三个圈层间序列。综合运用古地磁、沉积学、矿物学和古生物学的方法，在地层背景下了解古环境的变化。古地磁结果显示C30n/C29r和C29r/C29n磁倒转的存在，为该地区的C30n-C29r-C29n磁地层学提供了几乎跨越整个德干火山喷发史的磁地层学。由于马尔瓦熔岩流含有C30n磁时线，与西高止山脉序列相比，它代表了德干火山活动中最早的玄武岩流。此外，C29n期较年轻的磁时线记录表明，马尔瓦和曼德拉熔岩流与德干火山喷发主期（C29r）和晚期（C29n）的西高止山脉序列具有磁地层相关性，并经历了同步的火山活动。沉积学和古生物学资料表明，古日地区盖层间沉积物主要沉积于热带-亚热带湿润、季节性降水条件下的低-中能量淡水湖湖环境。然而，来自Gujri最上层的夹层单元的数据可能暗示在C29r/C29n过渡期间存在“模拟”干旱。

{"title":"Magnetostratigraphic perspectives and palaeoenvironmental implications of Deccan volcano-sedimentary succession within the Malwa subprovince, Central India","authors":"Sarvendra Pratap Singh , Mohammad Arif , Arvind Kumar Singh , Shreya Mishra , Vivesh Vir Kapur , Vandana Prasad , Mamilla Venkateshwarlu , Amiya Shankar Naik","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2025.100061","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2025.100061","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study examines a composite section representing four basaltic and three intertrappean successions at Gujri locality, Malwa subprovince, Central India. An integrated palaeomagnetic, sedimentological, mineralogical, and palaeontological approach has been utilized to understand the palaeoenvironmental changes in a stratigraphic context. The palaeomagnetic results reveal the presence of C30n/C29r and C29r/C29n magnetic reversals providing the C30n-C29r-C29n magnetostratigraphy for the region that spans almost the entire eruption history of the Deccan volcanism. As the Malwa lava flows contain C30n magnetochron, it represents the earliest basalt flows of Deccan volcanism compared to the Western Ghats sequences. Additionally, the record of the younger C29n magnetochron suggests that the Malwa and Mandla lava flows are magnetostratigraphically correlatable and experienced synchronous volcanic activity with the Western Ghats sequences during the main (C29r) and late (C29n) phases of Deccan volcanic eruption. Sedimentological and palaeontological data support that the intertrappean sediments at the Gujri locality were deposited in a dominantly low to moderate-energy freshwater palustrine-lacustrine environment under tropical to sub-tropical humid conditions with seasonal precipitation. However, data from the topmost intertrappean unit at Gujri possibly hints at ‘Mock’ aridity across the C29r/C29n transition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100061"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143437555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0