Acidification of paper-based relics is a common problem, leading to their degradation and eventual loss. Paper deacidification is highly dependent on a limited variety of alkaline materials, and the development of new materials that are safe, efficient and easy-to-prepare is highly demanded to ensure a high level of safety and effective protection of paper-based relic. This study proposes the introduction of layered double hydroxide (LDH) and its calcined product, mixed metal oxide (layered double oxide (LDO)), as innovative protective materials for the deacidification of paper with varying levels of acidity. The results demonstrate that treatment with Mg-Al LDH/LDO can effectively modify the pH of acidic paper (e.g., pH ∼ 4.0–6.4) to a neutral or weakly basic state, maintaining this desirable pH range even under long-term accelerated aging condition. Remarkably, LDH proves to be well-suited for the protection of slightly acidified paper (e.g., pH > 5.5), while LDO serves as an especially option for the deacidification of severely acidified paper (e.g., pH ≤ 5.5). During aqueous deacidification, due to the memory effect of the LDH-based materials, LDO is converted to rehydrated LDH, which creates a mild and appropriate alkaline retention in the paper, avoiding damage caused by strong alkalinity such as cellulose degradation and pigment fading during subsequent long-term natural preservation of the paper. Furthermore, Mg-Al LDH/LDO materials also exhibit flame-retardant and bacteriostatic properties. This opens up opportunities for the safe, efficient and multifunctional protection of acidified paper-based relics.
Photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) synthesis, driven by solar energy, offers a sustainable and cleaner alternative for producing green H2O2 from water and oxygen. 2D photocatalysts have emerged as powerful materials for this purpose due to their unique physiochemical properties such as a flexible planar structure and large surface area. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advances in 2D photocatalytic materials employed in H2O2 synthesis, including metal oxides, metal chalcogenides, bismuth-based materials, graphitic carbon nitrides (g-C3N4), metal−organic frameworks (MOFs), and covalent organic frameworks (COFs). Beginning with an extensive introduction to possible reaction routes for photocatalytic H2O2 synthesis, we summarize the common methods for H2O2 detection, crucial for obtaining reliable results in H2O2 studies. Additionally, we highlight molecular-level modification strategies for 2D photocatalysts, such as surface modification, ion doping, defect engineering, and heterojunction construction, which promote high-efficiency solar-to-chemical conversion for sustainable H2O2 photosynthesis. Furthermore, we discuss key issues and provide perspective outlooks for the efficient and sustainable generation of H2O2 in scale-up industrial production. This review offers in-depth insights into different reaction pathways of H2O2 synthesis and provides design principles for 2D photocatalysts to enhance H2O2 production, guiding the development of efficient photocatalysts for H2O2 synthesis.