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Intermedial semiotics in the age of artificial intelligence. Challenges and opportunities for the arts 人工智能时代的中介符号学。艺术的挑战与机遇
Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.techum.2024.04.001
Asunción López-Varela Azcárate
The intermedial synergies between art and technology have seduced numerous artists and intellectuals throughout history. The history of intermediality involves aspects regarding the material medium, closely related to changing technologies and apparatuses, the affordances of medium specificity, delivery mechanisms and channels, circulation and reception practices, and an entire ecology of production and use, embedded in particular institutional and sociocultural contexts. The hybridization and transdisciplinary exchanges between art and technology have given rise to novel forms of intermedial inquiry, enriching the co-creative process between human users and machines, and contributing to the exploration of aspects related to co-creation and distributed agency. From a semiotic perspective, this paper explores the inception of AI and the changes it brings to the intermedial scenario as related to the arts. Will AI help humans make new kinds of art, or is it more likely to emerge as a competitor for those working in creative industries? The paper is structured around the intermedial quality of AI, with an inquiry into co-creation as well as the divide or symbiosis between the ‘Natural’ and the ‘Artificial’, examined from a historical perspective. The second part of the paper explores examples of BioArt in their intersections with AI. Drawing on previous work by Walter Benjamin, Roland Barthes, Gilles Deleuze and N. Katherine Hayles, the research examines their contributions in relation to the notion of cognitive nonconsciousness and the potential imaginative capacity of AI.
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引用次数: 0
Re-creating the world - On necessary features for the creation of AGI 重塑世界——论AGI创建的必要功能
Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.techum.2023.05.004
Oliver Li

In this paper I identify and discuss a number of features that I argue are necessary for the realization of AGI. As a preliminary step, common definitions of AGI are presented in respect to their understanding of mind, intelligence, and consciousness. I show that, despite the amazing performance of artificial systems, at present they are still far from exhibiting AGI, and I identify some of their central short-comings. Secondly, inspired by research within the philosophy of mind, embodiment and situatedness, I suggest a number of features that I deem necessary for a mind. I then investigate the possible objection against the relevance of these features namely that they are overly anthropocentric or biocentric. I further discuss aspects of these features in relation to their transfer to artificial systems with the goal of creating an artificial mind. I finally conclude that self-reflexivity and the re-creation of the world as an inner world should be strongly focused upon if one wishes to create an artificial mind or artificial consciousness. However, I also issue a warning about some well-known risks when creating AGI.

在本文中,我确定并讨论了我认为实现AGI所必需的一些特性。作为初步步骤,AGI的常见定义是关于他们对心智、智力和意识的理解。我表明,尽管人工系统有着惊人的性能,但目前它们还远远没有表现出AGI,我发现了它们的一些核心缺点。其次,受心灵、化身和情境哲学研究的启发,我提出了一些我认为对心灵来说必要的特征。然后,我调查了对这些特征相关性的可能反对意见,即它们过于以人类为中心或以生物为中心。我进一步讨论了这些特征的各个方面,以及它们向人造系统的转移,目的是创造一种人造思维。我最后得出结论,如果一个人想要创造一个人造的心灵或人造的意识,就应该强烈关注自我反射和将世界作为一个内在世界的重新创造。然而,我也对创建AGI时的一些众所周知的风险发出了警告。
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引用次数: 0
Big Data Mining, digital tools, and methods to compare China and the West: The new agenda in global (economic) history 大数据挖掘、数字工具和比较中国和西方的方法:全球(经济)史上的新议程
Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.techum.2023.08.001
Manuel Perez-Garcia

The paradigm of the new global (economic) history aims to present new case studies cross-referencing western and Asian sources and using new tools and methods from other disciplines such as digital humanities and computer sciences. Within such an interdisciplinary approach new digital solutions are being conceptualized and implemented to renew global history research and revise the Great Divergence debate. The GECEM Project Database is presented as example that follows the paradigm of the “Complex-Systems Landscape” metaphor used and developed in this special issue. Thus, the core hypothesis in these papers is based on the role and agency of merchants and the networks they formed which ultimately changed consumer behavior and fostered the global circulation of goods in early modern China, Europe, and the Americas.

新全球(经济)史的范式旨在提出新的案例研究,交叉引用西方和亚洲的资料,并使用数字人文和计算机科学等其他学科的新工具和方法。在这种跨学科的方法中,正在构思和实施新的数字解决方案,以更新全球历史研究并修正大分歧的辩论。GECEM项目数据库是一个例子,它遵循了本特刊中使用和发展的“复杂系统景观”隐喻的范式。因此,这些论文中的核心假设是基于商人的角色和代理以及他们形成的网络,这些网络最终改变了现代早期中国、欧洲和美洲的消费者行为,促进了商品的全球流通。
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引用次数: 0
A complex-systems landscape: Recognizing what is important in world history 复杂的系统景观:认识到什么在世界历史上很重要
Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.techum.2023.05.003
J.B. Owens

This article introduces a complex-systems metaphor/model for a world history greater than the sum of its parts. Due to the difficulty of thinking about any event within such a complicated context, we present a visualization to guide researchers’ recognition of the relationships that shape the historical process they study. To support thought, we repurpose a pair of linked visualizations that model gene expression in the morphogenesis of tissues and organs from a fertilized egg. The visual metaphor presents the shaping factors in two ways. First, the historical process encounters, as it moves through the complex-systems landscape, a series of elevations and depressions, which can be identified with significant relations. Second, from below, the metaphor permits the identification of these perturbations, the hills and valleys, with networks connecting the landscape's undulations to developments in specific places and larger geographic areas. These networks also serve to represent the way the complex human system couples with the complex natural systems relevant to the historical process in question. Moreover, the metaphor demands the recognition of hierarchies of instability, on which historians must focus to understand when a level of instability is reduced through some localized development, and when the instability level in places most relevant to the overall human system become so unstable that the system enters a period of phase transition to a new historical system and period. Employing the metaphor in this manner allows historians to defend the importance of their own research by tying it to world historical processes.

这篇文章介绍了一个复杂的系统隐喻/模型,它描述的世界历史大于其各部分的总和。由于在如此复杂的背景下思考任何事件都很困难,我们提出了一种可视化方法,以引导研究人员认识到影响他们研究的历史过程的关系。为了支持这一想法,我们重新利用了一对相互关联的可视化,对受精卵组织和器官形态发生中的基因表达进行建模。视觉隐喻以两种方式呈现塑造因素。首先,历史过程在复杂的系统景观中遇到了一系列的高地和洼地,这些高地和洼地可以被确定为具有重要的关系。其次,从下面来看,隐喻允许识别这些扰动,山丘和山谷,通过网络将景观的起伏与特定地方和更大地理区域的发展联系起来。这些网络还代表了复杂的人类系统与与相关历史过程的复杂自然系统的耦合方式。此外,隐喻要求承认不稳定的等级制度,历史学家必须专注于这一点,以了解何时通过一些局部发展降低了不稳定的程度,以及何时与整个人类系统最相关的地方的不稳定程度变得如此不稳定,以至于系统进入了一个向新的历史系统和时期的阶段过渡期。以这种方式使用隐喻可以让历史学家通过将其与世界历史进程联系起来来捍卫自己研究的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Artificially sentient beings: Moral, political, and legal issues 人工感知:道德、政治和法律问题
Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.techum.2023.04.001
Fırat Akova

The emergence of artificially sentient beings raises moral, political, and legal issues that deserve scrutiny. First, it may be difficult to understand the well-being elements of artificially sentient beings and theories of well-being may have to be reconsidered. For instance, as a theory of well-being, hedonism may need to expand the meaning of happiness and suffering or it may run the risk of being irrelevant. Second, we may have to compare the claims of artificially sentient beings with the claims of humans. This calls for interspecies aggregation, which is a neglected form of interpersonal aggregation. Lastly, there are practical problems to address, such as whether to include artificially sentient beings in the political decision-making processes, whether to grant them a right to self-determination in digital worlds, and how to protect them from discrimination. Given these, the emergence of artificially sentient beings compels us to reevaluate the positions we typically hold.

人工感知生物的出现引发了值得仔细研究的道德、政治和法律问题。首先,可能很难理解人工感知生物的幸福要素,可能必须重新考虑幸福理论。例如,作为一种幸福理论,享乐主义可能需要扩大幸福和痛苦的含义,否则可能会有无关紧要的风险。其次,我们可能不得不将人工感知生物的主张与人类的主张进行比较。这就需要种间聚合,这是一种被忽视的人际聚合形式。最后,还有一些实际问题需要解决,例如是否将人工感知的生物纳入政治决策过程,是否赋予他们在数字世界中的自决权,以及如何保护他们免受歧视。鉴于这些,人工感知生物的出现迫使我们重新评估我们通常持有的立场。
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引用次数: 1
New technologies, Chinese goods and trade agents. GECEM database to study Jesuit networks between Asia and Latin American (17th and 18th centuries) 新技术、中国商品和贸易代理。GECEM数据库,用于研究亚洲和拉丁美洲之间的耶稣会网络(17世纪和18世纪)
Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.techum.2023.06.001
Pedro Omar Svriz-Wucherer

This article shows that the use new technology and computer programs sheds light on the role that Jesuits played in the commercial networks of the Iberian Empires during the early modern period. A number of studies have focused on the evangelical and missionary contribution by the members of the Society of Jesus in the Latin American and Asian frontiers, but this article puts forward a different point of view. I use the GECEM Database to compare two Jesuit mission areas (Macau and Paraguay) and their role in the global commercial routes. So, this article further departs from earlier scholarship on Jesuits by emphasising the local, by combining local scale with an analysis of inter-regional processes on a continental scale. My main sources are Jesuit letters, regulations, reports, accounts, and stories, and I also used the GECEM Database to analyse this empirical data.

Resumen

Este artículo muestra que el uso de las nuevas tecnologías y los programas informáticos arroja luz sobre el papel que los jesuitas desempeñaron en las redes comerciales de los imperios ibéricos durante la época moderna. Diversos estudios se han centrado en los aportes evangelizadores y misioneros de los miembros de la Compañía de Jesús en las fronteras latinoamericanas y asiáticas, pero este artículo plantea un punto de vista diferente. Utilizo la base de datos GECEM para comparar dos áreas de misión jesuita (Macao y Paraguay) y su papel en las rutas comerciales globales. De esta manera, el presente artículo se aleja de los estudios anteriores sobre los jesuitas al hacer hincapié en lo local, combinando la escala local con un análisis de los procesos interregionales a escala continental. Mis fuentes principales son las cartas, reglamentos, informes, relatos e historias de los jesuitas, y también utilicé la base de datos GECEM para analizar todos estos datos empíricos.

这篇文章表明,新技术和计算机程序的使用揭示了耶稣会士在近代早期伊比利亚帝国商业网络中发挥的作用。一些研究的重点是耶稣会成员在拉丁美洲和亚洲边境的福音和传教贡献,但这篇文章提出了不同的观点。我使用GECEM数据库比较了两个耶稣会使命区(澳门和巴拉圭)及其在全球商业路线中的作用。因此,本文通过将地方尺度与对大陆尺度上区域间进程的分析结合起来,进一步脱离了早期对耶稣会士的研究,强调了地方尺度。我的主要来源是耶稣会的信件、条例、报告、账目和故事,我还使用GECEM数据库分析了这一经验数据。总结这篇文章表明,新技术和软件的使用揭示了耶稣会士在现代伊比利亚帝国商业网络中的作用。各种研究的重点是耶稣会成员在拉丁美洲和亚洲边境的福音传道者和传教士的贡献,但这篇文章提出了不同的观点。我使用GECEM数据库比较耶稣会的两个使命领域(澳门和巴拉圭)及其在全球贸易路线中的作用。通过这种方式,本文摆脱了以前对耶稣会士的研究,强调地方性,将地方层面与对大陆层面区域间进程的分析结合起来。我的主要来源是耶稣会士的信件、条例、报告、故事和故事,我还使用GECEM数据库分析了所有这些经验数据。
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引用次数: 0
Economic data and social network. Reflections on the theory of networks applied to historical analysis on a regional scale: The colonial markets of Nueva España 经济数据和社会网络。网络理论在区域尺度上应用于历史分析的思考:新埃斯帕尼亚的殖民市场
Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.techum.2023.06.003
Antonio Ibarra

This paper discusses the importance of relational analysis to understand the role ofactors, institutions, and forms of cooperation and competition in the regional markets of the novo-Hispanic region. The analysis of fiscal, notarial and corporate sources is broughted to explain how commercial interests, corporate actions and egocentric actors are articulated in the novo-Hispanic markets. Spatial relationships, circulation nodes, and Chinese products in local markets are emphasized.

本文讨论了关系分析的重要性,以了解新西班牙裔地区的参与者、机构以及合作和竞争形式在区域市场中的作用。对财政、公证和企业来源的分析旨在解释商业利益、企业行为和以自我为中心的行为者在新西班牙裔市场中是如何表达的。强调了空间关系、流通节点和中国产品在当地市场的地位。
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引用次数: 0
“Our cinema, our stories, our power”: The politics of storytelling in contemporary Andean Cinema “我们的电影,我们的故事,我们的力量”:当代安第斯电影中的讲故事政治
Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.techum.2023.05.001
Martha-Cecilia Dietrich

Since the end of the Peruvian internal armed conflict (1980–2000), official histories circulate through mainstream media and the boulevard press that narrate Andean regions as a nest of radical politics and violent disruptions deepening the disconnect between Lima and other provinces. As a response, a group of self-taught filmmakers from Ayacucho took up cameras to tell their own stories of violence and conflict, providing a critical perspective on official narratives and their disregard for the continuing social disparities. Keeping up with a long-standing tradition of local artists as critical intellectuals and narrators of people's histories, these filmmakers use new and accessible technologies to tell stories at the margins of public discourses defined by the capital Lima. In this context, the role of filmmaking can be understood as two-fold: an act of appropriation of western technologies and a technique to deliver justice to the people of Ayacucho through storytelling. In this article, I examine the creative practice of cinema-making in the Andes as a form of social intervention that seeks to resist contemporary memory regimes and allows for imagining alternative futures.

自秘鲁内部武装冲突结束(1980-2000年)以来,官方历史通过主流媒体和林荫大道媒体流传,将安第斯地区描述为激进政治和暴力破坏的巢穴,加深了利马与其他省份之间的脱节。作为回应,一群来自阿亚库乔的自学成才的电影制作人拿起相机讲述了他们自己的暴力和冲突故事,对官方叙事以及他们对持续存在的社会差异的漠视提供了批判性的视角。为了保持当地艺术家作为批判性知识分子和人民历史讲述者的悠久传统,这些电影制作人使用新的、可访问的技术,在首都利马定义的公共话语的边缘讲述故事。在这种背景下,电影制作的作用可以理解为两个方面:一是挪用西方技术的行为,二是通过讲故事为阿亚库乔人民伸张正义的技术。在这篇文章中,我研究了安第斯山脉电影制作的创造性实践,这是一种社会干预形式,旨在抵制当代记忆制度,并允许想象替代的未来。
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引用次数: 0
3D cinematic ontologies and narrative engagement 3D电影本体论和叙事参与
Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.techum.2023.05.002
Yong Liu

This paper is focused on analysing the uniqueness of stereoscopic 3D visuality and its more and more matured narrative potency in the digital incarnation. Drawing on Kracauer's classic remark (1961) that ‘the nature of film is the redemption of physical reality,’ first I argue for 3D's enhanced ability to (re)construct and recreate a perceptual ‘hyper-reality’ based on 3D's (actual or virtual) two-camera mechanism and its integration with digital technologies as well as High Frame Rate (HFR), 360 Degree Production, and 4 K/8 K. Furthermore, based on 3D's cross-parallax ontologies, I argue that the alternation or layering of flatness and depth in 3D visuality enhances 3D narrative by highlighting the dramatic qualities of characters and volumetric spaces. I eventually compare the 3D and 2D versions of the opening scene in Gravity (2013) to exemplify the unique and transformative mode of ‘3D realism’ – the immersive 3D stereoscopic hyperrealism.

本文着重分析立体三维视觉的独特性及其在数字化身中越来越成熟的叙事力。根据Kracauer的经典评论(1961年),“电影的本质是对物理现实的救赎”,首先我主张3D增强了(重新)构建和重建感知“超现实”的能力,这种能力基于3D的(实际或虚拟)双摄像头机制,并与数字技术以及高帧率(HFR)、360度制作和4K/8K相结合。此外,基于3D的交叉视差本体论,我认为3D视觉中平面度和深度的交替或分层通过突出人物和体积空间的戏剧性来增强3D叙事。我最终比较了《地心引力》(2013)中开场场景的3D和2D版本,以举例说明“3D现实主义”的独特和变革模式——身临其境的3D立体超现实主义。
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引用次数: 0
Chinese silk fine art in early Qing dynasty observations from historical literature 从历史文献看清初中国丝绸美术
Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.techum.2023.01.001
Li Wang

This article analyses in some detail the silk fabrics that appear in a historical literary work of the early Qing dynasty, Dream of the Red Chamber, a famous autobiographical work in which the author describes many of the details of the fabrics based on his own experiences and his family's inextricable links with the imperial silk factories of Jiangnan during the Kangxi period. The text also cross-referenced historical archives to show the exquisite silk fashion at the turn of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the pursuit and enjoyment of luxurious silk and imported fabrics by the aristocracy class in the early Qing dynasty, and how this mode affected the lives of ordinary people.

本文较为详细地分析了清初历史文学作品《红楼梦》中出现的丝绸织物,这是一部著名的自传体作品,作者根据自己的经历以及家族与康熙时期江南皇家丝绸厂密不可分的联系,描述了织物的许多细节。文本还交叉引用了历史档案,展示了十七、十八世纪之交精致的丝绸时尚,清初贵族阶层对奢华丝绸和进口面料的追求和享受,以及这种模式如何影响普通人的生活。
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引用次数: 0
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New Techno-Humanities
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