Evolving Earth最新文献

{"title":"Impacts of flooding on agricultural practices in Bunkure Local Government Area, Kano State, Nigeria","authors":"Inuwa Sani Sani,&nbsp;Adi Wibowo","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2026.100110","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2026.100110","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flooding has become one of the key environmental issues that have impacted agricultural productivity in northern Nigeria. This study examines the impacts of recurrent flooding on agricultural practices in Bunkure Local Government Area, Kano State, integrating multi-year satellite-derived Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) analysis, Digital Elevation Model (DEM) terrain assessment, and household survey data. The LULC classifications (2019–2023) based on Landsat data show the presence of considerable Spatio temporal changes in agricultural land, vegetation, bare land and water bodies, which are highly affected by seasonal floods. Terrain analysis also indicates that hydromorphic lowlands in the southern and central parts of the LGA are highly prone to inundation, resulting in prolonged waterlogging of farmlands. The outcomes of the surveys conducted on 346 farmers affirm the prevalence of the effects such as delayed growth of crops, untimely death of crops, changed planting time and low quality of harvests. The findings align with recent studies showing increasing flood frequency and rainfall intensity across northern Nigeria linked to climate variability. In general, flooding has led to massive loss of crops, soil erosion and economic distress particularly to smallholders and vulnerable farmers. The combined spatial and socio-economic analysis indicates evidence that there are changes in the agricultural land availability and productivity in response to the annual floods. The research recommends that flood resistant crop varieties, better drainage systems, and land-use planning should be adopted in minimizing the exposure of farmlands to flooding. Enhancing the early warning system and incorporating local knowledge in line with the contemporary farming practices will boost resiliency in the communities. The study provides context-related observations to enable policy intervention in the case of sustainable agricultural and disaster-risk management in flood-prone rural LGAs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heavy metal contamination in water and sediment of a tropical urbanizing landscape: Insights from Akkulam–Veli Lake, southwest coast, India","authors":"Arsha ,&nbsp;Pooja Pradeep ,&nbsp;S.G. Dhanil Dev ,&nbsp;E. Shaji ,&nbsp;P.K. Krishna Prasad ,&nbsp;S. Swetha ,&nbsp;S. Arya ,&nbsp;V. Deepchand ,&nbsp;Mohammed Noohu Nazeer","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2026.100112","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2026.100112","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A comprehensive hydrogeological investigation was conducted to evaluate heavy metal contamination in water and sediments of the Akkulam–Veli Lake system, a rapidly urbanizing coastal landscape in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, southwest India. Decadal land use/land cover (LULC) analysis (2014–2023) over a 7.05 km² area revealed extensive urban expansion, with built-up areas increasing sharply at the expense of vegetation and wetlands, reflecting intense anthropogenic pressure. Water and sediment samples were analyzed for physicochemical parameters and heavy metals using Microwave Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, integrated with GIS-based spatial analysis. Sediments exhibited elevated concentrations of Zn (up to 285 mg/kg), Ni (113 mg/kg), Cu (74 mg/kg), Pb (66–260 mg/kg), Cd (1.14–8.21 mg/kg), Fe (255–1755 mg/kg), and Cr (86–241 mg/kg), with lead exceeding permissible limits by up to 6.5 times. Water samples showed Zn concentrations up to 5.6 mg/L, Cd up to 0.24 mg/L, Fe up to 0.37 mg/L, and Cr up to 0.09 mg/L, frequently surpassing drinking-water standards. Pollution indices identified severe contamination hotspots near Parvathy Puthanaar and Kochuveli, closely associated with unplanned urban development, dredging activities, and untreated effluent discharge. Comparison with earlier studies (2012–2014) indicates a marked escalation in heavy metal concentrations, particularly Pb, Cd, and Cr, highlighting intensifying anthropogenic influence. The findings underscore the need for continuous monitoring, stricter regulation of urban discharges, and future studies integrating seasonal variability, contaminant source apportionment, and ecological risk assessment to support sustainable management of tropical urban lake systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating size-asymmetric feeding among tyrannosaurids using tooth marks on a metatarsal from the Judith River Formation, Montana, USA","authors":"Josephine Nielsen ,&nbsp;Denver Fowler ,&nbsp;Taia Wyenberg-Henzler ,&nbsp;Aase Roland Jacobsen ,&nbsp;Christof Pearce","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2026.100107","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2026.100107","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Judith River Formation in Montana, USA, is a key Campanian-aged sedimentary package, with a rich fossil assemblage, including multiple tyrannosaurid taxa. This study documents BDM 124, a partial left metatarsal II exhibiting multiple tooth marks consistent with tyrannosaurid feeding activity. Using the Category-Modifier (CM) classification system and high-resolution 3D surface scanning, 16 distinct marks were systematically characterized. Morphometric analyses and Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) revealed grouping patterns suggestive of size-asymmetric feeding behavior. The small size and spacing of the marks indicate that they were produced by a small tyrannosaurid, most likely scavenging on the carcass of a significantly larger conspecific or closely related taxon. The absence of healing, mark placement on the metatarsal, and their morphology collectively suggest late-stage carcass consumption. The study contributes a new data point to our understanding of trophic dynamics and interactions among Late Cretaceous tyrannosaurids, highlighting the value of systematic methodologies for interpreting tooth marks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146189000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Source terranes, humid-weathering diagenesis, and fluvial deposition in the cretaceous Garoua Basin: Implications for correlation with the upper Benue (Bima) system","authors":"Hermann Nyochembeng Akateh ,&nbsp;Olugbenga A. Boboye ,&nbsp;Edwin Ayuk Ndip ,&nbsp;Shivanjali Sharma ,&nbsp;Darshan Halari ,&nbsp;Andre Mbabi Bitchong ,&nbsp;Raoul Gake Belle","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2026.100109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2026.100109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Cretaceous Garoua Rift Basin, an eastern extension of the Upper Benue Basin in West Africa, preserves a fluvial succession essential for understanding the syn-rift sediment deposition of the West and Central African Rift System (WCARS). This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the clastic fill of the basin, combining grain size statistics, thin section petrology, heavy-mineral analysis, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy to elucidate the provenance, diagenesis, and depositional processes. The results reveal that the sediments consist primarily of medium-to coarse-grained, moderately to moderately well-sorted, arkose to subarkose, characterized by approximately leptokurtic and near-symmetrical grain size distributions. These textural attributes indicate deposition by bedload-dominated, braided to low-sinuosity fluvial systems under high-energy conditions. The signatures of provenance, characterised by a framework dominated by quartz, feldspar and a group of heavy minerals abundant in zircon, tourmaline and rutile (ZTR) alongside prominent garnet and staurolite (GZi = 23–59 %), clearly indicate a source from nearly granitoid and gneissic basement rock throughout Pan-African. Diagenesis was primarily influenced by humid-weathering processes, as evidenced by the high kaolinite content of feldspar (up to 43 wt%) and widespread hematite cementation, which together governed the development of the reservoir quality. The striking similarity in composition, texture, and diagenetic overprint between the Garoua Succession and the upper Bima Member of the Nigerian Benue Trough confirm their stratigraphic equivalence. This correlation defines a coherent Cretaceous river system within the Yola-Garoua rift arm, providing an improved model for source-to-basin dynamics and reservoir characterisation in humid climate rift basins.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing paleoclimate reconstructions in the late Aptian North-Northeast Brazil using clay mineralogy","authors":"Victor Matheus Joaquim Salgado-Campos ,&nbsp;Luiz Carlos Bertolino ,&nbsp;Leonardo Borghi ,&nbsp;Aristóteles de Moraes Rios-Netto ,&nbsp;Bruno Cesar Araújo ,&nbsp;Danielle Cardoso de Souza ,&nbsp;Laís de Oliveira Ferreira ,&nbsp;Fabia Emanuela Rafaloski Bobco ,&nbsp;Jéssica de Souza Gabi Barcellos ,&nbsp;Ismar de Souza Carvalho","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2026.100111","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2026.100111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Paleoclimate changes are commonly analyzed on three distinct scales: small-scale (20–500 kyr), linked to Milankovitch cycles; medium-scale events (∼30 Myr), associated with sea-level changes and tectonic activity; and large-scale (∼300 Myr), related to icehouse-greenhouse transitions. Different methods are used in paleoclimatology, with clay mineralogy emerging as a particularly effective tool. This study presents an approach to understanding late Aptian paleoclimate variations in North-Northeastern Brazil using clay mineralogy. To achieve this, fifty-two mudrock samples from the late Aptian Codó and Itapecuru formations were analyzed in the Parnaíba Basin (Northeastern Brazil) using clay and bulk mineralogy, major element chemical analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. These new data were integrated with a compiled dataset and evaluated using climofunctions to reconstruct paleoprecipitation and paleotemperature conditions, which were subsequently compared with patterns observed in modern lacustrine environments. Three paleoclimate stages were identified in North-Northeastern Brazil during the late Aptian, characterized by four distinct clay mineral assemblages. From the older to the younger stages, the first one indicates paleoprecipitation values ranging from 800 to 1000 mm/yr and paleotemperatures of approximately 15 °C. The second stage indicates paleoprecipitation values of up to 200 mm/yr and paleotemperature values of approximately 22 °C. The third stage suggests paleoprecipitation values between 600 and 800 mm/yr and paleotemperature conditions of approximately 20 °C. These paleoclimate stages indicate an aridification followed by a humidification process during the late Aptian in North-Northeastern Brazil. The latter humidification is likely linked to the Gondwana break-up and the potential onset of Oceanic Anoxic Event 1b, which marks the transition from the Aptian to the Albian. This study contributes to the use of clay minerals in reconstructing past climates and enhances our understanding of late Aptian climate changes in North-Northeastern Brazil.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbiome dynamics following coral transplantation and nursery culture in the Brazilian reef builder Mussismilia harttii","authors":"Tooba Varasteh ,&nbsp;Reza Amir Ahmadi ,&nbsp;Michele S. Lima ,&nbsp;Georgia C. Atella ,&nbsp;Claudia Omachi ,&nbsp;Ana Carolina Vicente ,&nbsp;Camila S. Oliveira ,&nbsp;Carlos D. Pérez ,&nbsp;Cristiane C. Thompson ,&nbsp;Paula B. Gomes ,&nbsp;Fabiano L. Thompson","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2026.100106","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2026.100106","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coral reefs, vital ecosystems that support diverse marine life, are increasingly facing threats from anthropogenic activities and environmental changes. In this study, we analyzed the site-specific effects of coral translocation on coral holobiont microbiomes. Polyps of <em>Mussismilia harttii</em> were transplanted from one reef location (Japaratinga, Alagoas, Brazil; JP) to another (Porto de Galinhas, Pernambuco; PG) 95.6 km away. JP is characterized by higher coral abundance and larger colony size indices than PG. Because the study design includes only two geographically distinct sites, interpretations are restricted to these locations. This study tested the hypothesis that donor-reef origin influences site- and time-associated longitudinal microbiome trajectories. The microbiome of transplanted JP corals differed after 1 month at PG, consistent with short-term compositional adjustment to local conditions rather than an inference of physiological stress; alpha-diversity differences were also detected and are reported descriptively without attributing environmental causation. After this period, transplanted corals demonstrated an increase in putative symbiont-associated genera (e.g., <em>Ruegeria</em>, <em>Labrenzia</em>, and <em>Paracoccus</em>) according to 16S rRNA amplicon analysis with multiple-comparison control (q &lt; 0.05). The PG seawater showed an enrichment of taxa commonly associated with nutrient-enriched or impacted coastal waters (e.g., <em>Nitrospira, Desulfovibrio, Escherichia</em>, and <em>Arcobacter</em>), providing environmental context for the distinct coral-associated microbiome patterns observed at this site. At 15 months, microbiomes of transplanted JP corals were more similar to JP controls than to PG controls. These results suggest a partial, site-specific donor-origin microbiome signature and support incorporating longitudinal microbiome monitoring into translocation assessments for restoration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early Danian paleotemperature records from Neuquén Basin-Argentina: Applications of the ostracod Sr/Ca paleothermometer","authors":"Marlone H.H. Bom ,&nbsp;Karlos G.D. Kochhann ,&nbsp;Rodrigo do Monte Guerra ,&nbsp;Daiane Ceolin ,&nbsp;Guilherme Krahl ,&nbsp;Luciana R.C. Duarte ,&nbsp;Mírian L.A.F. Pacheco ,&nbsp;Thorsten Bauersachs ,&nbsp;Luiz Frederico Rodrigues ,&nbsp;Flavia Callefo ,&nbsp;Franciele Agnesa Trentin ,&nbsp;Douglas Galante ,&nbsp;Telma Musso ,&nbsp;Lorenz Schwark ,&nbsp;Andrea Concheyro ,&nbsp;Gerson Fauth","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2026.100113","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2026.100113","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The early Danian is marked by a recovery in marine and terrestrial ecosystems after the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction. Both sea surface temperature (SST) and bottom water temperature (BWT) reconstructions are essential for a better understanding of paleoclimatic developments occurring at this critical time interval. Paleotemperature reconstructions based on ostracods are an excellent alternative for studies in regions where benthic foraminifera are scarce or absent. In this context, we present a paleotemperature reconstruction of the Cerro Azul Section, Neuquén Basin, Argentina, based on the ostracod <em>Henryhowella</em> (Wichmannella) <em>meridionalis</em> (Bertels, 1974). Trace element/calcium ratios (El/Ca) were determined on well preserved specimens using two different analytical techniques: (i) oxidative cleaning followed by acid digestion (measured with ICP OES), and (ii) laser ablation (measured with LA-ICP-MS). Our results show that El/Ca ratios of ornamented species are more effectively quantified using acid digestion. Although some intervals show high values of the Al/Ca ratio, which could suggest the presence of remaining clay and/or organic contaminants. Low values of both Fe/Ca and Mn/Ca ratios indicate efficient cleaning regarding oxyhydroxides. As the incorporation of Mg and Sr into inorganic calcite is a thermodynamic process, we mapped the distribution of both trace elements on ostracod valves in nanoscale using Synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence (nannoXRF). Our results show that Sr/Ca has a negligible correlation with Al/Ca, and Sr appears to be more homogeneously distributed compared to Mg in <em>Henryhowella</em> (Wichmannella) <em>meridionalis</em> valves. Therefore, we opted to apply the Sr/Ca ratio as a paleothermometer in the studied Danian ostracods, consisting in the first ostracod-based BWT record for the Paleogene. Our results indicate stable BWT values throughout the studied interval at the Cerro Azul Section, ranging between 5.1 and 8.8 °C (oxidative cleaning), and 7 to 13 °C (laser ablation). BWTs show the expected offset (colder temperatures) to TEX^H₈₆ and stable oxygen isotope (δ¹⁸O)-derived SSTs, which ranged from 28.3 to 31.8 °C, with TEX^H₈₆ depicting a 2.5 °C warming between calcareous nannofossil zones AP0 and AP1a. The present study demonstrates the potential of using the elemental composition of ostracod valves as a new tool for reconstructing past deep ocean temperature variations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146188930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flood susceptibility mapping in the tropical river basinof central Kerala, India, using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and geospatial techniques","authors":"Ajayakumar Appukuttan ,&nbsp;Kavya S. Kutty ,&nbsp;Rajesh Reghunath ,&nbsp;Vineetha P","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2026.100105","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2026.100105","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Floods remain one of the most severe hydro-meteorological hazards globally, often exacerbated by rapid land-use change, geomorphic alterations, and intense rainfall in tropical regions. The Karuvannur River Basin (KRB) in central Kerala, India, has experienced frequent flood events, yet a systematic, geospatially integrated flood susceptibility assessment has been lacking. This study applies the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) coupled with Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques to develop a flood susceptibility map that captures the spatial variability of flood-prone zones based on geomorphological, hydrological, and land surface parameters. A total of nine environmental variables, including slope, drainage density, land use/land cover (LULC), soil texture, and the Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), were derived from SRTM DEM, Landsat 9 OLI, Survey of India toposheets, and ancillary soil data. Model validation was carried out using National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) flood inundation data, and the predictive performance was evaluated using the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. The model achieved a high Area Under the Curve (AUC) value of 0.945, indicating excellent predictive accuracy. The AHP consistency ratio was 0.02, confirming the logical consistency of the assigned weights. The results indicate that approximately 570.38 km² (54.9 % of the basin) fall under high and very high flood susceptibility zones, predominantly in the central and western floodplains. The study provides critical spatial insights for flood risk mitigation, landscape resilience planning, and geomorphologically informed infrastructure development, offering a replicable model for flood-prone tropical river basins.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145927001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness and scalability of coastal nature-based solutions under climate impact drivers: A systematic review","authors":"Pradeep Marula Siddappanavara ,&nbsp;Anushiya Jeganathan ,&nbsp;P Jayashree","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2026.100108","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2026.100108","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nature-based Solutions (NbS) are increasingly promoted to enhance coastal resilience to climate change, yet most evaluations focus on biophysical outcomes while overlooking the project-level processes that influence long-term effectiveness and scalability. This study applies an implementation-based analytical framework to assess how coastal NbS implementation processes engaged with multiple Climate Impact Drivers (CIDs), including sea-level rise, ocean warming, storm intensity, precipitation variability, and ocean acidification.</div><div>A structured qualitative review of 117 coastal NbS studies was conducted, of which 35 were CID-relevant and only 14 contained sufficient process-level information for detailed analysis. Eight key Implementation Components (ICs)—baseline assessment, stakeholder engagement, comparative analysis, economic analysis, performance indicators, monitoring, adaptive management, scalability and replicability—were identified and analysed using Jaccard similarity indices to quantify their co-occurrence. These ICs are related to implementation planning, governance, monitoring, learning, and scalability. The ICs were further mapped to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Global Standard for NbS to evaluate their conceptual alignment with recognised quality criteria.</div><div>Results show that foundational and measurement ICs such as baseline assessment, monitoring, and performance indicators dominate current NbS practice, whereas learning-orientated and enabling processes—particularly comparative analysis, adaptive management, stakeholder engagement, and economic assessment—are weakly integrated. This structural imbalance limits cross-site learning, adaptive capacity, and scalability under interacting climate pressures. NbS interventions exhibiting more complete process architectures demonstrate greater alignment with IUCN criteria related to governance, feasibility, and long-term sustainability.</div><div>The study demonstrates that scalability is an emergent property of implementation-process completeness rather than a function of ecosystem type or intervention outcomes. This study establishes a quantitative-conceptual framework that integrates CIDs, ICs, and NbS Standard, offering a transferable methodology for identifying implementation deficiencies and enhancing the design of resilient, policy-relevant coastal NbS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146188929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Groundwater quality assessments of phreatic and deeper aquifers of the eastern Palghat, Kerala, Southern India","authors":"K.V. Sarath ,&nbsp;E. Shaji ,&nbsp;M. Thirumurugan ,&nbsp;S.G. Dhanil Dev ,&nbsp;G. Indu ,&nbsp;Ashitha ,&nbsp;Keerthana","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2025.100104","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2025.100104","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Identification and management of groundwater quality is crucial for maintaining the resources of over-exploited areas in the rain shadow region of the hard rock aquifer, which is essential for sustainable development. This research aims to identify water quality analysis for drinking and agricultural harvest in the crystalline aquifer, located in the eastern Palghat, Kerala, southern India. A groundwater compatibility study was conducted by analysing in situ parameters, major cations, anions, macronutrients, and fluorine in groundwater. Irrigational water quality parameters like Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), and Kelly's Ratio (KR), Permeability Index (PI) and Magnesium Hazard were obtained from 48 samples, 24 from excavated wells and 24 from tube wells (TW) in the exact location. The Water Quality Index (WQI) and irrigation water quality (IWQ) index are utilised due to their high importance in identifying the quality of water resources for irrigation and drinking purposes. Groundwater is the essential source for domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes in the eastern Palghat, Kerala, southern India. This paper presents geochemical analyses of groundwater collected from phreatic and deeper aquifers of the area. Groundwater quality analyses show a considerable difference in the groundwater chemistry of phreatic and deeper aquifers. Excess fluoride is noted in a few samples. Rainwater harvesting, nanotechnology-based filters and awareness programs are recommended for reliable groundwater management in the study area.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145841677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}