New Crops最新文献

英文中文

Unraveling the genetic mechanisms of maize ear diameter heterosis

New Crops

Pub Date : 2024-10-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrops.2024.100056

Liangfa Wang , Juan Li , Baiyu Yuan , Huiyu Zhang , Yuan Lin , Jiong Wan , Jiawen Zhao , Qiyue Wang , Xiaolong Ju , Xiaoyang Chen , Xuehai Zhang , Yadong Xue , Rui Song , Zhiyuan Fu , Hongbing Luo , Dong Ding , Jihua Tang

Hybridization has long been a crucial strategy for breeders aiming to develop high-yield crops vital for global food security. However, the exact molecular mechanisms driving heterosis (hybrid vigor) remain a topic of debate. Maize (Zea mays), which demonstrates pronounced heterosis, serves as an ideal model for studying this phenomenon. In our study, we carefully measured phenotypic changes in ear diameter, tracing its development from the inflorescence meristem (IM) to the floral meristem (FM) stages. Our findings revealed a complex progression: the hybrid's ear diameter followed an additive pattern during the IM and spikelet pair meristem (SPM) stages, shifted to incomplete dominance at the spikelet meristem (SM) stage, and ultimately displayed over-dominance at the FM stage. Notably, significant phenotypic changes occurred during the SM stage with gene expression primarily showing non-additive patterns. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis highlighted the role of cell redox homeostasis genes, which exhibited over-dominant expression in hybrids, as key contributors to heterosis. Furthermore, we identified a distinct gene expression category—dominant maternal or paternal gene expression in F₁ hybrids (DMP)—characterized by exclusive expression in the hybrid and one parent, while remaining inactive in the other. This category of DMP genes plays a pivotal role in shaping the diverse gene expression patterns observed in hybrids, distinguishing them from their parental lines. In conclusion, the widespread occurrence of non-additive expression seems to enhance the efficiency of biological processes and energy distribution in hybrids, ultimately driving the manifestation of heterosis.

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引用次数: 0

Meiosis in plants: From understanding to manipulation 植物的减数分裂：从理解到操作

New Crops

Pub Date : 2024-10-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrops.2024.100055

Like Chen , Kejian Wang , Chun Wang

Meiosis is an indispensable process in sexual reproduction, involving the recombination of genetic information and the production of haploid gamete cells through the segregation of sister chromatids. In crop breeding, elucidating the molecular mechanisms of meiosis is fundamental for manipulating recombination frequency and distribution, as well as for generating polyploid plants. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the processes and genes involved in genetic recombination during Meiosis I, and the regulatory mechanisms of the second meiotic division during Meiosis II. Furthermore, we have outlined the breeding innovations achieved through the manipulation of meiosis, including the enhancement of genetic recombination frequency, alteration of recombination distribution, construction of artificial apomixis systems, and implementation of autopolyploid progressive heterosis (APH). This knowledge forms the cornerstone for further crop breeding applications, ultimately contributing to the optimization of crop yield and quality.

减数分裂是有性生殖中不可或缺的过程，它涉及遗传信息的重组和通过姐妹染色单体的分离产生单倍体配子细胞。在作物育种中，阐明减数分裂的分子机制是控制重组频率和分布以及产生多倍体植物的基础。在本综述中，我们总结了目前有关减数第一次分裂过程中基因重组的过程和基因，以及减数第二次分裂过程中减数第二次分裂的调控机制的知识。此外，我们还概述了通过操纵减数分裂实现的育种创新，包括提高基因重组频率、改变重组分布、构建人工无性繁殖系统和实施自多倍体渐进异交（APH）。这些知识是作物育种进一步应用的基石，最终有助于优化作物产量和质量。

引用次数: 0

Perspectives on developing natural colored cotton through carotenoid biofortification 通过类胡萝卜素生物强化技术开发天然彩色棉的前景

New Crops

Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrops.2024.100054

Yujie Wang , Yi He , Yahui Zhai , Salim Al-Babili , Yuchen Miao , Kun-Peng Jia

Cotton is a fundamental component of the textile industry, dominating natural fiber production globally. Besides textiles, cotton plays diverse roles such as producing cooking oil, seed feed, and even medicinal applications. Naturally colored cotton (NCC), featuring pigments derived from phenylpropanoids, offers a spectrum of hues in brown and green categories, providing an environmentally friendly and dye-free option. Despite the advantages of NCC, challenges such as limited superior NCC germplasm, coupled with lower strength, yield, pigment instability, and color constraints, have hindered NCC cultivar development. Recent advancements include developing pink cotton through betalain pathway engineering, highlighting biotechnological avenues for enhancing NCC cultivars. Carotenoids, diverse natural pigments with distinctive yellow, orange, and reddish hues, are essential for photosynthesis and serve as attractants for pollination in plants. Additionally, they are indispensable for human health as precursors of vitamin A and potent antioxidants, revolutionizing nutrient fortification in numerous crops. This review underscores advancements in NCC and carotenoid biofortification in crops, advocating genetic engineering via carotenoid biofortification in fibers to expand NCC’s color spectrum and revolutionize fiber development.

棉花是纺织业的基本组成部分，在全球天然纤维生产中占主导地位。除纺织品外，棉花还发挥着多种作用，如生产食用油、种子饲料甚至药用。天然彩棉（NCC）的颜料来源于苯丙酮类物质，可提供棕色和绿色等多种色调，是一种环保且不含染料的选择。尽管 NCC 具有诸多优势，但由于 NCC 优良种质有限，再加上强度、产量、色素不稳定性和颜色限制等挑战，NCC 栽培品种的开发受到了阻碍。最近取得的进展包括通过甜菜苷途径工程开发出粉色棉花，这凸显了提高净土棉花栽培品种的生物技术途径。类胡萝卜素是多种天然色素，具有独特的黄色、橙色和红色，是植物进行光合作用所必需的，也是植物授粉的吸引物。此外，类胡萝卜素还是人类健康不可或缺的维生素 A 前体和强效抗氧化剂，为许多作物的营养强化带来了革命性的变化。本综述强调了作物中类胡萝卜素和类胡萝卜素生物强化的进展，提倡通过纤维中类胡萝卜素生物强化进行基因工程，以扩大类胡萝卜素的色谱并彻底改变纤维的发展。

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引用次数: 0

Genome-wide characterization, identification, and isolation of auxin response factor (ARF) gene family in maize 玉米中辅助因子反应因子（ARF）基因家族的全基因组特征、鉴定和分离

New Crops

Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrops.2024.100053

Ruiqi Sun , Lele Li , Yan Li , Huanhuan He , Zhaojun Ding , Cuiling Li

Auxin response factors (ARFs) are key regulators of numerous aspects of plant growth and development through mediating auxin signaling. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive genome-wide analysis of ZmARFs to identify and validate all auxin response factor genes in maize. These ZmARF genes were categorized into four distinct groups (I-IV) based on phylogenetic analysis, revealing seven sister pairs. We presented detailed information on gene sequences, structures, chromosome locations, and conserved motifs of ZmARFs. Through transient expression assays, we identified transcriptional activators or repressors among ZmARFs. Notably, our study demonstrated, for the first time, that ZmARF3 acts as a positive regulator of adventitious roots development in maize. This study not only provides basic insights into the maize ARF gene family but also sheds light on the specific functions of ZmARF3, paving the way for a more precise understanding of ZmARFs' roles in plant growth and development in maize.

叶绿素反应因子（ARFs）通过介导叶绿素信号转导，是植物生长和发育诸多方面的关键调控因子。在本研究中，我们对 ZmARFs 进行了全面的全基因组分析，以鉴定和验证玉米中的所有叶绿素反应因子基因。根据系统发育分析，这些 ZmARF 基因被分为四个不同的组别（I-IV），并发现了七个姐妹配对。我们详细介绍了 ZmARF 的基因序列、结构、染色体位置和保守基序。通过瞬时表达试验，我们确定了 ZmARFs 中的转录激活剂或抑制剂。值得注意的是，我们的研究首次证明了 ZmARF3 是玉米不定根发育的正调控因子。这项研究不仅提供了对玉米ARF基因家族的基本认识，而且揭示了ZmARF3的特定功能，为更准确地了解ZmARFs在玉米植物生长发育中的作用铺平了道路。

引用次数: 0

Precise control of falling flowers and fruits is a key part of improving quality and efficiency 精确控制落花落果是提高质量和效率的关键部分

New Crops

Pub Date : 2024-09-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrops.2024.100052

Gaofeng Liu, Zixin Zhang

The strategic implementation of measures to minimize and optimize the timing of fruit drop plays a critical role in enhancing both quality and efficiency. Recent studies in Arabidopsis have substantiated the role of a complex kinase axis, centered on BR-SIGNALING KINASE 1 (BSK1), which regulates organ abscission in plants. These findings revealed that BSK proteins may act as scaffolds for assembling HAESA/HAESA-LIKE2 (HAE/HSL2) and YODA (YDA), facilitating YDA activation by plasma membrane receptors. Once activated, YDA initiates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation cascade, which ultimately triggers abscission. Furthermore, research suggests that this process involves a diverse range of transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. The findings of this study offer valuable insights for investigating similar processes in other crops, significantly advancing the field of plant abscission research.

有策略地采取措施尽量减少和优化落果时间，对提高质量和效率至关重要。最近对拟南芥的研究证实了以BR信号转导激酶1（BSK1）为中心的复杂激酶轴的作用，该激酶轴调节植物器官的脱落。这些研究结果表明，BSK 蛋白可能是组装 HAESA/HAESA-LIKE2 （HAE/HSL2）和 YODA（YDA）的支架，有助于质膜受体激活 YDA。一旦被激活，YDA 就会启动有丝分裂原激活蛋白激酶（MAPK）磷酸化级联，最终引发脱落。此外，研究表明这一过程涉及多种转录调控机制。本研究的发现为研究其他作物的类似过程提供了宝贵的见解，极大地推动了植物脱落研究领域的发展。

引用次数: 0

Molecular mechanisms of rice seed germination 水稻种子萌发的分子机制

New Crops

Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrops.2024.100051

Dong Fu , Wenhua Wu , Ghazala Mustafa , Yong Yang , Pingfang Yang

Rice is a fundamental dietary worldwide. With the increasing adoption of direct seeding in rice cultivation, the need for rapid and synchronized germination, even under submerged conditions, has become critical. Additionally, addressing challenges such as pre-harvest sprouting and germination under various stress conditions is vital for improving rice production. Therefore, understanding the regulatory mechanisms that control rice seed germination is essential. Numerous studies have highlighted the pivotal roles of the phytohormones gibberellic acid (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in modulating rice seed germination, similar to their roles in Arabidopsis. Key factors, including genes that regulate germination under submergence, have been identified, further advancing our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying this process. This review synthesizes recent progress in the field, providing insights into the regulation of rice seed germination.

水稻是全世界的基本食物。随着水稻种植越来越多地采用直播，即使在浸没条件下，也需要快速同步发芽。此外，解决收获前发芽和各种胁迫条件下发芽等难题对于提高水稻产量也至关重要。因此，了解控制水稻种子萌发的调控机制至关重要。大量研究强调了植物激素赤霉素（GA）和脱落酸（ABA）在调节水稻种子萌发中的关键作用，这与它们在拟南芥中的作用类似。包括调控浸没条件下萌发的基因在内的关键因子已被确定，这进一步加深了我们对这一过程的分子机制的理解。本综述综述了该领域的最新进展，提供了有关水稻种子萌发调控的见解。

引用次数: 0

Genetic regulation of wheat plant architecture and future prospects for its improvement 小麦植株结构的遗传调控及其未来改良前景

New Crops

Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrops.2024.100048

Aaqib Shaheen , Zheng Li , Yingying Yang , Jinjin Xie , Lele Zhu , Can Li , Fang Nie , Meng Wang , Yixian Wang , Awais Rasheed , Hao Li , Yun Zhou , Chun-Peng Song

More than a third of the world’s population's primary source of food is common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The total yield must be boosted from 3 tons hec^‐1 to 5 tons per hec^‐1 to meet the global food demands by 2050. A major breeding objective is to change the plant architecture to develop varieties suited for intensive agricultural practices and able to withstand climate extremes. Modifying plant architecture could significantly improve productivity; however, it is challenging due to negative associations with key agronomic traits influencing yield. The current research focus of this decade revolves around three critical agronomic variables: tiller number, plant height, and tiller angle. These variables have a significant role in altering plant architecture and ultimately impacting the potential yield. The ideal plant architecture requires moderate planting density, a narrow tiller angle, and reduced plant height, which can be attained through special tiller arrangement. Here, we review the developmental biology and underpinning genetics of the plant architecture traits, especially the genetic factors and environmental factors influencing wheat architecture. The use of crop wild relatives (CWRs), such as Aegilops tauschii, can enhance wheat cultivation by increasing breeding diversity and introgressing beneficial genes into elite wheat germplasm through the recently developed rapid high-throughput introgression (RHI) protocol. Identifying defective mutants and characterizing their corresponding genes will assist us in understanding the molecular mechanism and deploying beneficial alleles to manipulate plant architecture.

世界人口三分之一以上的主要食物来源是普通小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）。总产量必须从每公顷 3 吨提高到每公顷 5 吨，才能满足 2050 年的全球粮食需求。育种的一个主要目标是改变植物结构，培育出适合集约化农业生产并能抵御极端气候的品种。改变植物结构可显著提高生产力，但由于与影响产量的关键农艺性状存在负相关，因此具有挑战性。本十年目前的研究重点围绕三个关键农艺变量展开：分蘖数、株高和分蘖角。这些变量在改变植株结构和最终影响潜在产量方面具有重要作用。理想的植株结构要求适度的种植密度、较窄的分蘖角度和较低的株高，这可以通过特殊的分蘖排列来实现。在此，我们回顾了植物结构性状的发育生物学和基础遗传学，尤其是影响小麦结构的遗传因素和环境因素。利用农作物野生近缘种（CWR），如Aegilops tauschii，可以增加育种多样性，并通过最近开发的快速高通量引种（RHI）方案将有益基因导入精英小麦种质，从而提高小麦栽培水平。鉴定缺陷突变体并确定其相应基因的特征将有助于我们了解分子机制，并利用有益的等位基因操纵植物结构。

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引用次数: 0

Boosting crop yield and nitrogen use efficiency: the hidden power of nitrogen-iron balance 提高作物产量和氮素利用效率：氮铁平衡的潜在力量

New Crops

Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrops.2024.100047

Jie Wu , Ying Song , Guang-Yu Wan , Liang-Qi Sun , Jing-Xian Wang , Zi-Sheng Zhang , Cheng-Bin Xiang

The macronutrient nitrogen (N) and micronutrient iron (Fe) are essential mineral elements for plant growth and development and participate in multiple vital life activities through intricate interactions. N and Fe fertilizers were found to increase crop yield when applied together. However, the N-Fe balance has not been clearly defined, and the underlying molecular mechanisms have remained unknown until recently. This review summarizes recent advances in N-Fe balance and highlights the critical role of the hub transcription factor NIN-like proteins (NLPs) that integrate N and Fe signals to improve crop yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) as well as the molecular mechanism underlying N-Fe balance-boosted yield and NUE, which provides insight into not only the enhancement of crop yield and NUE but also the innovation of green fertilizers, greatly benefiting global sustainable agriculture and ecosystems.

宏量营养元素氮（N）和微量营养元素铁（Fe）是植物生长和发育所必需的矿物质元素，它们通过错综复杂的相互作用参与多种重要的生命活动。研究发现，氮肥和铁肥一起施用可提高作物产量。然而，直到最近，氮-铁平衡尚未得到明确界定，其潜在的分子机制也一直不为人知。本综述总结了氮铁平衡研究的最新进展，强调了中枢转录因子类NIN蛋白（NLPs）在整合氮和铁信号以提高作物产量和氮利用效率（NUE）方面的关键作用，以及氮铁平衡提高产量和氮利用效率的分子机制，这不仅为提高作物产量和氮利用效率提供了启示，也为绿色肥料的创新提供了思路，将极大地促进全球可持续农业和生态系统的发展。

引用次数: 0

Molecular mechanisms of resistance and future perspectives in plant breeding strategies against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 抗性的分子机制和抗硬皮病植物育种战略的未来展望

New Crops

Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrops.2024.100046

Hu Duo , Meng Yin , Rui Wang

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is one of the most destructive and widespread phytopathogenic ascomycetes, causing significant yield and economic losses. Numerous studies have explored its virulence, plant recognition, and prolonged interactions with host defense systems. However, the key genes involved in these processes and their potential application in future breeding for S. sclerotiorum resistance remain insufficiently explored. Recent advances have significantly deepened our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction between S. sclerotiorum and plants, providing novel insights into the pathogen's mechanism and identifying key candidate genes for enhancing plant resistance. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on S. sclerotiorum pathogenesis, challenges in breeding for resistance, genetic improvement strategies for combating Sclerotinia stem rot, and recent genome sequencing data related to S. sclerotiorum resistance. Our aim is to propose a comprehensive strategy for plant molecular breeding against S. sclerotiorum, leveraging newly developed tools for genetic improvement.

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 是最具破坏性、分布最广的植物病原菌之一，会造成重大的产量和经济损失。许多研究都对其毒力、植物识别以及与宿主防御系统的长期相互作用进行了探讨。然而，对参与这些过程的关键基因及其在未来培育 S. sclerotiorum 抗性中的潜在应用仍未进行充分探索。最近的研究进展大大加深了我们对 S. sclerotiorum 与植物之间相互作用的分子机制的理解，为我们提供了对病原体机制的新见解，并确定了增强植物抗性的关键候选基因。在这篇综述中，我们总结了当前有关硬核菌致病机理的知识、抗性育种面临的挑战、抗击硬核菌茎腐病的遗传改良策略以及与硬核菌抗性相关的最新基因组测序数据。我们的目标是利用新开发的遗传改良工具，提出针对 Sclerotiorum 的植物分子育种综合战略。

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引用次数: 0

Unveiling CRISPR/Cas in rapeseed: Triumphs, trials, and tomorrow 揭开 CRISPR/Cas 在油菜籽中的神秘面纱：胜利、考验和明天

New Crops

Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrops.2024.100045

Shahid Ullah Khan , Minchao Qian , Shengting Li , Yonghai Fan , Hui Wang , Wei Chang , Osama Alam , Sumbul Saeed , Kun Lu

The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) genome-editing technique has revolutionized our understanding of plant genomes. Over a decade ago, scientists began using CRISPR/Cas to rapidly breed plant species, model and non-model crops, and modify plant genomes to study specific genes and metabolic pathways. While the CRISPR/Cas system holds immense potential for genome editing, numerous obstacles may prevent it from fully realizing this potential. This paper reviews the history and current state of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing technology in rapeseed. Our discussion focuses on the advancements CRISPR/Cas9 has made in enhancing plant characteristics such as yield traits, quality, and disease resistance. To provide comprehensive insights for research focused on gene function studies or genetic improvement through genome editing technology, we review the latest progress in plant applications using emerging precise genome editing technologies and discuss the limitations, including technological hurdles. We also explore CRISPR/Cas applications in oilseed rape to achieve improved results within this framework. This review covers genes controlling abiotic stresses in rapeseed at various developmental stages and examines related literature on CRISPR/Cas technology applications. While much remains to be discovered, the existing background information will guide future investigations into genetic enhancement using CRISPR, beyond what is discussed here. We believe this literature will inspire deep interest and create new opportunities for scientists working on rapeseed improvement.

聚类规则间隔短回文重复序列（CRISPR）基因组编辑技术彻底改变了我们对植物基因组的认识。十多年前，科学家们开始利用 CRISPR/Cas 快速培育植物物种、模式和非模式作物，并修改植物基因组以研究特定基因和代谢途径。虽然 CRISPR/Cas 系统在基因组编辑方面拥有巨大潜力，但许多障碍可能会阻碍它充分发挥这一潜力。本文回顾了 CRISPR/Cas9 介导的油菜基因编辑技术的历史和现状。我们的讨论重点是 CRISPR/Cas9 在提高产量性状、品质和抗病性等植物特性方面取得的进展。为了给侧重于基因功能研究或通过基因组编辑技术进行遗传改良的研究提供全面的见解，我们回顾了利用新兴精确基因组编辑技术在植物应用方面的最新进展，并讨论了其局限性，包括技术障碍。我们还探讨了 CRISPR/Cas 在油菜中的应用，以便在此框架内取得更好的结果。本综述涵盖油菜不同发育阶段控制非生物胁迫的基因，并研究了 CRISPR/Cas 技术应用的相关文献。虽然还有很多东西有待发现，但现有的背景信息将指导未来利用 CRISPR 进行遗传改良的研究，而不局限于本文所讨论的内容。我们相信，这些文献将激发人们的浓厚兴趣，并为从事油菜籽改良的科学家创造新的机遇。

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