Measurement: Energy最新文献_第2页

Evaluation of the efficiency of a low voltage autotransformer 一种低压自耦变压器的效率评价

Measurement: Energy

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100080

Edwin Garabitos-Lara , José Miguel Mateo-Beltré , Jesús Manuel Silva-García

In many developing countries, low-voltage autotransformers are commonly used in residential settings to compensate for persistent voltage irregularities in the electrical distribution network. Despite their widespread use, few studies have systematically evaluated their performance and efficiency under typical operating conditions. This study presents the design, construction, and experimental evaluation of a low-voltage autotransformer rated at 1580 VA. The design equations were derived from Faraday's Law, and the equivalent circuit parameters were obtained through open-circuit and short-circuit tests. The efficiency was measured using a power network analyzer under resistive and non-resistive loads and compared with values calculated analytically from the equivalent circuit. The study also incorporated uncertainty analysis in both experimental and analytical procedures. Results showed that the autotransformer reached an efficiency of 98.0 % under nominal load and exceeded 90.0 % efficiency at just 10.7 % of the demand coefficient. Furthermore, the all-day efficiency remained stable between 96.5 % and 96.8 % across real residential demand profiles, confirming consistent energy performance under variable load conditions. The differences between measured and calculated efficiencies were below 1 percentage point in all cases, and validation was confirmed using uncertainty propagation, mean absolute error (MAE), and root mean square error (RMSE). These findings reinforce the reliability of the analytical model and highlight the high efficiency of these devices as voltage-regulating elements when properly designed.

在许多发展中国家，低压自耦变压器通常用于住宅环境，以补偿配电网络中持续的电压不正常。尽管它们被广泛使用，但很少有研究系统地评估它们在典型操作条件下的性能和效率。本文介绍了一种额定电压为1580 VA的低压自耦变压器的设计、构造和实验评估，根据法拉第定律推导了设计方程，并通过开路和短路试验获得了等效电路参数。利用电网分析仪在电阻性和非电阻性负载下测量了效率，并与等效电路的解析计算值进行了比较。该研究还在实验和分析过程中纳入了不确定度分析。结果表明，自耦变压器在额定负载下效率达到98.0%，在需求系数仅为10.7%时效率超过90%。此外，在实际住宅需求曲线中，全天效率保持稳定在96.5%至96.8%之间，确认了在可变负载条件下的一致能源性能。在所有情况下，测量和计算效率之间的差异都低于1个百分点，并且使用不确定性传播、平均绝对误差（MAE）和均方根误差（RMSE）来确认有效性。这些发现加强了分析模型的可靠性，并突出了这些器件在适当设计时作为电压调节元件的高效率。

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引用次数: 0

Enhancing signal integrity and reactor power measurement in BTRR using line driver 利用线路驱动器增强BTRR信号完整性和电抗器功率测量

Measurement: Energy

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.meaene.2026.100092

Md. Sayed Hossain

The performance of the Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC) TRIGA Research Reactor (BTRR) was significantly improved by addressing signal integrity issues related to the NLW-1000 logarithmic power channel. The PA-1000 signal, which suffered from strength loss due to the unavoidable transmission line distance, was restored by installing a line driver between the PA-1000 and NLW-1000. Therefore, reactor power and period are visualized in the console in logarithmic scale from the well-acquisition of both pulse count and current signals. By addressing another wiring anomaly, the in activeness of the optocouplers in the FC-ISO-D and FC-ISO-C was resolved, a prestart checklist was performed, and it was found that the apparent “count rate low” failure arose from a mis-specified HMI message condition while the core logic correctly passed the test so further corrective action is needed for the HMI message. Presently, the BTRR functions up to 3MW_th and the power is displayed in the CSC monitor. According to the user demand, the signal integrity is sufficiently enhanced and there is no error within the DACS & CSC. Intermediate circuitry between the PA-1000 and logarithmic module can be omitted in the upcoming advanced logarithmic power monitoring channel to get better performance. The present study underscores the efficacy of signal enhancement methodologies in elevating reactor functionality and delineates a trajectory for sustained progress in nuclear research infrastructure.

孟加拉国原子能委员会（BAEC） TRIGA研究堆（BTRR）的性能通过解决与NLW-1000对数功率通道相关的信号完整性问题得到了显著改善。由于不可避免的传输线距离，PA-1000信号受到了强度损失，通过在PA-1000和NLW-1000之间安装线路驱动器，恢复了信号。因此，从脉冲计数和电流信号的良好采集中，电抗器功率和周期在控制台中以对数尺度显示。通过解决另一个布线异常，FC-ISO-D和FC-ISO-C中的光耦合器的活跃度得到了解决，执行了一个预启动检查表，发现明显的“计数率低”故障是由错误指定的HMI消息条件引起的，而核心逻辑正确地通过了测试，因此需要对HMI消息采取进一步的纠正措施。目前，BTRR的工作功率高达3mw，功率显示在CSC监视器上。根据用户需求，充分提高了信号的完整性，使DACS CSC内无误差。在即将推出的高级对数功率监测信道中，可以省去PA-1000与对数模块之间的中间电路，以获得更好的性能。本研究强调了信号增强方法在提高反应堆功能方面的有效性，并描绘了核研究基础设施持续进步的轨迹。

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引用次数: 0

A dimensionless criterion system for energy efficiency evaluation in steel rolling reheating furnaces 轧钢加热炉能效评价的无量纲标准体系

Measurement: Energy

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100078

Yi Duan, Guang Chen, Xiangjun Bao, Lu Zhang, Xiaojing Yang

As a key high-energy-consuming equipment in steel production, the energy efficiency optimization of steel rolling reheating furnaces (SRRF) has long been constrained by three core contradictions: "energy consumption-temperature matching, rolling rhythm-quality coordination, and billet shape-energy efficiency differentiation". In this study, a "general-subdivision" two-layer criterion system is established. The general criterion (N_E) quantifies global energy consumption redundancy by means of the ratio of actual energy consumption to theoretical heat demand. The shape-corrected criterion (N_{E, M}), meanwhile, incorporates a correction term for the width-to-thickness ratio (W/H) to distinguish between shape-induced inherent losses and operationally controllable losses. Verification using 1515 sets of industrial data demonstrates that N_E can effectively assess the energy consumption-temperature matching degree for SRRF—exhibiting a negative correlation coefficient of −0.61 with temperature difference, while N_{E, M} enables accurate identification of the heat transfer characteristics of wide billets, with a negative correlation coefficient of −0.45 with W/H, confirming that wider billets exhibit lower shape-corrected energy redundancy. Analysis of the high-gradient region reveals that although wide billets in SRRF experience higher energy consumption due to extended heat conduction paths, their thermal efficiency outperforms that of narrow billets; optimization in this regard can be achieved through regulating rolling rhythm and furnace temperature. This system serves as a quantitative tool for SRRF to transition from empirical regulation to data-driven optimization. Theoretically, it breaks through the single-factor limitation of traditional methods; practically, it provides support for energy efficiency benchmarking and dynamic regulation of SRRF.

轧钢加热炉作为钢铁生产中关键的高耗能设备，其能效优化长期以来受到“能耗-温度匹配、轧制节奏-质量协调、钢坯形状-能效差异化”三大核心矛盾的制约。本研究建立了“通用细分”两层判据体系。通用准则（NE）通过实际能耗与理论热需求的比值来量化全球能耗冗余。同时，形状校正判据（NE， M）包含了宽度与厚度比（W/H）的校正项，以区分形状引起的固有损失和操作可控损失。1515组工业数据的验证表明，NE可以有效评估srrf的能量消耗-温度匹配度，与温差的负相关系数为- 0.61，而NE， M可以准确识别宽坯的传热特性，与W/H的负相关系数为- 0.45，证实了宽坯具有较低的形状校正能量冗余。对高梯度区域的分析表明，尽管宽坯在SRRF中由于热传导路径的延长而消耗了更高的能量，但其热效率优于窄坯；这方面的优化可以通过调节轧制节奏和炉温来实现。该系统是SRRF从经验调控向数据驱动优化过渡的定量工具。在理论上突破了传统方法单一因素的局限；实际上，它为SRRF的能效基准和动态调节提供了支持。

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引用次数: 0

Effectiveness of modified Lee-Charlton's disc apparatus technique for determination of thermal conductivity of heat-insulating panels with large thickness 改进李-查尔顿圆盘仪技术测定大厚度隔热板导热系数的有效性

Measurement: Energy

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100072

Ubong Williams Robert , Sunday Edet Etuk , Okechukwu Ebuka Agbasi , Sylvester Andrew Ekong , David Adeniran Oyegoke , Grace Peter Umoren

This research was designed to examine the feasibility of using the Modified Lee-Charlton's Disc (MLD) apparatus technique to obtain accurate, valid, and reliable thermal conductivities for heat-insulating panels that have large thicknesses, specifically up to 25.0 mm. Test samples were prepared from cement mortar, gypsum plasterboard, medium-density fiberboard, wood dust reinforced composite board, plywood, and expanded polystyrene sheet and then coded as CTM, GPB, MDF, WEC, PLW, and EPS respectively. A Heat flow meter (HFM) was employed as the gold standard technique, and the EPS samples were used as standard reference materials for validation and uncertainty assessments of the MLD method. In addition to graphical analysis, the results were examined statistically using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at

p <

0.05 and Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient (PPMCC). It was found that the results rendered by the MLD method compared well with those obtained using the HFM method, yielding ANOVA of 0.00002 and PPMCC of 0.99999. The validation tests showed deviations ranging from 0.089 % to 0.178 % with respect to the results obtained by the HFM method and 0.030 %–0.059 % when compared with the thermal conductivity declared in the literature for the EPS. The uncertainty in the measurements made by the MLD method was better than 1.5 %. All these showed that the MLD apparatus technique is effective in producing accurate and reliable thermal conductivity results for assorted kinds of thermal insulation panels with thicknesses as large as up to 25.0 mm.

本研究旨在检验使用改良Lee-Charlton's Disc （MLD）仪器技术获得大厚度隔热板（特别是25.0 mm以下）准确、有效和可靠的导热系数的可行性。用水泥砂浆、石膏石膏板、中密度纤维板、木屑增强复合板、胶合板、膨胀聚苯乙烯板配制试样，分别编码为CTM、GPB、MDF、WEC、PLW、EPS。采用热流计（HFM）作为金标准技术，EPS样品作为标准对照品，对MLD方法进行验证和不确定度评定。除图形分析外，还使用单因素方差分析（ANOVA）在p<； 0.05和Pearson积差相关系数（PPMCC）进行统计检验。结果表明，MLD法与HFM法得到的结果比较好，方差分析为0.00002，PPMCC为0.99999。验证试验表明，与HFM方法得到的结果偏差范围为0.089% ~ 0.178%，与文献中声明的EPS导热系数偏差范围为0.030% ~ 0.059%。用MLD法测定的不确定度优于1.5%。这些结果表明，MLD仪器技术可以有效地为厚度可达25.0 mm的各类绝热板提供准确可靠的导热系数结果。

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引用次数: 0

Pressure measurement during thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries: Comparison of piezoelectric and piezoresistive pressure sensors 锂离子电池热失控过程中的压力测量：压电式和压阻式压力传感器的比较

Measurement: Energy

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100075

Freyja Galina Daragan , Mohsen Shekoohian , Stefan Essmann , Tim Krause , Ricardo Rodrigo

Although lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) exhibit excellent energy storage characteristics, they harbor a potential risk due to their ability to undergo thermal runaway (TR). TR is accompanied by a rise in pressure and temperature, as well as possible secondary effects (e.g. explosions). A common mitigation strategy is to house LIBs in enclosures with a high pressure resistance (e.g. flameproof enclosures). The maximum pressure that occurs is therefore an important design criterion for such enclosures. Both piezoelectric (PE) and piezoresistive (PR) sensors can be used to measure the pressure. However, it is currently unclear whether one of the two sensor types is better suited for this specific measurement task. For comparative analysis, TR experiments using a LIB (3 Ah capacity, NMC-811chemistry) are carried out in a flameproof enclosure using overheating as the failure mode. In addition to various temperature readings the pressure is recorded using both sensor types. Due to the high temperature load caused by the hot vent gases of the LIB during TR and the affinity of the PE sensors to so-called thermal shock, the measured pressure values are smaller than those measured by the PR sensors. By using PE sensors without a thermal protective layer (RTV) on the sensor membrane, the temperature can be identified as the decisive factor for the deviation. PR sensors should therefore be used for correct pressure measurement during the TR of a LIB. This study thus provides a direct performance comparison of PE and PR oil-filled sensors under thermal runaway and thermal shock conditions, recommending PR sensors as the more reliable choice for pressure assessment in lithium-ion battery safety applications. The study presents a methodologically sound evaluation framework by first validating the measurement system via controlled gas explosions, followed by testing TR under various gas atmospheres to enable a comprehensive comparison of sensor performance under realistic conditions. The vibration of the enclosure and the sensor design are also identified and discussed as disturbance variables of the pressure curve.

尽管锂离子电池（lib）具有出色的储能特性，但由于其热失控（TR）的能力，它们存在潜在的风险。TR伴随着压力和温度的升高，以及可能的二次效应（例如爆炸）。一种常见的缓解策略是将lib安置在具有高耐压性的外壳中（例如隔爆外壳）。因此，发生的最大压力是此类外壳的重要设计标准。压电式（PE）和压阻式（PR）传感器均可用于测量压力。然而，目前尚不清楚这两种传感器类型中是否有一种更适合这种特定的测量任务。为了进行对比分析，我们在一个隔爆外壳中以过热为失效模式，使用LIB （3 Ah容量，NMC-811chemistry）进行了TR实验。除了各种温度读数外，还使用两种类型的传感器记录压力。由于在TR过程中LIB的热排气引起的高温负荷以及PE传感器对所谓的热冲击的亲和力，测量的压力值小于PR传感器的测量值。通过使用在传感器膜上没有热保护层（RTV）的PE传感器，可以确定温度是导致偏差的决定性因素。因此，在LIB的TR期间，PR传感器应用于正确的压力测量。因此，该研究提供了PE和PR充油传感器在热失控和热冲击条件下的直接性能比较，推荐PR传感器作为锂离子电池安全应用中更可靠的压力评估选择。该研究提出了一个方法上合理的评估框架，首先通过控制气体爆炸验证测量系统，然后在各种气体气氛下测试TR，以便在现实条件下对传感器性能进行全面比较。同时，对压力曲线的扰动变量——箱体振动和传感器设计进行了识别和讨论。

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引用次数: 0

Review of flow regime transition criteria for adiabatic co-current upward gas-liquid flow in vertical multi-scale channels 垂直多尺度通道绝热共流向上气液流动的流型转换准则综述

Measurement: Energy

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100066

Yuhan Liu, Quanbin Zhao, Daotong Chong

Predicting the vertical gas-liquid flow regime in multi-scale channels is essential for optimizing system performance and design in engineering fields such as heat dissipation, petrochemical processing, and nuclear energy. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the flow regime transition mechanisms and criteria for adiabatic co-current upward gas-liquid flow in multi-scale vertical channels. Firstly, the widely accepted definitions of scale classifications and the characteristics of flow regimes at different scales are summarized. On that basis, the transition mechanisms and criteria for multi-scale channels across different flow regimes are reviewed, including bubbly flow, slug flow, churn flow, and annular flow. Finally, the existing criteria are assessed with experimental data banks, and refined methods for predicting flow regimes in multi-scale channels are proposed, incorporating new boundaries for medium-to-large scales and accounting for flow regime transition types.

多尺度通道气液垂直流态的预测对于优化系统性能和设计具有重要意义，如散热、石化加工和核能等工程领域。本文综述了多尺度垂直通道中绝热共流向上气液流动的流型、过渡机理和判据。首先，总结了目前被广泛接受的尺度分类定义和不同尺度下流型的特征。在此基础上，综述了气泡流、段塞流、搅拌流和环空流等不同流型的多尺度通道的过渡机制和准则。最后，利用实验数据库对现有准则进行了评估，并提出了多尺度通道流型预测的改进方法，纳入了中大尺度的新边界，并考虑了流型转换类型。

引用次数: 0

Temperature measurement uncertainty quantification in condition monitoring of critical infrastructure using complex timeseries dependency modeling 基于复杂时间序列依赖模型的关键基础设施状态监测温度测量不确定度量化

Measurement: Energy

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100068

Jennifer Blair , Ting Liu , Thomas Storey , Timothy Wong , Stephen McArthur , Blair Brown , Ernest Lu , Alistair Forbes , Bruce Stephen

Maintenance interventions are required to keep power generation component temperatures within prescribed guidelines but come with the consequence of lost generation days. Understanding temperature increases caused by asset aging processes is critical to maintain safe operation but avoid needless maintenance. This is particularly important when power plants are approaching the end of their planned operational lifetime and may not operate as efficiently, eroding generation revenue margins. Temperature measurements, in many cases the earliest indicators of performance degradation, can be subject to a variety of uncertainty and noise stemming from plant configuration, sensor calibration changes and the general variability of component aging processes. The capability to provide confidence bounds on the predicted temperatures in the presence of measurement noise can permit maintenance decisions to be made with sufficient certainty on lead time to select the best course of maintenance action, given operational or financial constraints. This paper presents an approach for identifying the rate at which mechanical component temperatures can increase over a given operational horizon and presents a predictive distribution of the predictive error that may result from that estimate. A framework utilizing the dependency structure between propagated measurement and modeling uncertainty is developed through investigating a series of increasingly detailed Copula-based approaches applied to the residuals from data-based predictive models. The contribution is demonstrated on operational power generation data as well as stylized exemplar data.

为了使发电部件的温度保持在规定的指导范围内，需要进行维护干预，但随之而来的后果是损失了发电天数。了解由资产老化过程引起的温度升高对于维护安全运行至关重要，同时避免不必要的维护。当发电厂接近其计划运行寿命的终点时，这一点尤其重要，因为发电厂的运行效率可能会下降，从而侵蚀发电利润。在许多情况下，温度测量是性能退化的最早指标，它可能受到各种不确定性和噪声的影响，这些不确定性和噪声来自工厂配置、传感器校准变化和部件老化过程的一般可变性。在存在测量噪声的情况下，对预测温度提供置信范围的能力，可以在考虑运营或财务限制的情况下，在提前期做出足够确定的维护决策，从而选择最佳的维护行动方案。本文提出了一种确定机械部件温度在给定操作范围内可能增加的速率的方法，并提出了该估计可能导致的预测误差的预测分布。通过研究一系列应用于基于数据的预测模型残差的越来越详细的基于copula的方法，开发了一个利用传播测量和建模不确定性之间依赖结构的框架。在运行发电数据和程式化范例数据上证明了这一贡献。

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引用次数: 0

New insights into iron fuel combustion: integrated in-situ and ex-situ diagnostics of ignition delay, melting–oxidation, disruptive phenomena and nanoparticle sizing 铁燃料燃烧的新见解：点火延迟，熔化氧化，破坏现象和纳米颗粒尺寸的集成原位和非原位诊断

Measurement: Energy

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100073

Zakaria Mansouri

Iron powders are attracting growing interest as recyclable energy carriers, offering high-temperature heat release during combustion and the potential for a carbon-free, closed energy cycle. However, key aspects remain insufficiently characterised, including single-particle combustion times over broad size ranges and the formation, size and concentration of nanoparticles during combustion. This study provides the first experimental investigation of irregular iron particles up to 250 μm in size. Combustion experiments were conducted using a controlled gas-supply, a tri-concentric tube burner with a motorised powder injector, and a quartz drop tube leading to a stainless-steel chamber for by-product collection and gas sampling. In-situ diagnostics employed a high-speed camera and a photomultiplier tube (PMT) module, while nanoparticle sizing used an aerodynamic particle sizer (APS). Ex-situ characterisation was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). PMT data combined with particle-size analysis yielded new correlations for ignition delay and liquid-phase oxidation times. Ignition delay follows a second-order polynomial relationship, in contrast to the power-law behaviour reported for spherical particles, while liquid-phase oxidation shows simultaneous melting and oxidation and may be more accurately termed the melting-oxidation phase. Particle growth rates during this phase indicated oxidation rates of approximately 10–20 μm/ms. At later stages, oxide-shell rupture led to the ejection of molten nanoparticles, producing a bright secondary oxidation phase beyond the particle surface. SEM micrographs revealed a variety of disruptive events, including inter-particle collisions, impacts with the surrounding quartz tube, partial oxidation, micro-explosions and the development of surface cavities. Real-time APS measurements of exhaust emissions further demonstrated a unimodal nanoparticle distribution with a peak at 583 nm and evidence suggesting the presence of sub-500 nm particles.

铁粉作为一种可回收的能量载体，在燃烧过程中提供高温热量释放，并有可能实现无碳、封闭的能量循环，正引起人们越来越多的兴趣。然而，关键方面的特征仍然不够充分，包括单颗粒在大尺寸范围内的燃烧时间以及燃烧过程中纳米颗粒的形成、大小和浓度。该研究首次对粒径达250 μm的不规则铁颗粒进行了实验研究。燃烧实验采用受控供气、带电动粉末喷射器的三同心管燃烧器，以及通向用于收集副产物和气体取样的不锈钢室的石英滴管进行。现场诊断采用了高速摄像机和光电倍增管（PMT）模块，而纳米颗粒分级则采用了气动粒度仪（APS）。通过扫描电镜（SEM）进行了非原位表征。PMT数据结合颗粒大小分析得出了点火延迟和液相氧化时间的新相关性。与球形颗粒的幂律行为相反，点火延迟遵循二阶多项式关系，而液相氧化显示同时熔化和氧化，可能更准确地称为熔化-氧化阶段。该阶段的颗粒生长速率表明氧化速率约为10-20 μm/ms。在后期阶段，氧化壳破裂导致熔融纳米颗粒喷射，在颗粒表面之外产生明亮的二次氧化相。SEM显微图显示了多种破坏事件，包括粒子间碰撞、与周围石英管的撞击、部分氧化、微爆炸和表面空腔的发展。废气排放的实时APS测量进一步证明了单峰纳米颗粒分布，峰值位于583纳米处，证据表明存在低于500纳米的颗粒。

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引用次数: 0

Grid-to-prosumer (G2P) interactions: Using bi-directional LSTM techniques to enhance the smart grid network through a demand response scheme 电网到生产消费者（G2P）交互：使用双向LSTM技术通过需求响应方案增强智能电网网络

Measurement: Energy

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100067

Balakumar Palaniyappan, Vinopraba T.

To solve the issues in the electric power distribution network, oscillations in Electric Power Consumption (EPC) and Renewable Energy Generation (REG) must be considered. EPC and renewable energy resources (RES) are mostly used by prosumers integrated with smart grid. An incentive and dynamic pricing-based Demand Response (DR) can control the supply and demand balance. Uncertainty issues include supply and demand imbalances, EV charging, and natural REG fluctuations. This research study proposes an incentive and dynamic pricing-based DR technique for Distributed Generation and Demand Management (DGDM). This DGDM method considers the two uncertainties: demand and prosumer generation. The DGDM scheme, as proposed in this research article, has a dynamic incentive and penalty scheme. The policy applicability has been enhanced by the Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory (B-LSTM) model’s predictive capabilities and ability to restrict the prosumers who participated in the DGDM program. The results demonstrate that the proposed DR policy benefits all parties involved, minimizes the electricity tariff and imbalance in supply and demand, and improves system stability while addressing prosumer issues. The proposed DR for prosumers to get a daily incentive of 89.4088 cents and 425.7844 cents reduce the daily electricity tariff.

为了解决配电网中的振荡问题，必须考虑电力消耗（EPC）和可再生能源发电（REG）的振荡。EPC和可再生能源（RES）主要由与智能电网集成的产消用户使用。基于激励和动态定价的需求响应（DR）可以控制供需平衡。不确定性问题包括供需失衡、电动汽车充电和自然REG波动。本研究提出一种基于激励与动态定价的分布式发电与需求管理（DGDM） DR技术。这种DGDM方法考虑了两个不确定性：需求和产消量。本文提出的DGDM方案具有动态的奖惩机制。双向长短期记忆（B-LSTM）模型的预测能力和对参与DGDM计划的产消者的限制能力增强了策略的适用性。结果表明，提出的DR政策使各方受益，最大限度地减少了电价和供需失衡，并在解决产消问题的同时提高了系统稳定性。建议DR为产消者每天获得89.4088美分的激励，并减少425.7844美分的每日电费。

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引用次数: 0

Passive cooling of Photovoltaic panels using radiative paints and metal foam fins: A critical review of mechanisms, materials, and performance metrics 使用辐射涂料和金属泡沫翅片的光伏板被动冷却：对机制、材料和性能指标的重要回顾

Measurement: Energy

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100076

Kehinde Temitope Alao , Kamaruzzaman Sopian , Syed Ihtsham Ul Haq Gilani , Jing Ee Yit , Shuib Husin , Taiwo Onaopemipo Alao , Zeshan Aslam , Hussein A. Kazem

The performance and lifespan of solar Photovoltaic (PV) panels can be drastically improved by minimizing thermal buildup, which can constrain performance. This review critically compares two trending passive cooling technologies, such as radiative paints and metal foam fins, across their mechanisms, materials, and performance metrics. Radiative paints that enable solar radiation reflection and thermal emission, and metal foam fins that increase heat dissipation by providing increased surface area, are investigated separately and in combination. We discuss the contributions of these techniques to reduced operational temperatures, improved energy yield, and enhanced PV panel longevity. The review integrates discussion of the materials used in these technologies, the difficulties in their implementation, and the need for standard test procedures. We also cover multidimensional performance tests, including thermal conductivity, cooling performance, and environmental footprint. The review also provides current research gaps and recommends future research and development directions in hybrid cooling systems, the incorporation of new materials, and large-scale experimental verification. The synthesis offers a comprehensive review of the prospects of passive cooling technologies for optimizing PV systems, with implications for both academic research and real-world applications in the solar industry.

太阳能光伏（PV）板的性能和寿命可以通过最大限度地减少限制性能的热积聚来大大提高。这篇综述比较了两种趋势的被动冷却技术，如辐射涂料和金属泡沫翅片，它们的机制、材料和性能指标。能够进行太阳辐射反射和热发射的辐射涂料，以及通过提供更大的表面积来增加散热的金属泡沫翅片，分别和组合进行了研究。我们讨论了这些技术在降低操作温度、提高能量产量和延长光伏面板寿命方面的贡献。这篇综述整合了对这些技术中使用的材料的讨论，它们实现中的困难，以及对标准测试程序的需求。我们还介绍了多维性能测试，包括导热性、冷却性能和环境足迹。综述还提供了当前的研究差距，并建议了混合冷却系统，新材料的结合和大规模实验验证的未来研究和发展方向。综合提供了优化PV系统的被动冷却技术的前景的全面回顾，对学术研究和太阳能行业的实际应用都有影响。

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