Pub Date : 2023-09-22DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors11100510
Ye Tian, Lili Gao, Abubakar Abdussalam, Guobao Xu
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) refers to kidney damage caused by diabetes and is one of the major microvascular complications of diabetes. This disease has a certain degree of concealment in the early stage, with clinical symptoms appearing later and a higher mortality rate. Therefore, the detection of early biomarkers for DN is of great importance in reducing kidney function damage. The common biomarkers for DN mainly include glomerular and tubular lesion markers. At present, clinical diagnosis often uses a combination of multiple indicators and symptoms, and the development of a simple, efficient, and sensitive multi-marker detection platform is particularly important for the early diagnosis of DN. In recent years, with the vigorous development of various biomimetic molecular recognition technologies, biomimetic recognition biosensors (BRBS) have many advantages, such as easy preparation, low cost, high stability, and repeatability under harsh environmental conditions, and have great application potential in the analysis of DN biomarkers. This article reviews the research progress of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) construction technology and aptamers assembly technology developed in the field of biomimetic sensor research in recent years, as well as the detection of DN biomarkers based on BRBS, and prospects for their development.
{"title":"Research Progress on Bionic Recognition and Biosensors for the Detection of Biomarkers of Diabetic Nephropathy","authors":"Ye Tian, Lili Gao, Abubakar Abdussalam, Guobao Xu","doi":"10.3390/chemosensors11100510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11100510","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetic nephropathy (DN) refers to kidney damage caused by diabetes and is one of the major microvascular complications of diabetes. This disease has a certain degree of concealment in the early stage, with clinical symptoms appearing later and a higher mortality rate. Therefore, the detection of early biomarkers for DN is of great importance in reducing kidney function damage. The common biomarkers for DN mainly include glomerular and tubular lesion markers. At present, clinical diagnosis often uses a combination of multiple indicators and symptoms, and the development of a simple, efficient, and sensitive multi-marker detection platform is particularly important for the early diagnosis of DN. In recent years, with the vigorous development of various biomimetic molecular recognition technologies, biomimetic recognition biosensors (BRBS) have many advantages, such as easy preparation, low cost, high stability, and repeatability under harsh environmental conditions, and have great application potential in the analysis of DN biomarkers. This article reviews the research progress of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) construction technology and aptamers assembly technology developed in the field of biomimetic sensor research in recent years, as well as the detection of DN biomarkers based on BRBS, and prospects for their development.","PeriodicalId":10057,"journal":{"name":"Chemosensors","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136060829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-21DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors11090509
Minghao Wang, Jing Zhang
Lead pollution poses a serious threat to the natural environment, and a fast and high-sensitivity method is urgently needed. SERS can be used for the detection of Pb2+ ions, which is urgently needed. Based on the SERS spectral reference data set of lead nitride (Pb(NO3)2), a model for detecting Pb2+ was established by using a traditional machine learning algorithm and the GBDT algorithm. Principal component analysis was used to compare the batch effect reduction in different pretreatment methods in order to find the optimal combination of such methods and machine learning models. The combination of LightGBM algorithms successfully identified Pb2+ from cross-batch data, exceeding the 84.6% balanced accuracy of the baseline correction+ radial basis function kernel support vector machine (BC+RBFSVM) model and showing satisfactory results, with a 91.4% balanced accuracy and a 0.9313 area under the ROC curve.
{"title":"Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Pb2+ Ion Detection Based on a Gradient Boosting Decision Tree Algorithm","authors":"Minghao Wang, Jing Zhang","doi":"10.3390/chemosensors11090509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11090509","url":null,"abstract":"Lead pollution poses a serious threat to the natural environment, and a fast and high-sensitivity method is urgently needed. SERS can be used for the detection of Pb2+ ions, which is urgently needed. Based on the SERS spectral reference data set of lead nitride (Pb(NO3)2), a model for detecting Pb2+ was established by using a traditional machine learning algorithm and the GBDT algorithm. Principal component analysis was used to compare the batch effect reduction in different pretreatment methods in order to find the optimal combination of such methods and machine learning models. The combination of LightGBM algorithms successfully identified Pb2+ from cross-batch data, exceeding the 84.6% balanced accuracy of the baseline correction+ radial basis function kernel support vector machine (BC+RBFSVM) model and showing satisfactory results, with a 91.4% balanced accuracy and a 0.9313 area under the ROC curve.","PeriodicalId":10057,"journal":{"name":"Chemosensors","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136235195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-18DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors11090508
Wanyu Xu, Hui Chen, Yang Li, Shuangna Liu, Kemin Wang, Jianbo Liu
Biomolecular channels on the cell membrane are essential for transporting substances across the membrane to maintain cell physiological activity. Artificial transmembrane channels used to mimic biological membrane channels can regulate intra/extracellular ionic and molecular homeostasis, and they elucidate cellular structures and functionalities. Due to their program design, facile preparation, and high biocompatibility, DNA nanostructures have been widely used as scaffolds for the design of artificial transmembrane channels and exploited for ionic and molecular transport and biomedical applications. DNA-based artificial channels can be designed from two structural modules: DNA nanotubes/nanopores as transport modules for mass transportation and hydrophobic segments as anchor modules for membrane immobilization. In this review, various lipophilic modification strategies for the design of DNA channels and membrane insertion are outlined. Several types of DNA transmembrane channels are systematically summarized, including DNA wireframe channels, DNA helix bundle channels, DNA tile channels, DNA origami channels, and so on. We then discuss efforts to exploit them in biosensor and biomedical applications. For example, ligand-gated and environmental stimuli-responsive artificial transmembrane channels have been designed for transmembrane signal transduction. DNA-based artificial channels have been developed for cell mimicry and the regulation of cell behaviors. Finally, we provide some perspectives on the challenges and future developments of artificial transmembrane channel research in biomimetic science and biomedical applications.
{"title":"Design of DNA-Based Artificial Transmembrane Channels for Biosensing and Biomedical Applications","authors":"Wanyu Xu, Hui Chen, Yang Li, Shuangna Liu, Kemin Wang, Jianbo Liu","doi":"10.3390/chemosensors11090508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11090508","url":null,"abstract":"Biomolecular channels on the cell membrane are essential for transporting substances across the membrane to maintain cell physiological activity. Artificial transmembrane channels used to mimic biological membrane channels can regulate intra/extracellular ionic and molecular homeostasis, and they elucidate cellular structures and functionalities. Due to their program design, facile preparation, and high biocompatibility, DNA nanostructures have been widely used as scaffolds for the design of artificial transmembrane channels and exploited for ionic and molecular transport and biomedical applications. DNA-based artificial channels can be designed from two structural modules: DNA nanotubes/nanopores as transport modules for mass transportation and hydrophobic segments as anchor modules for membrane immobilization. In this review, various lipophilic modification strategies for the design of DNA channels and membrane insertion are outlined. Several types of DNA transmembrane channels are systematically summarized, including DNA wireframe channels, DNA helix bundle channels, DNA tile channels, DNA origami channels, and so on. We then discuss efforts to exploit them in biosensor and biomedical applications. For example, ligand-gated and environmental stimuli-responsive artificial transmembrane channels have been designed for transmembrane signal transduction. DNA-based artificial channels have been developed for cell mimicry and the regulation of cell behaviors. Finally, we provide some perspectives on the challenges and future developments of artificial transmembrane channel research in biomimetic science and biomedical applications.","PeriodicalId":10057,"journal":{"name":"Chemosensors","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135207395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To improve the control and detection methods of thiabendazole (TBZ), a fungicide and parasiticide often used in food products, we investigated the performance of the SERS technique applied to frozen blueberry fruits available on the market. TBZ-treated fruit extracts provided a multiplexed SERS feature, where the SERS bands of TBZ could be distinctly recorded among the characteristic anthocyanidins from blueberries. Quantitative SERS of TBZ in a concentration range from 20 µM to 0.2 µM has been achieved in solutions. However, quantitative multiplexed SERS is challenging due to the gradually increasing spectral background of polyphenols from extracts, which covers the TBZ signal with increasing concentration. The strategy proposed here was to employ food bentonite to filter a substantial amount of flavonoids to allow a higher SERS signal-to-background recording and TBZ recognition. Using bentonite, the LOD for SERS analysis of blueberry extracts provided a detection limit of 0.09 µM. From the relative intensity of the specific SERS bands as a function of concentration, we estimated the detection capability of TBZ to be 0.0001 mg/kg in blueberry extracts, which is two orders of magnitude lower than the maximum allowed by current regulations.
{"title":"Surface-Enhance Raman Spectroscopy Detection of Thiabendazole in Frozen Food Products: The Case of Blueberries and Their Extracts","authors":"Csilla Müller Müller Molnár, Camelia Berghian-Groșan, Dana Alina Măgdaș, Simona Cîntă Cîntă Pînzaru","doi":"10.3390/chemosensors11090505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11090505","url":null,"abstract":"To improve the control and detection methods of thiabendazole (TBZ), a fungicide and parasiticide often used in food products, we investigated the performance of the SERS technique applied to frozen blueberry fruits available on the market. TBZ-treated fruit extracts provided a multiplexed SERS feature, where the SERS bands of TBZ could be distinctly recorded among the characteristic anthocyanidins from blueberries. Quantitative SERS of TBZ in a concentration range from 20 µM to 0.2 µM has been achieved in solutions. However, quantitative multiplexed SERS is challenging due to the gradually increasing spectral background of polyphenols from extracts, which covers the TBZ signal with increasing concentration. The strategy proposed here was to employ food bentonite to filter a substantial amount of flavonoids to allow a higher SERS signal-to-background recording and TBZ recognition. Using bentonite, the LOD for SERS analysis of blueberry extracts provided a detection limit of 0.09 µM. From the relative intensity of the specific SERS bands as a function of concentration, we estimated the detection capability of TBZ to be 0.0001 mg/kg in blueberry extracts, which is two orders of magnitude lower than the maximum allowed by current regulations.","PeriodicalId":10057,"journal":{"name":"Chemosensors","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135259408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-17DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors11090507
Claudia Ivone Piñón-Balderrama, César Leyva-Porras, Alain Salvador Conejo-Dávila, Anayansi Estrada-Monje, María Cristina Maldonado-Orozco, Simón Yobanny Reyes-López, Erasto Armando Zaragoza-Contreras
The importance of biomarker quantification in technology cannot be overstated. It has numerous applications in medical diagnostics, drug delivery, and the timely implementation of prevention and control strategies for highly prevalent diseases worldwide. However, the discovery of new tools for detection has become increasingly necessary. One promising avenue is the use of perovskite-based materials, which exhibit excellent catalytic activity and redox properties. These make them ideal candidates for the development of electrochemical sensors. In this review, the advances of purely non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of bio-analytes, with ABO3 perovskite form, are presented. The work allows the visualization of some of the modifications in the composition and crystal lattice of the perovskites and some variations in the assembly of the electrodes, which can result in systems with a better response to the detection of analytes of interest. These findings have significant implications for improving the accuracy and speed of biomarker detection, ultimately benefiting patients and healthcare professionals alike.
{"title":"Electrochemical Perovskite-Based Sensors for the Detection of Relevant Biomarkers for Human Kidney Health","authors":"Claudia Ivone Piñón-Balderrama, César Leyva-Porras, Alain Salvador Conejo-Dávila, Anayansi Estrada-Monje, María Cristina Maldonado-Orozco, Simón Yobanny Reyes-López, Erasto Armando Zaragoza-Contreras","doi":"10.3390/chemosensors11090507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11090507","url":null,"abstract":"The importance of biomarker quantification in technology cannot be overstated. It has numerous applications in medical diagnostics, drug delivery, and the timely implementation of prevention and control strategies for highly prevalent diseases worldwide. However, the discovery of new tools for detection has become increasingly necessary. One promising avenue is the use of perovskite-based materials, which exhibit excellent catalytic activity and redox properties. These make them ideal candidates for the development of electrochemical sensors. In this review, the advances of purely non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of bio-analytes, with ABO3 perovskite form, are presented. The work allows the visualization of some of the modifications in the composition and crystal lattice of the perovskites and some variations in the assembly of the electrodes, which can result in systems with a better response to the detection of analytes of interest. These findings have significant implications for improving the accuracy and speed of biomarker detection, ultimately benefiting patients and healthcare professionals alike.","PeriodicalId":10057,"journal":{"name":"Chemosensors","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135259412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-17DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors11090506
Abbey Knoepfel, Bed Poudel, Sanju Gupta
Nanostructured metal oxide semiconductors have proven to be promising for the gas sensing domain. However, there are challenges associated with the fabrication of high-performance, low-to-room-temperature operation sensors for methane and other gases, including hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and ammonia. The functional properties of these semiconducting oxides can be improved by altering the morphology, crystal size, shape, and topology. Zinc oxide (ZnO) is an attractive option for gas sensing, but the need for elevated operating temperatures has limited its practical use as a commercial gas sensor. In this work, we prepared ZnO nanorod (ZnO-NR) arrays and interconnected tetrapod ZnO (T-ZnO) network sensing platforms as chemiresistive methane sensors on silicon substrates with platinum interdigitated electrodes and systematically characterized their methane sensing response in addition to their structural and physical properties. We also conducted surface modification by photochemical-catalyzed palladium, Pd, and Pd-Ag alloy nanoparticles and compared the uniformly distributed Pd decoration versus arrayed dots. The sensing performance was assessed in terms of target gas response magnitude (RM) and response percentage (R) recorded by changes in electrical resistance upon exposure to varying methane concentration (100–10,000 ppm) under thermal (operating temperatures = 175, 200, 230 °C) and optical (UV A, 365 nm illumination) excitations alongside response/recovery times, and limit of detection quantification. Thin film sensing platforms based on T-ZnO exhibited the highest response at 200 °C (RM = 2.98; R = 66.4%) compared to ZnO-NR thin films at 230 °C (RM = 1.34; R = 25.5%), attributed to the interconnected network and effective bandgap and barrier height reduction of the T-ZnO. The Pd-Ag-catalyzed and Pd dot-catalyzed T-ZnO films had the fastest response and recovery rates at 200 °C and room temperature under UV excitation, due to the localized Pd nanoparticles dots resulting in nano Schottky barrier formation, as opposed to the films coated with uniformly distributed Pd nanoparticles. The experimental findings present morphological differences, identify various mechanistic aspects, and discern chemical pathways for methane sensing.
{"title":"Surface-Catalyzed Zinc Oxide Nanorods and Interconnected Tetrapods as Efficient Methane Gas Sensing Platforms","authors":"Abbey Knoepfel, Bed Poudel, Sanju Gupta","doi":"10.3390/chemosensors11090506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11090506","url":null,"abstract":"Nanostructured metal oxide semiconductors have proven to be promising for the gas sensing domain. However, there are challenges associated with the fabrication of high-performance, low-to-room-temperature operation sensors for methane and other gases, including hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and ammonia. The functional properties of these semiconducting oxides can be improved by altering the morphology, crystal size, shape, and topology. Zinc oxide (ZnO) is an attractive option for gas sensing, but the need for elevated operating temperatures has limited its practical use as a commercial gas sensor. In this work, we prepared ZnO nanorod (ZnO-NR) arrays and interconnected tetrapod ZnO (T-ZnO) network sensing platforms as chemiresistive methane sensors on silicon substrates with platinum interdigitated electrodes and systematically characterized their methane sensing response in addition to their structural and physical properties. We also conducted surface modification by photochemical-catalyzed palladium, Pd, and Pd-Ag alloy nanoparticles and compared the uniformly distributed Pd decoration versus arrayed dots. The sensing performance was assessed in terms of target gas response magnitude (RM) and response percentage (R) recorded by changes in electrical resistance upon exposure to varying methane concentration (100–10,000 ppm) under thermal (operating temperatures = 175, 200, 230 °C) and optical (UV A, 365 nm illumination) excitations alongside response/recovery times, and limit of detection quantification. Thin film sensing platforms based on T-ZnO exhibited the highest response at 200 °C (RM = 2.98; R = 66.4%) compared to ZnO-NR thin films at 230 °C (RM = 1.34; R = 25.5%), attributed to the interconnected network and effective bandgap and barrier height reduction of the T-ZnO. The Pd-Ag-catalyzed and Pd dot-catalyzed T-ZnO films had the fastest response and recovery rates at 200 °C and room temperature under UV excitation, due to the localized Pd nanoparticles dots resulting in nano Schottky barrier formation, as opposed to the films coated with uniformly distributed Pd nanoparticles. The experimental findings present morphological differences, identify various mechanistic aspects, and discern chemical pathways for methane sensing.","PeriodicalId":10057,"journal":{"name":"Chemosensors","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135259418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-16DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors11090504
Xiaogang Lin, Ke Wang, Chunfeng Luo, Mengjie Yang, Jayne Wu
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the main pathological type of liver cancer. Due to its insidious onset and the lack of specific early markers, HCC is often diagnosed at an advanced stage, and the survival rate of patients with partial liver resection is low. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have emerged as valuable biomarkers for HCC detection, with microRNAs (miRNAs) being a particularly relevant class of short ncRNAs. MiRNAs play a crucial role in gene expression regulation and can serve as biomarkers for early HCC detection. However, the detection of miRNAs poses a significant challenge due to their small molecular weight and low abundance. In recent years, biosensors utilizing electrochemical, optical, and electrochemiluminescent strategies have been developed to address the need for simple, rapid, highly specific, and sensitive miRNA detection. This paper reviews the recent advances in miRNA biosensors and discusses in detail the probe types, electrode materials, sensing strategies, linear ranges, and detection limits of the sensors. These studies are expected to enable early intervention and dynamic monitoring of tumor changes in HCC patients to improve their prognosis and survival status.
{"title":"MicroRNA Biosensors for Early Detection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma","authors":"Xiaogang Lin, Ke Wang, Chunfeng Luo, Mengjie Yang, Jayne Wu","doi":"10.3390/chemosensors11090504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11090504","url":null,"abstract":"Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the main pathological type of liver cancer. Due to its insidious onset and the lack of specific early markers, HCC is often diagnosed at an advanced stage, and the survival rate of patients with partial liver resection is low. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have emerged as valuable biomarkers for HCC detection, with microRNAs (miRNAs) being a particularly relevant class of short ncRNAs. MiRNAs play a crucial role in gene expression regulation and can serve as biomarkers for early HCC detection. However, the detection of miRNAs poses a significant challenge due to their small molecular weight and low abundance. In recent years, biosensors utilizing electrochemical, optical, and electrochemiluminescent strategies have been developed to address the need for simple, rapid, highly specific, and sensitive miRNA detection. This paper reviews the recent advances in miRNA biosensors and discusses in detail the probe types, electrode materials, sensing strategies, linear ranges, and detection limits of the sensors. These studies are expected to enable early intervention and dynamic monitoring of tumor changes in HCC patients to improve their prognosis and survival status.","PeriodicalId":10057,"journal":{"name":"Chemosensors","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135308419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-15DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors11090503
Rossella Santonocito, Mario Spina, Roberta Puglisi, Andrea Pappalardo, Nunzio Tuccitto, Giuseppe Trusso Sfrazzetto
Detection of nerve agents (NAs) gas in the environment through portable devices to protect people in case of emergencies still remains a challenge for scientists involved in this research field. Current detection strategies require the use of cumbersome, expensive equipment that is only accessible to specialized personnel. By contrast, emerging optical detection is one of the most promising strategies for the development of reliable, easy readout devices. However, the selectivity of the existing optical sensors needs to be improved. To overcome the lack of selectivity, the innovative strategy of the optical arrays is under evaluation due to the specific response, the ease of preparation, the portability of the equipment, and the possibility to use affordable detectors, such as smartphones, that are easily accessible to non-specialized operators. In this work, the first optical-based sensor array for the selective detection of gaseous dimethylmethylphosphonate (DMMP), a NAs simulant, is reported, employing a simple smartphone as a detector and obtaining remarkably efficient and selective detection.
{"title":"Detection of a Nerve Agent Simulant by a Fluorescent Sensor Array","authors":"Rossella Santonocito, Mario Spina, Roberta Puglisi, Andrea Pappalardo, Nunzio Tuccitto, Giuseppe Trusso Sfrazzetto","doi":"10.3390/chemosensors11090503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11090503","url":null,"abstract":"Detection of nerve agents (NAs) gas in the environment through portable devices to protect people in case of emergencies still remains a challenge for scientists involved in this research field. Current detection strategies require the use of cumbersome, expensive equipment that is only accessible to specialized personnel. By contrast, emerging optical detection is one of the most promising strategies for the development of reliable, easy readout devices. However, the selectivity of the existing optical sensors needs to be improved. To overcome the lack of selectivity, the innovative strategy of the optical arrays is under evaluation due to the specific response, the ease of preparation, the portability of the equipment, and the possibility to use affordable detectors, such as smartphones, that are easily accessible to non-specialized operators. In this work, the first optical-based sensor array for the selective detection of gaseous dimethylmethylphosphonate (DMMP), a NAs simulant, is reported, employing a simple smartphone as a detector and obtaining remarkably efficient and selective detection.","PeriodicalId":10057,"journal":{"name":"Chemosensors","volume":"207 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135437929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-15DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors11090502
Xinyu Gao, Siyu Chen, Xiaolei Wang, Honglei Liu, Xia Wang
Despite being present in minimal amounts, vitamin B2 (VB2), vitamin C (VC), and vitamin B6 (VB6) each play indispensable roles in human metabolisms. Given that VB2, VC, and VB6 cannot be synthesized by the human body, detections of these three vitamins both in fermentation liquid where vitamins are industrially manufactured and in human serum where vitamin concentrations could be clinically controlled are of significant importance. Here, a nanoporous gold (NPAu) modified screen-printed electrode (NPAu/SPE) was fabricated to detect VB2, VC, and VB6 based on NPAu’s electro-oxidation towards vitamins. Owing to the wide separation of peak potentials among VB2, VC, and VB6, the simultaneous detection of these three vitamins was achieved by the NPAu/SPE within a potential range from −0.8 V to 0.8 V. The achieved limits of detection (LOD) for VB2, VC, and VB6 were 0.46, 6.44, and 1.92 μM, with sensitivities of 68.58, 4.77, and 15.94 μA/μM, respectively. Subsequent reliability experiments suggested that the NPAu/SPE exhibited solid anti-interference capability and repeatability. Additionally, the real-sample detection of the NPAu/SPE towards VB2, VC, and VB6 was achieved both in human serum and in fermentation liquid with comparable accuracy (the recovery rates were from 89.8% to 111.7%) as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Moreover, the portable NPAu/SPE showed comparable performance in terms of the LOD and linear dynamic range when compared to glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) limited to laboratory detection. The proposed NPAu/SPE possesses various advantageous properties including portability, easy fabrication, high sensitivity, and cost-efficiency, making it a potential candidate for clinical and industrial multi-vitamins analysis.
{"title":"A Portable Nanoporous Gold Modified Screen-Printed Sensor for Reliable and Simultaneous Multi-Vitamins Analysis","authors":"Xinyu Gao, Siyu Chen, Xiaolei Wang, Honglei Liu, Xia Wang","doi":"10.3390/chemosensors11090502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11090502","url":null,"abstract":"Despite being present in minimal amounts, vitamin B2 (VB2), vitamin C (VC), and vitamin B6 (VB6) each play indispensable roles in human metabolisms. Given that VB2, VC, and VB6 cannot be synthesized by the human body, detections of these three vitamins both in fermentation liquid where vitamins are industrially manufactured and in human serum where vitamin concentrations could be clinically controlled are of significant importance. Here, a nanoporous gold (NPAu) modified screen-printed electrode (NPAu/SPE) was fabricated to detect VB2, VC, and VB6 based on NPAu’s electro-oxidation towards vitamins. Owing to the wide separation of peak potentials among VB2, VC, and VB6, the simultaneous detection of these three vitamins was achieved by the NPAu/SPE within a potential range from −0.8 V to 0.8 V. The achieved limits of detection (LOD) for VB2, VC, and VB6 were 0.46, 6.44, and 1.92 μM, with sensitivities of 68.58, 4.77, and 15.94 μA/μM, respectively. Subsequent reliability experiments suggested that the NPAu/SPE exhibited solid anti-interference capability and repeatability. Additionally, the real-sample detection of the NPAu/SPE towards VB2, VC, and VB6 was achieved both in human serum and in fermentation liquid with comparable accuracy (the recovery rates were from 89.8% to 111.7%) as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Moreover, the portable NPAu/SPE showed comparable performance in terms of the LOD and linear dynamic range when compared to glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) limited to laboratory detection. The proposed NPAu/SPE possesses various advantageous properties including portability, easy fabrication, high sensitivity, and cost-efficiency, making it a potential candidate for clinical and industrial multi-vitamins analysis.","PeriodicalId":10057,"journal":{"name":"Chemosensors","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135437935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-15DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors11090501
Andrea Rescalli, Davide Marzorati, Simone Gelosa, Francesco Cellesi, Pietro Cerveri
Disease diagnosis through biological fluids, particularly exhaled breath analysis, has gained increasing importance. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in exhaled breath offer diagnostic potential as they reflect altered and disease-specific metabolic pathways. While gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been traditionally used for VOCs detection, electronic noses have emerged as a promising alternative for disease screening. Metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) sensors play an essential role in these devices due to their simplicity and cost-effectiveness. However, their limited specificity and sensitivity pose challenges for accurate diagnosis at lower VOCs concentrations, typical of exhaled breath. To address specificity and sensitivity issues, temperature modulation (TM) has been proposed in this paper, introducing a custom-developed electronic nose based on multiple and heterogeneous gas sensors located within an analysis chamber. Four different TM patterns (i.e., square, sine, triangular, and a combination of square and triangular) were applied to the gas sensors to test their response to three different analytes at three distinct concentrations. Data were analyzed by extracting meaningful features from the sensor raw data, and dimensionality reduction using principal component analysis (PCA) was performed. The results demonstrated distinct clusters for each experimental condition, indicating successful discrimination of analytes and concentrations. In addition, an analysis of which set of sensors and modulation pattern yielded the best results was performed. In particular, the most promising TM pattern proved to be the square and triangular combination, with optimal discrimination accuracy between both concentrations and analytes. One specific sensor, namely, TGS2600 from Figaro USA, Inc., provided the best performance. While preliminary results highlighted the potential of TM to improve the sensitivity of gas sensors in electronic nose devices, paving the way for further advancements in the field of exhaled breath analysis.
通过生物体液，特别是呼气分析进行疾病诊断，已变得越来越重要。呼气中存在的挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)具有诊断潜力，因为它们反映了改变的和特定于疾病的代谢途径。虽然气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)传统上用于挥发性有机化合物的检测，但电子鼻已成为一种有前途的疾病筛查替代方法。金属氧化物半导体(MOS)传感器由于其简单性和成本效益在这些器件中起着至关重要的作用。然而，它们有限的特异性和敏感性对低挥发性有机化合物浓度(典型的呼出气体)的准确诊断提出了挑战。为了解决特异性和敏感性问题，本文提出了温度调制(TM)，介绍了一种基于位于分析室内的多个异构气体传感器的定制开发的电子鼻。将四种不同的TM模式(即正方形、正弦、三角形以及正方形和三角形的组合)应用于气体传感器，以测试它们对三种不同浓度下三种不同分析物的响应。通过从传感器原始数据中提取有意义的特征来分析数据，并使用主成分分析(PCA)进行降维。结果显示了不同的集群在每个实验条件下，表明成功的分析物和浓度的区分。此外，还分析了哪一组传感器和调制方式产生了最好的结果。特别是，最具前景的TM模式被证明是正方形和三角形组合，在浓度和分析物之间具有最佳的识别精度。一个特定的传感器，即来自Figaro USA, Inc.的TGS2600，提供了最好的性能。虽然初步结果强调了TM在提高电子鼻设备中气体传感器灵敏度方面的潜力，为呼气分析领域的进一步发展铺平了道路。
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