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Environmentally friendly management of barley yellow dwarf virus infection: Challenges, strategies, and prospects 大麦黄矮病毒感染的环境友好管理：挑战、策略和前景

New Crops

Pub Date : 2025-08-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrops.2025.100087

Huanzhang Shang , Bo Ji , Zehui Wang , Guangwei Li , Boliao Li , Xiulin Chen , Thérèse Ouellet , Kun Luo

Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) infection in cereal crops significantly reduces grain yield and quality, which may further exacerbate the damage inflicted by aphid vectors. Developing effective and environmentally sustainable management strategies to mitigate the damage from BYDV and its vectors is essential for ensuring food security and sustainable agriculture globally. One promising approach is the widespread cultivation of BYDV-resistant cultivars. However, direct introgression of resistance genes into elite crop varieties has rarely resulted in durable resistance. Recent progress in identifying and characterizing viral proteins, receptors, and vector effectors has provided critical insights into breeding strategies aimed at enhancing resistance to viral infections. These approaches typically involve disrupting virus acquisition or strengthening phytohormone-mediated defenses via genetic improvement, thereby reducing virus transmission. Due to limited attention given to BYDV control in previous research, there remains a strong need to identify additional candidate genes that influence interactions among BYDV, aphids, and host plants. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent progress and existing challenges in cultivar improvement programs aimed at enhancing resistance to both BYDV and its vectors. We also discuss alternative approaches, such as applying phytohormones and herbivore-induced plant volatiles, to strengthen crop resistance mechanisms—specifically antixenosis and antibiosis—against aphid vectors.

大麦黄矮病毒（Barley yellow dwarf virus， BYDV）在谷类作物中侵染显著降低粮食产量和品质，并可能进一步加剧蚜虫对作物的危害。制定有效和环境可持续的管理战略，以减轻BYDV及其媒介造成的损害，对于确保全球粮食安全和可持续农业至关重要。一种有希望的方法是广泛种植抗bydv的品种。然而，将抗性基因直接导入优良作物品种很少产生持久的抗性。最近在鉴定和表征病毒蛋白、受体和载体效应物方面取得的进展为旨在增强病毒感染抵抗力的育种策略提供了关键的见解。这些方法通常包括破坏病毒获取或通过遗传改良加强植物激素介导的防御，从而减少病毒传播。由于先前的研究对BYDV控制的关注有限，因此仍然迫切需要确定影响BYDV、蚜虫和寄主植物之间相互作用的其他候选基因。本文综述了近年来水稻品种改良的进展和面临的挑战，旨在提高水稻对BYDV及其病媒的抗性。我们还讨论了替代方法，如应用植物激素和草食诱导的植物挥发物，以加强作物对蚜虫媒介的抗性机制，特别是抗虫病和抗生素。

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引用次数: 0

Precision engineering of carbon partitioning enhances crop resilience to heat stress 碳分配的精密工程提高了作物对热胁迫的抗逆性

New Crops

Pub Date : 2025-08-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrops.2025.100086

Xusheng Zhao, Shengjie Chen, Zhili Wang, Hon-Ming Lam

With global warming, crop productivity is increasingly threatened by heat stress. Source-sink relations—critical yet vulnerable components of plant productivity, especially under climate extremes—have recently become the focus of innovative biotechnological interventions. Lou et al. (2024) successfully used prime editing to engineer heat-resilient crops by enhancing carbon partitioning, thereby mitigating yield losses without compromising quality. This groundbreaking strategy offers a promising pathway for developing climate-smart crops and achieving sustainable agriculture, with broad implications for the future of food security in a warming world.

随着全球变暖，作物产量日益受到热胁迫的威胁。源库关系是植物生产力的关键但脆弱的组成部分，特别是在极端气候下，最近成为创新生物技术干预的焦点。Lou等人（2024）通过增强碳分配成功地利用初始编辑技术改造了耐热作物，从而在不影响质量的情况下减轻了产量损失。这一突破性战略为开发气候智能型作物和实现可持续农业提供了一条充满希望的途径，对全球变暖背景下的未来粮食安全具有广泛影响。

引用次数: 0

Genome-wide analysis of the WRKY gene family in lily and functional characterization of LdWRKY87 in response to heat stress 百合WRKY基因家族的全基因组分析及LdWRKY87对热胁迫的功能表征

New Crops

Pub Date : 2025-07-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrops.2025.100084

Sujuan Xu , Hanhan Feng , Ting Li , Yinyi Zhang , Ze Wu , Genlou Sun , Nianjun Teng

WRKY genes represent a major family of transcription factors that play key roles in regulating plant responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses. While WRKY genes have been extensively studied in various plant species, their functions in lily remain largely unknown. Here, we identified 115 WRKY family genes in the lily genome through bioinformatics analyses. These genes encode proteins ranging from 72 to 708 amino acids, with predicted isoelectric points between 4.90 and 11.06. Phylogenetic analysis grouped these LdWRKY genes into clusters Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ, and promoter analysis identified numerous cis-acting elements related to growth, development, and hormone and stress responses. Gene expression heatmaps revealed significant variation in the expression of LdWRKY family members across different tissues, with 62 out of 115 LdWRKYs showing differential expression under heat stress conditions. Using transcriptome data, we cloned the heat stress-responsive candidate gene LdWRKY87, which encodes a nuclear-localized protein with transcriptional repression activity. Transient transformation assays confirmed the role of LdWRKY87 in regulating lily heat tolerance. Further studies suggest that LdWRKY87 may modulate heat tolerance by affecting the expression of heat tolerance-related genes, such as LdHSFA2, LdHSP70, and LdMBF1c. These findings provide a foundation for future studies on the regulatory mechanisms of WRKY transcription factors in lily heat tolerance.

WRKY基因是一个重要的转录因子家族，在调节植物对生物和非生物胁迫的反应中发挥关键作用。虽然WRKY基因在各种植物中被广泛研究，但其在百合中的功能仍不清楚。通过生物信息学分析，我们在百合基因组中鉴定出115个WRKY家族基因。这些基因编码的蛋白质范围从72到708个氨基酸，预测等电点在4.90到11.06之间。系统发育分析将这些LdWRKY基因分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ簇，启动子分析确定了许多与生长、发育、激素和应激反应相关的顺式作用元件。基因表达热图显示，LdWRKY家族成员在不同组织中的表达存在显著差异，115个LdWRKY家族成员中有62个在热应激条件下表现出差异表达。利用转录组数据，我们克隆了热应激应答候选基因LdWRKY87，该基因编码一种具有转录抑制活性的核定位蛋白。瞬时转化实验证实了LdWRKY87在百合耐热性调控中的作用。进一步研究表明，LdWRKY87可能通过影响耐热相关基因如LdHSFA2、LdHSP70和LdMBF1c的表达来调节耐热性。这些发现为进一步研究WRKY转录因子在百合耐热性中的调控机制奠定了基础。

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引用次数: 0

An evolutionarily conserved module links TIR signaling to disease resistance 一个进化上保守的模块将TIR信号与疾病抗性联系起来

New Crops

Pub Date : 2025-06-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrops.2025.100083

XiaoFei Du, Yu Zhang, Hailong Guo

The Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain, a conserved immune signaling module across all kingdoms, is frequently fused to other domains to enhance host defense against microbial pathogens. TIR domains exhibit multifunctional enzymatic activities, catalyzing diverse substrates into structurally distinct nucleotide metabolites that serve as second messengers to couple TNL signaling to RNL activation. Two recent studies published in Science revealed that the EDS1–PAD4–ADR1 signaling module, which transduces TIR enzymatic activity into immune responses, is evolutionarily conserved in both monocots and dicots. Remarkably, this module is activated not only by plant TIR domains but also by bacterial TIR domains. Advancing our understanding of cross-kingdom TIR enzymatic functions and their downstream signaling mechanisms offers promising strategies for engineering durable disease resistance in crops.

Toll/白细胞介素-1受体（interleukin-1 receptor， TIR）结构域是一个保守的免疫信号传导模块，它经常与其他结构域融合以增强宿主对微生物病原体的防御。TIR结构域表现出多功能的酶活性，催化不同的底物转化为结构不同的核苷酸代谢物，作为第二信使将TNL信号传导到RNL激活。最近发表在《科学》杂志上的两项研究表明，EDS1-PAD4-ADR1信号模块，将TIR酶活性转化为免疫反应，在单子植物和双子植物中都是进化保守的。值得注意的是，该模块不仅可以被植物的TIR结构域激活，也可以被细菌的TIR结构域激活。推进我们对跨界TIR酶功能及其下游信号传导机制的理解，为作物的持久抗病工程提供了有希望的策略。

引用次数: 0

Systematic analysis of the F3H family in maize reveals a role for ZmF3H6 in salt stress tolerance 对玉米F3H家族的系统分析揭示了ZmF3H6在盐胁迫抗性中的作用

New Crops

Pub Date : 2025-06-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrops.2025.100082

Tongtong Xiao , Shidong Zhang , Yun Gu , Haiying Hu , Liangyong Sun , Chuwen Lu , Marilyn L. Warburton , Hui Li , Jiantang Zhu

Flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) plays a pivotal role in the biosynthesis of flavonoid compounds, which are involved in growth and development processes, as well as stress responses in plants. However, little information has been uncovered about the F3H gene family in maize (Zea mays) to date. In this study, 15 ZmF3H genes were identified in the maize genome and clustered into four phylogenetic groups with homologs from other plant species. Expression profile analysis revealed that most ZmF3H genes exhibited differential expression patterns across various maize tissues. qRT-PCR expression analysis of ZmF3H genes under salt treatment identified ZmF3H6 as an excellent candidate gene for salt resistance. Overexpression of ZmF3H6 in Arabidopsis led to increased tolerance to salt stress, possibly by enhancing flavonol accumulation and antioxidant capacity. Conversely, a mutation in the sequence of ZmF3H6 resulted in compromised salt tolerance of maize seedlings. Molecular docking identified that ZmF3H6 binds to naringenin at specific amino acid residues necessary for hydroxylation. Dual-luciferase reporter and electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated that the transcription factor ZmMYB33 activates ZmF3H6 expression by binding to the MBS domains in the ZmF3H6 promoter. Our findings provide a foundation for further investigation into the roles of the ZmF3H genes in plant abiotic stress responses and present a novel genetic resource for creating salt-resistant maize.

黄酮3-羟化酶（Flavanone 3-hydroxylase, F3H）在黄酮类化合物的生物合成中起着关键作用，参与植物的生长发育过程和逆境响应。然而，迄今为止关于玉米（Zea mays） F3H基因家族的信息知之甚少。本研究在玉米基因组中鉴定了15个ZmF3H基因，并与其他植物的同源基因聚为4个系统发育群。表达谱分析显示，大多数ZmF3H基因在玉米不同组织中表现出差异表达模式。通过对ZmF3H基因在盐处理下的qRT-PCR表达分析，发现ZmF3H6是一个很好的耐盐候选基因。ZmF3H6在拟南芥中的过表达可能通过增强黄酮醇积累和抗氧化能力而导致对盐胁迫的耐受性增强。相反，ZmF3H6序列的突变导致玉米幼苗耐盐性受损。分子对接发现，ZmF3H6与柚皮素结合在羟基化所需的特定氨基酸残基上。双荧光素酶报告基因和电泳迁移率转移实验表明，转录因子ZmMYB33通过结合ZmF3H6启动子中的MBS结构域激活ZmF3H6的表达。本研究结果为进一步研究ZmF3H基因在植物非生物胁迫应答中的作用奠定了基础，并为培育耐盐玉米提供了新的遗传资源。

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引用次数: 0

Current advances in plant mitochondria: Application revolution of cytoplasmic male sterility 植物线粒体研究进展：细胞质雄性不育的应用革命

New Crops

Pub Date : 2025-05-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrops.2025.100081

Yilei Zhang , Panpan Li , Bin Yi , Dongli He

Plant mitochondria are vital organelles that play a decisive role in key agricultural traits, including cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS). CMS has been a cornerstone in the hybrid breeding of crops. Although many genes responsible for CMS in mitochondria have been identified, due to the lack of efficient plant mitochondrial transgenic technology and rapid mitochondrial isolation technology, the molecular mechanisms of their function and coordination with nuclear-encoded fertility recovery (Rf) genes are not fully understood. The double-layer membrane of plant mitochondria encases a relatively complex genome, posing challenges for direct genetic transformation and complicating the understanding of the CMS/Rf system. This review focuses on recent advances in the general characteristics, gene editing, and isolation techniques of plant mitochondria. We further explore the potential revolutionary applications of CMS by improving or creating new CMS or restoration lines based on the progress of plant mitochondria.

植物线粒体是重要的细胞器，在包括细胞质雄性不育（CMS）在内的关键农业性状中起决定性作用。CMS已经成为作物杂交育种的基石。虽然已经鉴定出许多与线粒体CMS有关的基因，但由于缺乏高效的植物线粒体转基因技术和快速的线粒体分离技术，它们的功能及其与核编码的生育恢复（Rf）基因的协同作用的分子机制尚不完全清楚。植物线粒体的双层膜包裹着一个相对复杂的基因组，这给直接遗传转化带来了挑战，并使对CMS/Rf系统的理解复杂化。本文综述了植物线粒体的一般特征、基因编辑和分离技术等方面的最新进展。我们将根据植物线粒体的研究进展，通过改良或创建新的CMS或恢复系，进一步探索CMS潜在的革命性应用。

引用次数: 0

Enhancements in cotton fiber length phenotyping and optimization of weighted gene co-expression network analysis through fiber elongation rate metrics 棉纤维伸长率指标增强棉纤维长度表型和优化加权基因共表达网络分析

New Crops

Pub Date : 2025-05-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrops.2025.100080

Leidi Liu , Cheng Li , Feng Hu , Jingzhe Zhao , Roshan Zameer , Jingyao Li , Chengde Yu , Huazhong Shi , Zhifang Li , Chun-Peng Song , Changsong Zou

Cotton fiber length is a crucial attribute that significantly affects yarn production and fabric quality, making it a primary focus in cotton breeding efforts. Both current and previous studies have indicated a lack of correlation between fiber length and gene expression dynamics, underscoring the importance of phenotyping fiber elongation. Traditional methods for measuring fiber length, however, tend to be impractical and labor-intensive, particularly for developing fibers that are fragile and prone to twisting. In this study, we present an innovative phenotyping method to measure the elongation of developing cotton fibers. Our key findings reveal a strong linear relationship between the total volume of fiber bundles and fiber length. This relationship allows for the straightforward estimation of the linear correlation coefficient from the final fiber length and the final volume of the fiber bundle within a boll. Upon measuring both the fiber bundle volume and fiber length, we discovered that their growth dynamics were well-represented by a logistic curve. Additionally, the expression dynamics of several newly identified genes demonstrated a significant positive correlation with the rate of fiber elongation. This research marks an important advancement in quantifying gene expression dynamics and fiber elongation. We believe that measuring the elongation of developing fibers will greatly accelerate the development of high-quality cotton varieties and enhance our understanding of plant developmental biology.

棉纤维长度是影响纱线产量和织物质量的关键因素，是棉花育种工作的重点。目前和以前的研究都表明纤维长度和基因表达动力学之间缺乏相关性，这强调了纤维伸长表型的重要性。然而，测量纤维长度的传统方法往往是不切实际和劳动密集型的，特别是用于开发易碎和易扭曲的纤维。在这项研究中，我们提出了一种创新的表型方法来测量发育中的棉纤维的伸长。我们的主要发现揭示了纤维束的总体积和纤维长度之间存在很强的线性关系。这种关系允许从最终纤维长度和棉铃内纤维束的最终体积中直接估计线性相关系数。通过测量纤维束体积和纤维长度，我们发现它们的生长动态可以很好地用logistic曲线表示。此外，几个新鉴定的基因的表达动态与纤维伸长率呈显著正相关。该研究标志着基因表达动态和纤维伸长定量研究的重要进展。我们相信，测量发育纤维的伸长将大大加快优质棉花品种的开发，并增强我们对植物发育生物学的理解。

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引用次数: 0

Current perspectives on improving soybean performance on saline-alkaline lands 盐碱地改良大豆生产性能的现状展望

New Crops

Pub Date : 2025-04-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrops.2025.100079

Jiaxian He , Yifei Chen , Manting Zhang , Yongjian Qiu , Huapeng Zhou , Meina Li

Soil salinity is an increasing threat to global food security and environmental sustainability. Soybean, the leading dietary protein and oil content crop in animal feed, also provides humans with 30% of their dietary fat intake and contributes to 67% of global protein powder consumption annually. The improvement and utilization of saline-alkaline land can expand arable land for soybean production and decrease the yield penalty, ensuring food security for the growing world population. Over the past decades, identifying salt-tolerant cultivars and understanding salt stress signaling and responses in soybeans have made some progress. However, few successful studies about improved soybean field performance have been reported. Here, we provide recent advances in functionally characterized genes and major quantitative trait loci (QTLs) contributing to soybean salt tolerance. We focus on the strategies that we could take to achieve salt-tolerant soybean cultivars with high-yield, which includes unveiling the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate the soybean response to high pH alkaline stress, to gain better knowledge of the soybean circadian clock and time-gate the response to saline-alkaline stress and minimize the fitness cost, and lay out the audacious plans to make soybean a halophyte. We aim to inspire the researchers in salt-tolerant breeding and research to new frontiers.

土壤盐碱化对全球粮食安全和环境可持续性的威胁日益严重。大豆是动物饲料中主要的蛋白质和油脂含量作物，也为人类提供了30%的膳食脂肪摄入量，占全球每年蛋白粉消费量的67%。盐碱地的改良和利用可以扩大大豆的耕地面积，减少产量损失，确保世界人口不断增长的粮食安全。在过去的几十年里，鉴定耐盐品种和了解大豆的盐胁迫信号和反应取得了一些进展。然而，关于提高大豆田间性能的成功研究很少报道。本文综述了大豆耐盐性的功能特征基因和主要数量性状位点（qtl）的研究进展。我们将重点研究培育耐盐大豆高产品种的策略，包括揭示大豆对高pH碱性胁迫响应的潜在细胞和分子机制，更好地了解大豆的生物钟和时间门，对盐碱胁迫的响应进行时间控制，并将适应成本降至最低，以及制定大豆成为盐生植物的大胆计划。我们的目标是激励研究人员在耐盐育种和研究的新领域。

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引用次数: 0

Identification, characteristics, and cytological analysis of three disomic alien addition lines of Brassica napus- Raphanus sativus 甘蓝型油菜-莴苣三种二体外源附加系的鉴定、特性及细胞学分析

New Crops

Pub Date : 2025-04-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrops.2025.100078

Mingyang Hu , Chunxing Sun , Qun Feng , Lang Liu , Feng Yu , Tuo Zeng , Lei Gu , Hongcheng Wang , Xuye Du , Bowei Cai , Bin Zhu

Alien addition lines refer to the incorporation of one or more chromosomes from a donor species into the genomic background of a recipient species. These lines serve as crucial tools in genetic engineering, particularly for transferring beneficial genes and desirable traits from a donor genome to a recipient genome. In this study, we obtained three disomic alien addition lines (DAALs) of Brassica napus-Raphanus sativus (AACC + 2R, 2n = 40) from a complete set of monosomic alien addition lines (MAALs) through microspore culture techniques, utilizing PCR amplification with R chromosome-specific primers and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). We conducted a comprehensive and systematic analysis of these DAALs and their parents. Phenotypically, these lines exhibit significantly distinct characteristics compared to their parental types. The silique length of line DR5 exceeds that of lines DR2 and DR4. The DAALs also display significantly reduced silique width and beak length compared to their parental lines. Regarding pollen viability, thousand seed weight, and seeds per pod, the DAALs demonstrate superior performance relative to the MAALs. Furthermore, the seeds from line DR4 are larger than those of the parental B. napus. Cytological observations indicate that the chromosome behavior of the DAALs is regular, with 20 bivalents encompassing 10 II^A-A, 9 II^C-C, and 1 II^R-R. At anaphase I, an even distribution of chromosomes to both sides of the pollen mother cells (PMCs) is observed in the DAALs. Overall, these DAALs are anticipated to have a substantial economic and agricultural impact on the enhancement of B. napus.

外来附加系是指将来自供体物种的一条或多条染色体纳入受体物种的基因组背景。这些细胞系是基因工程的重要工具，特别是将有益基因和理想性状从供体基因组转移到受体基因组。本研究通过小孢子培养技术，利用R染色体特异性引物PCR扩增和荧光原位杂交（FISH）技术，从一套完整的单体外源附加系（MAALs）中获得了3个二体外源附加系（AACC + 2R, 2n = 40）。我们对这些daal及其父母进行了全面系统的分析。在表型上，这些系表现出与其亲本型明显不同的特征。线路DR5的长度超过线路DR2和线路DR4。与亲本系相比，DAALs的喙宽和喙长也明显减少。在花粉活力、千粒重和每荚种子数方面，DAALs表现出优于MAALs的性能。此外，DR4系的种子比亲本甘蓝型油菜的种子大。细胞学观察表明，DAALs的染色体行为是规则的，有20个二价，包括10个IIA-A， 9个IIC-C和1个IIR-R。在花粉后期I，在花粉母细胞（PMCs）两侧观察到染色体均匀分布。总的来说，预计这些DAALs将对甘蓝型油菜的增强产生重大的经济和农业影响。

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引用次数: 0

Erratum to “Development of PmCDA1-based high-efficiency cytidine base editors (ChyCBEs) incorporating a GmRad51 DNA-binding domain in soybean” [New Crops 1 (2024) 100001] “基于pmcda1的含有GmRad51 dna结合结构域的大豆高效胞苷碱基编辑器（ChyCBEs）的开发”[新作物1(2024)100001]的勘误

New Crops

Pub Date : 2025-03-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrops.2025.100070

Mengyan Bai , Xinchen Hu , Wenxin Lin , Chunyan Peng , Huaqin Kuang , Xiangbin Zhong , Yinghua Li , Bo Chen , Jiyao Wang , Huarong Li , Baohui Liu , Fanjiang Kong , Yuefeng Guan

引用次数: 0

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