Pub Date : 2025-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.hspr.2025.07.002
Ke Chen , Zhibin Jin , Haoyuan Yang
Railway bridges are continuously loaded by railway trains; therefore, it is important to understand the nonlinear seismic response of the Vehicle-Bridge Interaction (VBI) system under strong earthquakes. For this purpose, the nonlinear behavior of the pier was introduced into the in-house VBI solvers. The nonlinear the seismic response of the VBI system was comprehensively evaluated using this model, and the effect of the vehicle dynamics on seismic performance of the bridge was identified. It was found that the seismic responses of most simply-supported bridges were reduced in the presence of railway trains due to the out-of-phase motion of the vehicle-bridge system. Meanwhile, the nonlinear behavior of the pier can reduce the vehicle’s seismic responses. Therefore, ignoring the nonlinear behavior of the pier during strong earthquakes can significantly overestimate the seismic response of the vehicle.
{"title":"Effect of vehicle-bridge interaction on nonlinear seismic performance of bridge under strong earthquakes","authors":"Ke Chen , Zhibin Jin , Haoyuan Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.hspr.2025.07.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hspr.2025.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Railway bridges are continuously loaded by railway trains; therefore, it is important to understand the nonlinear seismic response of the Vehicle-Bridge Interaction (VBI) system under strong earthquakes. For this purpose, the nonlinear behavior of the pier was introduced into the in-house VBI solvers. The nonlinear the seismic response of the VBI system was comprehensively evaluated using this model, and the effect of the vehicle dynamics on seismic performance of the bridge was identified. It was found that the seismic responses of most simply-supported bridges were reduced in the presence of railway trains due to the out-of-phase motion of the vehicle-bridge system. Meanwhile, the nonlinear behavior of the pier can reduce the vehicle’s seismic responses. Therefore, ignoring the nonlinear behavior of the pier during strong earthquakes can significantly overestimate the seismic response of the vehicle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100607,"journal":{"name":"High-speed Railway","volume":"3 3","pages":"Pages 215-228"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145128398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Given the unique challenges facing the railway industry, cybersecurity is a crucial issue that must be addressed proactively. This paper aims to provide a systematic review of cybersecurity threats that could impact the safety and operations of rolling stock, the privacy and security of passengers and employees, and the public in general. The systematic literature review revealed that cyber threats to the railway industry can take many forms, including attacks on operational technology systems, data breaches, theft of sensitive information, and disruptions to train services. The consequences of these threats can be severe, leading to operational disruptions, financial losses, and loss of public trust in the railway system. To address these threats, railway organizations must adopt a proactive approach to security and implement robust cybersecurity measures tailored to the industry’s specific needs and challenges. This includes regular testing of systems for vulnerabilities, incident response plans, and employee training to identify and respond to cyber threats. Ensuring the system remains available, reliable, and maintainable is fundamental given the importance of railways as critical infrastructure and the potential harm that can be caused by cyber threats.
{"title":"Adapting railway sector to repel cyber threats: A critical analysis","authors":"Wahiba Erriadi , Suresh Renukappa , Subashini Suresh , Panagiotis Georgakis , Adel Almohammad , Luke Seabright","doi":"10.1016/j.hspr.2025.05.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hspr.2025.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Given the unique challenges facing the railway industry, cybersecurity is a crucial issue that must be addressed proactively. This paper aims to provide a systematic review of cybersecurity threats that could impact the safety and operations of rolling stock, the privacy and security of passengers and employees, and the public in general. The systematic literature review revealed that cyber threats to the railway industry can take many forms, including attacks on operational technology systems, data breaches, theft of sensitive information, and disruptions to train services. The consequences of these threats can be severe, leading to operational disruptions, financial losses, and loss of public trust in the railway system. To address these threats, railway organizations must adopt a proactive approach to security and implement robust cybersecurity measures tailored to the industry’s specific needs and challenges. This includes regular testing of systems for vulnerabilities, incident response plans, and employee training to identify and respond to cyber threats. Ensuring the system remains available, reliable, and maintainable is fundamental given the importance of railways as critical infrastructure and the potential harm that can be caused by cyber threats.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100607,"journal":{"name":"High-speed Railway","volume":"3 3","pages":"Pages 229-237"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145128399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.hspr.2025.05.005
Emmanuel Anu Thompson , Pan Lu , Philip Kofi Alimo , Herman Benjamin Atuobi , Evans Tetteh Akoto , Cephas Kenneth Abbew
Digital Twin (DT) technology is revolutionizing the railway sector by providing a virtual replica of physical systems, enabling real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and enhanced decision-making. This systematic literature review examines the status, enabling technologies, case studies, and frameworks for DT applications in railway systems with 91 selected papers from Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE, and the Snowballing Technique. The review focuses on four primary subsystems: tracks, civil structures, vehicles, and overhead contact line structures. Key findings reveal that DT has successfully optimized maintenance strategies, improved operational efficiency, and enhanced system safety. Internet of Things (IoT) devices, Artificial Intelligence (AI), machine learning, and cloud computing are critical in implementing DT models. However, challenges like data integration, high implementation costs, and cybersecurity risks remain, necessitating the discussed implications. Future research should focus on improving data interoperability, reducing costs through scalable cloud-based solutions, and addressing cybersecurity vulnerabilities. DT technology has the potential to revolutionize railway infrastructure management, ensuring greater efficiency, safety, and sustainability.
数字孪生（DT）技术通过提供物理系统的虚拟副本，实现实时监控、预测性维护和增强决策，正在彻底改变铁路部门。这篇系统的文献综述从Scopus、Web of Science、IEEE和滚雪球技术中挑选了91篇论文，研究了铁路系统中DT应用的现状、使能技术、案例研究和框架。审查侧重于四个主要子系统：轨道、土木结构、车辆和架空接触线结构。主要研究结果表明，DT已经成功地优化了维护策略，提高了操作效率，增强了系统安全性。物联网（IoT）设备、人工智能（AI）、机器学习和云计算对于实现DT模型至关重要。然而，数据集成、高实施成本和网络安全风险等挑战仍然存在，因此有必要讨论这些影响。未来的研究应侧重于提高数据互操作性，通过可扩展的基于云的解决方案降低成本，并解决网络安全漏洞。DT技术有可能彻底改变铁路基础设施管理，确保更高的效率、安全性和可持续性。
{"title":"Revolutionizing railway systems: A systematic review of digital twin technologies","authors":"Emmanuel Anu Thompson , Pan Lu , Philip Kofi Alimo , Herman Benjamin Atuobi , Evans Tetteh Akoto , Cephas Kenneth Abbew","doi":"10.1016/j.hspr.2025.05.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hspr.2025.05.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Digital Twin (DT) technology is revolutionizing the railway sector by providing a virtual replica of physical systems, enabling real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and enhanced decision-making. This systematic literature review examines the status, enabling technologies, case studies, and frameworks for DT applications in railway systems with 91 selected papers from Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE, and the Snowballing Technique. The review focuses on four primary subsystems: tracks, civil structures, vehicles, and overhead contact line structures. Key findings reveal that DT has successfully optimized maintenance strategies, improved operational efficiency, and enhanced system safety. Internet of Things (IoT) devices, Artificial Intelligence (AI), machine learning, and cloud computing are critical in implementing DT models. However, challenges like data integration, high implementation costs, and cybersecurity risks remain, necessitating the discussed implications. Future research should focus on improving data interoperability, reducing costs through scalable cloud-based solutions, and addressing cybersecurity vulnerabilities. DT technology has the potential to revolutionize railway infrastructure management, ensuring greater efficiency, safety, and sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100607,"journal":{"name":"High-speed Railway","volume":"3 3","pages":"Pages 238-250"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145128400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.hspr.2025.07.001
Bhim Sain Singla , Ashish Kumar , Ahmed J.A. Al-Gburi
Compact antenna designs have become a critical component in the recent advancements of wireless communication technologies over the past few decades. This paper presents a self-multiplexing antenna based on diplexing and quadruplexing Substrate-Integrated Waveguide (SIW) cavities. The diplexing structure incorporates two V-shaped slots, while the quadruplexing structure advances this concept by combining the slots to form a cross-shaped configuration within the cavity. The widths and lengths of the slots are carefully tuned to achieve variations in the respective operating frequencies without affecting the others. The proposed diplexing antenna resonates at 8.48 and 9.2 GHz, with a frequency ratio of 1.08, while the quadruplexing antenna operates at 6.9, 7.1, 7.48, and 8.2 GHz. Both designs exhibit isolation levels well below –20 dB and achieve a simulated peak gain of 5.6 dBi at the highest frequency, with a compact cavity area of 0.56 λg². The proposed antennas operate within the NR bands (n12, n18, n26), making them suitable for modern high-speed wireless communication systems. Moreover, the properties like multiband operation, compactness, high isolation, low loss, and low interference make the antenna favorable for the high-speed railway communication systems.
{"title":"Design of self-diplexing and quadruplexing Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) antennas for C- and X-band high-speed wireless applications","authors":"Bhim Sain Singla , Ashish Kumar , Ahmed J.A. Al-Gburi","doi":"10.1016/j.hspr.2025.07.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hspr.2025.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Compact antenna designs have become a critical component in the recent advancements of wireless communication technologies over the past few decades. This paper presents a self-multiplexing antenna based on diplexing and quadruplexing Substrate-Integrated Waveguide (SIW) cavities. The diplexing structure incorporates two V-shaped slots, while the quadruplexing structure advances this concept by combining the slots to form a cross-shaped configuration within the cavity. The widths and lengths of the slots are carefully tuned to achieve variations in the respective operating frequencies without affecting the others. The proposed diplexing antenna resonates at 8.48 and 9.2 GHz, with a frequency ratio of 1.08, while the quadruplexing antenna operates at 6.9, 7.1, 7.48, and 8.2 GHz. Both designs exhibit isolation levels well below –20 dB and achieve a simulated peak gain of 5.6 dBi at the highest frequency, with a compact cavity area of 0.56 λg². The proposed antennas operate within the NR bands (n12, n18, n26), making them suitable for modern high-speed wireless communication systems. Moreover, the properties like multiband operation, compactness, high isolation, low loss, and low interference make the antenna favorable for the high-speed railway communication systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100607,"journal":{"name":"High-speed Railway","volume":"3 3","pages":"Pages 205-214"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145128397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01DOI: 10.1016/j.hspr.2024.08.006
Weifeng Yang , Taifu Chen , Chen Han , Dong Feng , Jihui Zhou
This article discusses the detailed examination of the engineering design and implementation process for direct Train-to-Train (T2T) communication within a wireless train backbone network in the context of a virtual coupling scenario. The article proposed several critical aspects, including the optimization of transmission data requirements, which is essential to ensure that communication between trains is efficient and reliable. The design of the T2T wireless communication subsystem is discussed in detail, outlining the technical specifications, protocols, and technologies employed to facilitate wireless communication between multiple trains. Additionally, the article presents a thorough analysis of the data collected during real-world train experiments, highlighting the performance metrics and challenges encountered during testing. This empirical data not only validates the effectiveness of the proposed design but also serves as a crucial reference for future advancements in T2T wireless communication systems. By combining both theoretical principles and practical outcomes, the article offers insights that will aid engineers and researchers in developing robust and efficient wireless communication systems for next-generation train operations.
{"title":"Design and implementation of train-to-train wireless communication in virtual train coupling system","authors":"Weifeng Yang , Taifu Chen , Chen Han , Dong Feng , Jihui Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.hspr.2024.08.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hspr.2024.08.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article discusses the detailed examination of the engineering design and implementation process for direct Train-to-Train (T2T) communication within a wireless train backbone network in the context of a virtual coupling scenario. The article proposed several critical aspects, including the optimization of transmission data requirements, which is essential to ensure that communication between trains is efficient and reliable. The design of the T2T wireless communication subsystem is discussed in detail, outlining the technical specifications, protocols, and technologies employed to facilitate wireless communication between multiple trains. Additionally, the article presents a thorough analysis of the data collected during real-world train experiments, highlighting the performance metrics and challenges encountered during testing. This empirical data not only validates the effectiveness of the proposed design but also serves as a crucial reference for future advancements in T2T wireless communication systems. By combining both theoretical principles and practical outcomes, the article offers insights that will aid engineers and researchers in developing robust and efficient wireless communication systems for next-generation train operations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100607,"journal":{"name":"High-speed Railway","volume":"3 2","pages":"Pages 137-144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144322102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01DOI: 10.1016/j.hspr.2025.04.002
Tao Li , Dewei Li , Yongsheng Wang , Han Gao , Jialun Ma , Haotian Ji
Demand-responsive transportation has been introduced in many cities around the world. However, whether it is applicable in the railway is still questionable, an exploration of passenger choice behavior between demand-responsive trains and pre-scheduled trains is pivotal in addressing this issue. To delve into passengers’ choice preferences when facing demand-responsive trains and to dissect the feasibility of implementing demand-responsive service in high-speed railways, the stated preference survey method is employed to investigate travel intention of passengers. Based on the survey data obtained in China, the heterogeneity of passengers is analyzed from three aspects: personal socio-economic characteristics, travel characteristics, and travel mode choice. Considering the situation that demand-responsive train cannot operate, the risk attributes are considered. To bolster the appeal of demand-responsive trains, personalized service product attributes are added. Mixed Logit mode, which takes into account the heterogeneous travel choice behavior of passengers, is developed, and Maximum Likelihood Estimation and the Monte Carlo method are used to calibrate model parameters. The willingness to pay in terms of different factors of passengers is determined. The results indicate that early arrival deviation time, late arrival deviation time, demand response time, and success rate of ticket purchase remarkable influence passengers’ decision regarding demand-responsive train, with only the success rate of ticket purchase positively impacting train choice. Moreover, the significant difference in train ticket price is observed solely in the self-funded long distance scenario, while demand-responsive trains are found to be particularly appealing in self-funded short distance scenario. Through the Willingness To Pay (WTP) analysis, it is discovered that by shortening demand response time, enhancing the success rate of ticket purchase, and minimizing the deviation times of early arrival and late arrival of trains, the attractiveness of the demand-responsive train to passengers under three travel scenarios can be augmented. This study provides profound insights into the possibility of railway enterprises operating demand-responsive trains.
{"title":"Passenger choice between demand-responsive train and pre-scheduled train in high-speed railway: A stated preference study","authors":"Tao Li , Dewei Li , Yongsheng Wang , Han Gao , Jialun Ma , Haotian Ji","doi":"10.1016/j.hspr.2025.04.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hspr.2025.04.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Demand-responsive transportation has been introduced in many cities around the world. However, whether it is applicable in the railway is still questionable, an exploration of passenger choice behavior between demand-responsive trains and pre-scheduled trains is pivotal in addressing this issue. To delve into passengers’ choice preferences when facing demand-responsive trains and to dissect the feasibility of implementing demand-responsive service in high-speed railways, the stated preference survey method is employed to investigate travel intention of passengers. Based on the survey data obtained in China, the heterogeneity of passengers is analyzed from three aspects: personal socio-economic characteristics, travel characteristics, and travel mode choice. Considering the situation that demand-responsive train cannot operate, the risk attributes are considered. To bolster the appeal of demand-responsive trains, personalized service product attributes are added. Mixed Logit mode, which takes into account the heterogeneous travel choice behavior of passengers, is developed, and Maximum Likelihood Estimation and the Monte Carlo method are used to calibrate model parameters. The willingness to pay in terms of different factors of passengers is determined. The results indicate that early arrival deviation time, late arrival deviation time, demand response time, and success rate of ticket purchase remarkable influence passengers’ decision regarding demand-responsive train, with only the success rate of ticket purchase positively impacting train choice. Moreover, the significant difference in train ticket price is observed solely in the self-funded long distance scenario, while demand-responsive trains are found to be particularly appealing in self-funded short distance scenario. Through the Willingness To Pay (WTP) analysis, it is discovered that by shortening demand response time, enhancing the success rate of ticket purchase, and minimizing the deviation times of early arrival and late arrival of trains, the attractiveness of the demand-responsive train to passengers under three travel scenarios can be augmented. This study provides profound insights into the possibility of railway enterprises operating demand-responsive trains.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100607,"journal":{"name":"High-speed Railway","volume":"3 2","pages":"Pages 125-136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144322103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01DOI: 10.1016/j.hspr.2024.12.002
Vimal Kumar Arulmozhi, Shreyas P. Bharule
Indian Railways have been the largest people moving transport infrastructure in India. Over the years the systems and trains have been upgraded resulting in both better passenger amenities and reduction in travel time. The newest addition is the Vande Bharat Express, a semi-high-speed train that was introduced in India in 2019. The train currently runs between 10 routes and has brought significant changes to India’s railway network. This article explores the introduction of Vande Bharat Express trains in India and its effects on the country’s inter-station time-space shrinkage using cartographic techniques. The cartographic techniques like stepwise multi-dimensional scaling and interpolation using the distance cartogram plugin in QGIS are mainly used for generating the time-space maps for various speeds. The limitations of these techniques and the methods to overcome those limitations are also explored in this article.
{"title":"Shrinking India: Visualizing time-space implication of introduction of semi-high-speed trains in India","authors":"Vimal Kumar Arulmozhi, Shreyas P. Bharule","doi":"10.1016/j.hspr.2024.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hspr.2024.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Indian Railways have been the largest people moving transport infrastructure in India. Over the years the systems and trains have been upgraded resulting in both better passenger amenities and reduction in travel time. The newest addition is the Vande Bharat Express, a semi-high-speed train that was introduced in India in 2019. The train currently runs between 10 routes and has brought significant changes to India’s railway network. This article explores the introduction of Vande Bharat Express trains in India and its effects on the country’s inter-station time-space shrinkage using cartographic techniques. The cartographic techniques like stepwise multi-dimensional scaling and interpolation using the distance cartogram plugin in QGIS are mainly used for generating the time-space maps for various speeds. The limitations of these techniques and the methods to overcome those limitations are also explored in this article.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100607,"journal":{"name":"High-speed Railway","volume":"3 2","pages":"Pages 93-104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144322095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01DOI: 10.1016/j.hspr.2025.04.001
Siyang Zhou , Wenjiang Ji , Xinhong Hei , Zhongwei Chang , Yuan Qiu , Lei Zhu , Xin Wang
The increasingly complex and interconnected train control information network is vulnerable to a variety of malicious traffic attacks, and the existing malicious traffic detection methods mainly rely on machine learning, such as poor robustness, weak generalization, and a lack of ability to learn common features. Therefore, this paper proposes a malicious traffic identification method based on stacked sparse denoising autoencoders combined with a regularized extreme learning machine through particle swarm optimization. Firstly, the simulation environment of the Chinese train control system-3, was constructed for data acquisition. Then Pearson coefficient and other methods are used for pre-processing, then a stacked sparse denoising autoencoder is used to achieve nonlinear dimensionality reduction of features, and finally regularization extreme learning machine optimized by particle swarm optimization is used to achieve classification. Experimental data show that the proposed method has good training performance, with an average accuracy of 97.57 % and a false negative rate of 2.43 %, which is better than other alternative methods. In addition, ablation experiments were performed to evaluate the contribution of each component, and the results showed that the combination of methods was superior to individual methods. To further evaluate the generalization ability of the model in different scenarios, publicly available data sets of industrial control system networks were used. The results show that the model has robust detection capability in various types of network attacks.
{"title":"SPR: Malicious traffic detection model for CTCS-3 in railways","authors":"Siyang Zhou , Wenjiang Ji , Xinhong Hei , Zhongwei Chang , Yuan Qiu , Lei Zhu , Xin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.hspr.2025.04.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hspr.2025.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasingly complex and interconnected train control information network is vulnerable to a variety of malicious traffic attacks, and the existing malicious traffic detection methods mainly rely on machine learning, such as poor robustness, weak generalization, and a lack of ability to learn common features. Therefore, this paper proposes a malicious traffic identification method based on stacked sparse denoising autoencoders combined with a regularized extreme learning machine through particle swarm optimization. Firstly, the simulation environment of the Chinese train control system-3, was constructed for data acquisition. Then Pearson coefficient and other methods are used for pre-processing, then a stacked sparse denoising autoencoder is used to achieve nonlinear dimensionality reduction of features, and finally regularization extreme learning machine optimized by particle swarm optimization is used to achieve classification. Experimental data show that the proposed method has good training performance, with an average accuracy of 97.57 % and a false negative rate of 2.43 %, which is better than other alternative methods. In addition, ablation experiments were performed to evaluate the contribution of each component, and the results showed that the combination of methods was superior to individual methods. To further evaluate the generalization ability of the model in different scenarios, publicly available data sets of industrial control system networks were used. The results show that the model has robust detection capability in various types of network attacks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100607,"journal":{"name":"High-speed Railway","volume":"3 2","pages":"Pages 105-115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144322096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01DOI: 10.1016/j.hspr.2025.05.003
Debiao Lu , Wenzheng Qiao , Baigen Cai , Jian Wang , Jiang Liu , Yuchen Zhao , Chunjie Qiao , Dirk Spiegel
The integration of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) technology into railway train control systems is a crucial step toward achieving the vision of a digital railway. Traditional train control systems undergo extensive in-house tests and prolonged field tests for certification and approval before operational deployment, leading to high costs, delays, and operational disruptions. This paper introduces a GNSS-based train control localization framework which eliminates the need for on-site testing by leveraging train movement dynamics and 3D environment modeling to create a zero on-site testing platform. The proposed framework simulates train movement and the surrounding 3D environment using collected railway line location data and environmental attributes to generate realistic multipath signals and obscuration effects. This approach enables comprehensive laboratory-based case studies for train localization, reducing the huge amount test of needed for physical field trials. The framework is established in house, using the data collected at the Test Base of China Academy of Railway Sciences (Circular Railway). Results from the open area and cutting environment tests demonstrate high localization accuracy repeatability within the simulated environment, validating the feasibility and effectiveness of zero on-site testing for GNSS-based train control systems. This research highlights the potential of GNSS simulation platforms in enhancing cost efficiency, operational safety, and accuracy for future digital railways.
{"title":"Zero on-site testing on GNSS for train control towards digital railways","authors":"Debiao Lu , Wenzheng Qiao , Baigen Cai , Jian Wang , Jiang Liu , Yuchen Zhao , Chunjie Qiao , Dirk Spiegel","doi":"10.1016/j.hspr.2025.05.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hspr.2025.05.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The integration of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) technology into railway train control systems is a crucial step toward achieving the vision of a digital railway. Traditional train control systems undergo extensive in-house tests and prolonged field tests for certification and approval before operational deployment, leading to high costs, delays, and operational disruptions. This paper introduces a GNSS-based train control localization framework which eliminates the need for on-site testing by leveraging train movement dynamics and 3D environment modeling to create a zero on-site testing platform. The proposed framework simulates train movement and the surrounding 3D environment using collected railway line location data and environmental attributes to generate realistic multipath signals and obscuration effects. This approach enables comprehensive laboratory-based case studies for train localization, reducing the huge amount test of needed for physical field trials. The framework is established in house, using the data collected at the Test Base of China Academy of Railway Sciences (Circular Railway). Results from the open area and cutting environment tests demonstrate high localization accuracy repeatability within the simulated environment, validating the feasibility and effectiveness of zero on-site testing for GNSS-based train control systems. This research highlights the potential of GNSS simulation platforms in enhancing cost efficiency, operational safety, and accuracy for future digital railways.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100607,"journal":{"name":"High-speed Railway","volume":"3 2","pages":"Pages 116-124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144322101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01DOI: 10.1016/j.hspr.2025.02.002
Alkiviadis Tromaras, Vassilios Kappatos, Evangelos D. Spyrou
The motivation of this paper is to explore the application of Step-Heating Thermography (SHT) as a technique capable of inspecting new composite rail carbodies using demanding requirements set by the rail manufacturing industry. A large composite sample, with Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) artificial defects, replicating a side-wall section of a new rail carbody, was manufactured and inspected for surface and subsurface defects in this research. The sample, characterized by its large thickness, consists of a monolithic Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) component (20 mm thickness) and a CFRP-PET foam-CFRP sandwich (40 mm total thickness) component fused together. The main challenge of the inspection procedure was to apply reflection mode thermography and detect defects in the entire thickness of the sample that exhibits both low emissivity and thermal insulating properties, especially at the sandwich sections of the sample. The paper explored thermography procedures that would be able to detect large numbers of defects under one single acquisition and would be applied under an automated inspection process leading to the detection of defects only up to 5 mm in the CFRP sections of the sample while no defects were able to be detected at the back skin of the sample.
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