Gizachew Ayalew Tiruneh, Ashok Hanjagi, Muhammad Mumtaz, José Miguel Reichert
A precise soil organic carbon (SOC) content estimate is crucial soil quality parameter for agricultural produce and ecological safety. Moreover, geospatial modeling of SOC is critical when there are limited laboratory equipment and chemical reagents for soil analysis. This study used geostatistics—ordinary kriging (OK) and inverse distance weighting (IDW)—to map SOC in Libokemkem area, Northwest Ethiopia, for improved SOC management. About 107 soil samples were obtained from the plow layer at a 20-cm depth and SOC was determined. Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 24.0 was used to generate descriptive statistics, and geostatistical analysis was also performed on the data using ArcGIS platform. The coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE) derived from the validation of the predicted maps were used to assess the models. The results revealed homogeneity (coefficient of variation < 10%), low (0.12%–1.74%), and optimal (1.74%–4.06%) mean levels of SOC in study area. The OK showed an R2 of 0.74 and an RMSE of 13%, and the IDW revealed an R2 of 0.69 and an RMSE of 14%. The semivariogram results indicate a moderate dependence for SOC with stable, circular, spherical, exponential, and Gaussian models. We conclude that the sustainable monitoring of SOC is significant in enhancing soil quality. However, further study considering all drivers of spatial variability for SOC in the study and other soil sampling approaches improving performance of the prediction models is needed.
{"title":"Prediction, mapping, and implication for better soil organic carbon management in Ethiopia","authors":"Gizachew Ayalew Tiruneh, Ashok Hanjagi, Muhammad Mumtaz, José Miguel Reichert","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20644","DOIUrl":"10.1002/saj2.20644","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A precise soil organic carbon (SOC) content estimate is crucial soil quality parameter for agricultural produce and ecological safety. Moreover, geospatial modeling of SOC is critical when there are limited laboratory equipment and chemical reagents for soil analysis. This study used geostatistics—ordinary kriging (OK) and inverse distance weighting (IDW)—to map SOC in Libokemkem area, Northwest Ethiopia, for improved SOC management. About 107 soil samples were obtained from the plow layer at a 20-cm depth and SOC was determined. Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 24.0 was used to generate descriptive statistics, and geostatistical analysis was also performed on the data using ArcGIS platform. The coefficient of determination (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup>) and root mean square error (RMSE) derived from the validation of the predicted maps were used to assess the models. The results revealed homogeneity (coefficient of variation < 10%), low (0.12%–1.74%), and optimal (1.74%–4.06%) mean levels of SOC in study area. The OK showed an <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> of 0.74 and an RMSE of 13%, and the IDW revealed an <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> of 0.69 and an RMSE of 14%. The semivariogram results indicate a moderate dependence for SOC with stable, circular, spherical, exponential, and Gaussian models. We conclude that the sustainable monitoring of SOC is significant in enhancing soil quality. However, further study considering all drivers of spatial variability for SOC in the study and other soil sampling approaches improving performance of the prediction models is needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140196235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Monitoring changes in soil organic carbon over time is important to many agricultural and environmental goals. Despite decades of measurements, temporal variability in soil carbon measurements has not been studied extensively. In this report, we examine five sets of monthly samples extending up to 3 years each that were collected from field experiments at four locations representative of dryland farming in the Pacific Northwest. The variance from month-to-month was 15%–32% of the random error, averaging 20%. This was often greater than the variance between replicate experimental units (2%–42%, averaging 17%). At certain sites, sequential samples were found to be temporally autocorrelated, but no consistent trend patterned on seasonal factors like precipitation was found. This suggests that a single point-in-time sample can deviate substantially from the long-term average soil carbon at the site. We illustrate this problem with the results of repeated soil samples taken from 12 commercial farm fields. We recommend that confidence intervals for soil organic carbon estimates should include variance based on a large population of samples rather than from a single sample set at one timepoint.
{"title":"Temporal variability is a major source of uncertainty in soil carbon measurements","authors":"Stewart B. Wuest, Nicole Durfee","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20660","DOIUrl":"10.1002/saj2.20660","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Monitoring changes in soil organic carbon over time is important to many agricultural and environmental goals. Despite decades of measurements, temporal variability in soil carbon measurements has not been studied extensively. In this report, we examine five sets of monthly samples extending up to 3 years each that were collected from field experiments at four locations representative of dryland farming in the Pacific Northwest. The variance from month-to-month was 15%–32% of the random error, averaging 20%. This was often greater than the variance between replicate experimental units (2%–42%, averaging 17%). At certain sites, sequential samples were found to be temporally autocorrelated, but no consistent trend patterned on seasonal factors like precipitation was found. This suggests that a single point-in-time sample can deviate substantially from the long-term average soil carbon at the site. We illustrate this problem with the results of repeated soil samples taken from 12 commercial farm fields. We recommend that confidence intervals for soil organic carbon estimates should include variance based on a large population of samples rather than from a single sample set at one timepoint.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/saj2.20660","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140196317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maya Sollen-Norrlin, Naomi Laura Jane Rintoul-Hynes
Soil quality monitoring schemes are a useful tool for assessing the potential of soils to perform desired services such as agricultural productivity. When researchers or other stakeholders wish to compare results between different schemes or studies, failure to consider differences in soil sample storage conditions presents a significant potential for error. Here, we compared levels of nitrogen and potassium, as well as pH, in agricultural soil samples stored under three different conditions (refrigerated, frozen, and oven-dried). All tests were performed after 7 and 24 weeks of storage. Nitrate decreased significantly in dried (p < 0.001) samples. When refrigerated, nitrate first increased (p < 0.01) and then decreased (p < 0.001). Nitrate levels where unchanged at Week 7 in the freezer but decreased significantly at Week 24 (p < 0.001). Nitrite and ammonium increased after drying (p < 0.001) and when frozen (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05) but remained stable when refrigerated. There was no significant difference in potassium levels between the fresh control and Week 7 in the freezer, but potassium had increased at Week 24 (p < 0.05). Potassium concentration increased in refrigerated samples (p < 0.001) and fluctuated up and down in dried samples (p < 0.01). pH measurements fluctuated significantly in refrigerated and frozen samples (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively) but were unchanged in dried samples. We suggest that soil monitoring schemes standardize their sample storage, and we encourage researchers to clearly report soil sample storage conditions in publications, to improve transparency and reproducibility.
{"title":"Soil sample storage conditions affect measurements of pH, potassium, and nitrogen","authors":"Maya Sollen-Norrlin, Naomi Laura Jane Rintoul-Hynes","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20653","DOIUrl":"10.1002/saj2.20653","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Soil quality monitoring schemes are a useful tool for assessing the potential of soils to perform desired services such as agricultural productivity. When researchers or other stakeholders wish to compare results between different schemes or studies, failure to consider differences in soil sample storage conditions presents a significant potential for error. Here, we compared levels of nitrogen and potassium, as well as pH, in agricultural soil samples stored under three different conditions (refrigerated, frozen, and oven-dried). All tests were performed after 7 and 24 weeks of storage. Nitrate decreased significantly in dried (<i>p</i> < 0.001) samples. When refrigerated, nitrate first increased (<i>p</i> < 0.01) and then decreased (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Nitrate levels where unchanged at Week 7 in the freezer but decreased significantly at Week 24 (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Nitrite and ammonium increased after drying (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and when frozen (<i>p</i> < 0.001 and <i>p</i> < 0.05) but remained stable when refrigerated. There was no significant difference in potassium levels between the fresh control and Week 7 in the freezer, but potassium had increased at Week 24 (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Potassium concentration increased in refrigerated samples (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and fluctuated up and down in dried samples (<i>p</i> < 0.01). pH measurements fluctuated significantly in refrigerated and frozen samples (<i>p</i> < 0.001 and <i>p</i> < 0.01, respectively) but were unchanged in dried samples. We suggest that soil monitoring schemes standardize their sample storage, and we encourage researchers to clearly report soil sample storage conditions in publications, to improve transparency and reproducibility.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/saj2.20653","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140168333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The shrub and patch size of moss crusts can significantly affect plant and soil nutrients. The effects and relationships of shrubs and moss crusts on soil multifunctionality are unclear. This study aimed to understand the spatial heterogeneity of soil multifunctionality in moss crust patches and shrubs. Soil organic carbon, nutrient, and enzyme activities under moss crust patches were measured. Interestingly, the soil polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) activities, carbon-related soil multifunctionality index (C-SMF), nitrogen-related soil multifunctionality index (N-SMF), phosphorus-related soil multifunctionality index (P-SMF), and soil multifunctionality index (SMF) increased with increasing patch size in moss crusts. The patch size of moss crusts had no significant effect on the C-SMF, N-SMF, P-SMF, and SMF under the shrub. The soil C-SMF, N-SMF, P-SMF, and SMF under shrubs were significantly higher than that in exposed areas (EAs). The soil PPO, POD, N-SMF, P-SMF, and SMF under dead shrubs were significantly higher than those under living shrubs and in EAs. Evaluation and composition analysis of C-SMF, N-SMF, and P-SMF indicated that moss crust promotes the increase of P-SMF, and that shrub promotes the increase of C-SMF and N-SMF. Moss crust patches mainly affected phosphorus functionality, increasing phosphorus cycling. Shrub promotes soil carbon and nitrogen functionality. This study elucidates the effect of moss crust patch size on soil multifunctionality influenced by shrub growth in desert ecosystems and provides further new insights into the soil processes and functions. Results are beneficial for the comprehensive utilization of fertile islands and its enhancement of beneficial ecological functions, such as maintaining soil nutrition, quality, health, and vegetation restoration, and lay a foundation for future research on nutrient absorption and utilization between mosses and shrubs.
{"title":"Shrub and patch size of moss crusts regulate soil multifunctionality in a temperate desert of Central Asia","authors":"Yong-Gang Li, Yun-Jie Huang, Ben-Feng Yin, Xiao-Bing Zhou, Yuan-Ming Zhang","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20655","DOIUrl":"10.1002/saj2.20655","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The shrub and patch size of moss crusts can significantly affect plant and soil nutrients. The effects and relationships of shrubs and moss crusts on soil multifunctionality are unclear. This study aimed to understand the spatial heterogeneity of soil multifunctionality in moss crust patches and shrubs. Soil organic carbon, nutrient, and enzyme activities under moss crust patches were measured. Interestingly, the soil polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) activities, carbon-related soil multifunctionality index (C-SMF), nitrogen-related soil multifunctionality index (N-SMF), phosphorus-related soil multifunctionality index (P-SMF), and soil multifunctionality index (SMF) increased with increasing patch size in moss crusts. The patch size of moss crusts had no significant effect on the C-SMF, N-SMF, P-SMF, and SMF under the shrub. The soil C-SMF, N-SMF, P-SMF, and SMF under shrubs were significantly higher than that in exposed areas (EAs). The soil PPO, POD, N-SMF, P-SMF, and SMF under dead shrubs were significantly higher than those under living shrubs and in EAs. Evaluation and composition analysis of C-SMF, N-SMF, and P-SMF indicated that moss crust promotes the increase of P-SMF, and that shrub promotes the increase of C-SMF and N-SMF. Moss crust patches mainly affected phosphorus functionality, increasing phosphorus cycling. Shrub promotes soil carbon and nitrogen functionality. This study elucidates the effect of moss crust patch size on soil multifunctionality influenced by shrub growth in desert ecosystems and provides further new insights into the soil processes and functions. Results are beneficial for the comprehensive utilization of fertile islands and its enhancement of beneficial ecological functions, such as maintaining soil nutrition, quality, health, and vegetation restoration, and lay a foundation for future research on nutrient absorption and utilization between mosses and shrubs.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140168536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Richard D. Bowden, Myrna J. Simpson, Nathalie Paz Saucedo, Katherine Brozell, Jackie DiGiacomo, Kate Lajtha
Managers increasingly seek to increase forest soil carbon but long-term controls on soil organic matter (SOM) sources and stability are weakly understood. We used a 30-year detrital input/removal treatment experiment in a deciduous forest to evaluate the importance of root and leaf litter to SOM. Inputs were assessed by excluding roots and leaves (litter) or by doubling litter inputs. In mineral soil, %SOM differed only at 0–10 cm (p = 0.11), with concentrations in the no litter and no roots treatments of 26% and 9%, respectively, lower than the controls. Cessation of litter inputs had a stronger effect on SOM than cessation of root inputs, but root litter inputs may contribute stable SOM. Doubled litter increased mineral SOM.
管理者越来越多地寻求增加森林土壤碳,但对土壤有机质(SOM)来源和稳定性的长期控制却知之甚少。我们在落叶林中进行了一项为期 30 年的沉积物输入/清除处理实验,以评估根和叶沉积物对 SOM 的重要性。通过排除根和叶(枯落物)或将枯落物输入量增加一倍来评估输入量。在矿质土壤中,SOM% 仅在 0-10 厘米处存在差异(p = 0.11),无枯落物和无根处理的浓度分别比对照组低 26% 和 9%。停止丢弃物对 SOM 的影响比停止根系输入更大,但根系丢弃物的输入可能有助于稳定 SOM。双倍垃圾增加了矿质 SOM。
{"title":"Litter and root sources of soil organic matter in a temperate forest: Thirty years in the DIRT","authors":"Richard D. Bowden, Myrna J. Simpson, Nathalie Paz Saucedo, Katherine Brozell, Jackie DiGiacomo, Kate Lajtha","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20634","DOIUrl":"10.1002/saj2.20634","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Managers increasingly seek to increase forest soil carbon but long-term controls on soil organic matter (SOM) sources and stability are weakly understood. We used a 30-year detrital input/removal treatment experiment in a deciduous forest to evaluate the importance of root and leaf litter to SOM. Inputs were assessed by excluding roots and leaves (litter) or by doubling litter inputs. In mineral soil, %SOM differed only at 0–10 cm (<i>p</i> = 0.11), with concentrations in the no litter and no roots treatments of 26% and 9%, respectively, lower than the controls. Cessation of litter inputs had a stronger effect on SOM than cessation of root inputs, but root litter inputs may contribute stable SOM. Doubled litter increased mineral SOM.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140168336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mollisol is crucial for solving food security issues, but long-term excessive application of chemical fertilizers has led to severe Mollisol degradation in Northeast China, especially a rapid decline in soil organic carbon (SOC). In context of the use of crop-herbage intercropping and straw return as alternatives for some chemical fertilizers, it is important to understand how crop-herbage intercropping and straw return combined with chemical fertilizers influence labile organic carbon (LOC) fractions that improve SOC. To address this, this study explored how the combined application of maize (Zea mays L.)–Melilotus officinalis intercropping, straw return, and chemical fertilizers affect LOC fractions and mineralized carbon (MC) from the perspective of physical property-mediated pathways. Thus, a field experiment with six treatments was established in the Songnen Plain of Northeast China: (1) maize monoculture without chemical fertilizers and straw return (CK), (2) maize monoculture with chemical fertilizers and no straw return (CF), (3) maize monoculture with chemical fertilizers and straw return (CFS), (4) maize–M. officinalis intercropping and straw return combined with full application of chemical fertilizers (CFSM), (5) maize–M. officinalis intercropping and straw return combined with half application of chemical fertilizers (1/2CFSM), and (6) maize–M. officinalis intercropping and straw return without chemical fertilizers (SM). The CF and CFS groups had no effect on bulk density and porosity but reduced specific gravity. The CFSM group increased water contents, porosity, LOC fractions, SOC, MC, and CO2 release rate and decreased bulk density and specific gravity. Compared with the CF group, the 1/2CFSM group enhanced water contents, microbial biomass carbon, and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) to 6.36%, 17.91%, and 11.6%, respectively. We found that maize–M. officinalis intercropping, straw return, and reducing chemical fertilizers application improved LOC fractions to increase SOC by positively affecting bulk density, specific gravity, and water contents. Further analysis indicated that WSOC was a key determinant of SOC and maize yields. These findings provide a strategy to increase SOC and rehabilitate degraded soils through crop-herbage intercropping and straw return combined with reducing chemical fertilizers application, which will contribute to a sustainable and environmentally friendly agriculture.
{"title":"Responses of labile organic carbon fractions and mineralized carbon to straw return combined with fertilizer application in the maize–Melilotus officinalis intercropping system","authors":"Wei Zhao, Hongrui Zhao, Ruiqi Li, Shuai Hao, Hongyan Wang, Daqing Wang","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20651","DOIUrl":"10.1002/saj2.20651","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Mollisol is crucial for solving food security issues, but long-term excessive application of chemical fertilizers has led to severe Mollisol degradation in Northeast China, especially a rapid decline in soil organic carbon (SOC). In context of the use of crop-herbage intercropping and straw return as alternatives for some chemical fertilizers, it is important to understand how crop-herbage intercropping and straw return combined with chemical fertilizers influence labile organic carbon (LOC) fractions that improve SOC. To address this, this study explored how the combined application of maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.)–<i>Melilotus officinalis</i> intercropping, straw return, and chemical fertilizers affect LOC fractions and mineralized carbon (MC) from the perspective of physical property-mediated pathways. Thus, a field experiment with six treatments was established in the Songnen Plain of Northeast China: (1) maize monoculture without chemical fertilizers and straw return (CK), (2) maize monoculture with chemical fertilizers and no straw return (CF), (3) maize monoculture with chemical fertilizers and straw return (CFS), (4) maize–<i>M. officinalis</i> intercropping and straw return combined with full application of chemical fertilizers (CFSM), (5) maize–<i>M. officinalis</i> intercropping and straw return combined with half application of chemical fertilizers (1/2CFSM), and (6) maize–<i>M. officinalis</i> intercropping and straw return without chemical fertilizers (SM). The CF and CFS groups had no effect on bulk density and porosity but reduced specific gravity. The CFSM group increased water contents, porosity, LOC fractions, SOC, MC, and CO<sub>2</sub> release rate and decreased bulk density and specific gravity. Compared with the CF group, the 1/2CFSM group enhanced water contents, microbial biomass carbon, and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) to 6.36%, 17.91%, and 11.6%, respectively. We found that maize–<i>M. officinalis</i> intercropping, straw return, and reducing chemical fertilizers application improved LOC fractions to increase SOC by positively affecting bulk density, specific gravity, and water contents. Further analysis indicated that WSOC was a key determinant of SOC and maize yields. These findings provide a strategy to increase SOC and rehabilitate degraded soils through crop-herbage intercropping and straw return combined with reducing chemical fertilizers application, which will contribute to a sustainable and environmentally friendly agriculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140156113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wei Wang, Kun Li, Jun Li, Jinmei Zhong, Lei Xia, Wenqin Chen, Zhaohua Li, Ling Wang
Sandy loamy soils are widely distributed in fluvial floodplains and experience flooding events frequently, resulting in a large amount of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. This case is more serious when the soil use is changed to paddies. It is of great significance to figure out the N2O consumption and its influencing factors in sandy loamy paddy soils to mitigate N2O emissions. In this study, three sandy loamy paddy soils (0–5 cm) originated from lake deposits were selected (S1, S2, and S3) as objectives. A certain concentration of exogenous N2O was added at the bottom of the flooded soil column to monitor the dynamics of N2O and nitrogen (N2) on the soil surface. Total N2O consumption, N2O uptake, and N2 production were quantified, and the abundance of nitrous oxide reductase genes (nosZI, and nosZII) and other soil properties (ammonium-nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, and dissolved organic carbon [DOC] content) were analyzed. The results showed that the sandy loamy paddy soil column with a depth of 0–5 cm could intercept more than 95% of the exogenous N2O under the flooded anaerobic condition, indicating that the three sandy loamy paddy soils all had extremely strong N2O consumption capacities. And the increment of N2 accounted for 68.73%–76.09% of the total N2O consumption, which had a stronger relationship with the increase of nosZI gene abundance than nosZII gene. In addition, the total N2O consumption and N2 increment of S1 and S3 soils were significantly higher than those of S2 soil. This difference was mainly related to soil organic matter content, total nitrogen content, DOC consumption, and the increase of nosZI gene abundance (p < 0.05). The strong N2O consumption potential of sandy loamy soils can provide feasible solutions for regulating N2O emissions in a wide range of similar environments in fluvial floodplains.
{"title":"N2O consumption, uptake, and microbial reduction processes in flooded sandy loamy paddy soils","authors":"Wei Wang, Kun Li, Jun Li, Jinmei Zhong, Lei Xia, Wenqin Chen, Zhaohua Li, Ling Wang","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20656","DOIUrl":"10.1002/saj2.20656","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sandy loamy soils are widely distributed in fluvial floodplains and experience flooding events frequently, resulting in a large amount of nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) emissions. This case is more serious when the soil use is changed to paddies. It is of great significance to figure out the N<sub>2</sub>O consumption and its influencing factors in sandy loamy paddy soils to mitigate N<sub>2</sub>O emissions. In this study, three sandy loamy paddy soils (0–5 cm) originated from lake deposits were selected (S1, S2, and S3) as objectives. A certain concentration of exogenous N<sub>2</sub>O was added at the bottom of the flooded soil column to monitor the dynamics of N<sub>2</sub>O and nitrogen (N<sub>2</sub>) on the soil surface. Total N<sub>2</sub>O consumption, N<sub>2</sub>O uptake, and N<sub>2</sub> production were quantified, and the abundance of nitrous oxide reductase genes (<i>nosZI</i>, and <i>nosZII</i>) and other soil properties (ammonium-nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, and dissolved organic carbon [DOC] content) were analyzed. The results showed that the sandy loamy paddy soil column with a depth of 0–5 cm could intercept more than 95% of the exogenous N<sub>2</sub>O under the flooded anaerobic condition, indicating that the three sandy loamy paddy soils all had extremely strong N<sub>2</sub>O consumption capacities. And the increment of N<sub>2</sub> accounted for 68.73%–76.09% of the total N<sub>2</sub>O consumption, which had a stronger relationship with the increase of <i>nosZI</i> gene abundance than <i>nosZII</i> gene. In addition, the total N<sub>2</sub>O consumption and N<sub>2</sub> increment of S1 and S3 soils were significantly higher than those of S2 soil. This difference was mainly related to soil organic matter content, total nitrogen content, DOC consumption, and the increase of <i>nosZI</i> gene abundance (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The strong N<sub>2</sub>O consumption potential of sandy loamy soils can provide feasible solutions for regulating N<sub>2</sub>O emissions in a wide range of similar environments in fluvial floodplains.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140156117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Salvador Grover, Hannah M. Anderson, Jeremy Fleck, Charlene N. Kelly, Jamie Schuler, Matthew D. Ruark, Zachary B. Freedman
The production of bioproduct feedstocks such as switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and willow (Salix spp.) on degraded lands provides an opportunity to grow dedicated bioenergy crops with the potential to capture and store carbon in the soil while reducing competition with land for food production. However, how the production of these crops alters plant–soil–microbe interactions that govern soil C accumulation in highly degraded soil is underexplored. The objectives of this study were to examine select biological and chemical properties related to stable soil organic matter (SOM) production from the growth of switchgrass and willow on marginal soil over two growing seasons and whether biochar amendment can positively affect these parameters. To address our objectives, paired former surface mined lands and non-mine impacted marginal agriculture sites were selected across West Virginia, USA, and biochar and unamended control treatments were imposed. Through the first two growing seasons, microbial activity and demand for carbon (C) increased and was accompanied by a shift in extracellular enzyme investment for decomposition-associated enzymes. Mineral-associated organic matter C increased over the two growing seasons, and this increase was greater in the mine sites compared to the agriculture sites. Compared to each site's previous land use, C losses were observed under bioproduct systems in the agriculture, but not the mine sites. Biochar amendments did not impact microbial activity but did increase the C:N of SOM. Overall, our results suggest that the early growth of switchgrass and willow can result in C accumulation in marginal and highly degraded lands.
在退化土地上生产开关草(Panicum virgatum L.)和柳树(Salix spp.)然而,在高度退化的土壤中,这些作物的生产如何改变植物-土壤-微生物之间的相互作用,从而影响土壤碳的积累,这方面的研究还很欠缺。本研究的目的是考察开关草和柳树在边缘土壤上生长两个生长季节所产生的与稳定土壤有机质(SOM)相关的生物和化学特性,以及生物炭添加剂是否能对这些参数产生积极影响。为了实现我们的目标,我们在美国西弗吉尼亚州选择了成对的前地表采矿场和未受采矿影响的边缘农业用地,并施加了生物炭和未添加生物炭的对照处理。在头两个生长季节,微生物的活动和对碳(C)的需求增加了,与此同时,与分解相关的细胞外酶投资也发生了变化。在两个生长季中,与矿物质相关的有机物碳增加了,与农业区相比,矿区的增加幅度更大。与每个地点以前的土地使用情况相比,在农业生物产品系统下观察到碳损失,而在矿区则没有。生物炭添加剂不会影响微生物活动,但会增加 SOM 的 C:N 值。总之,我们的研究结果表明,开关草和柳树的早期生长可导致贫瘠和高度退化土地的碳积累。
{"title":"Early production of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and willow (Salix spp.) indicates carbon accumulation potential in Appalachian reclaimed mine and agriculture soil","authors":"Salvador Grover, Hannah M. Anderson, Jeremy Fleck, Charlene N. Kelly, Jamie Schuler, Matthew D. Ruark, Zachary B. Freedman","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20647","DOIUrl":"10.1002/saj2.20647","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The production of bioproduct feedstocks such as switchgrass (<i>Panicum virgatum</i> L.) and willow (<i>Salix</i> spp.) on degraded lands provides an opportunity to grow dedicated bioenergy crops with the potential to capture and store carbon in the soil while reducing competition with land for food production. However, how the production of these crops alters plant–soil–microbe interactions that govern soil C accumulation in highly degraded soil is underexplored. The objectives of this study were to examine select biological and chemical properties related to stable soil organic matter (SOM) production from the growth of switchgrass and willow on marginal soil over two growing seasons and whether biochar amendment can positively affect these parameters. To address our objectives, paired former surface mined lands and non-mine impacted marginal agriculture sites were selected across West Virginia, USA, and biochar and unamended control treatments were imposed. Through the first two growing seasons, microbial activity and demand for carbon (C) increased and was accompanied by a shift in extracellular enzyme investment for decomposition-associated enzymes. Mineral-associated organic matter C increased over the two growing seasons, and this increase was greater in the mine sites compared to the agriculture sites. Compared to each site's previous land use, C losses were observed under bioproduct systems in the agriculture, but not the mine sites. Biochar amendments did not impact microbial activity but did increase the C:N of SOM. Overall, our results suggest that the early growth of switchgrass and willow can result in C accumulation in marginal and highly degraded lands.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/saj2.20647","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140156066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drew A. Scott, Mark A. Liebig, Nicanor Z. Saliendra, David Toledo, Michael DeGreef, Chantel Kobilansky, Justin Feld
Wind erosion and variable weather challenge crop production in the northern Great Plains. Management that increases residue cover might mitigate wind erosion during the cash crop growing season. We evaluated horizontal sediment flux (modified Wilson and Cooke samplers) and cash crop yield across a single rotation of corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)–spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in paired fields with contrasting management. One field included cover crops and retained spring wheat straw (aspirational), while the other excluded both conservation practices over the 3-year rotation (business-as-usual). Horizontal sediment flux rapidly decreased with days after cash crop planting (increasing crop canopy), regardless of management treatment. In 2 years (2020 corn and 2022 spring wheat), there was greater horizontal sediment flux, lower cash crop grain yield, and lower cash crop aboveground biomass in the aspirational versus business-as-usual field. In 2021 soybean, there was lower horizontal sediment flux, greater cash crop yield, and greater cash crop aboveground biomass in the aspirational versus business-as-usual field. Higher yield and lower horizontal sediment flux responses corresponded with the management treatment that produced the higher cash crop aboveground biomass. Additionally, our short-term study indicated that in drought years, cover crops worsened the adverse effects of abnormally low precipitation on yield and biomass of 2020 corn but not 2021 soybean.
{"title":"Crop- and weather-dependent yield and wind erosion benefits from a conservation practices system","authors":"Drew A. Scott, Mark A. Liebig, Nicanor Z. Saliendra, David Toledo, Michael DeGreef, Chantel Kobilansky, Justin Feld","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20646","DOIUrl":"10.1002/saj2.20646","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Wind erosion and variable weather challenge crop production in the northern Great Plains. Management that increases residue cover might mitigate wind erosion during the cash crop growing season. We evaluated horizontal sediment flux (modified Wilson and Cooke samplers) and cash crop yield across a single rotation of corn (<i>Zea mays</i> L.)–soybean (<i>Glycine max</i> (L.) Merr.)–spring wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) in paired fields with contrasting management. One field included cover crops and retained spring wheat straw (aspirational), while the other excluded both conservation practices over the 3-year rotation (business-as-usual). Horizontal sediment flux rapidly decreased with days after cash crop planting (increasing crop canopy), regardless of management treatment. In 2 years (2020 corn and 2022 spring wheat), there was greater horizontal sediment flux, lower cash crop grain yield, and lower cash crop aboveground biomass in the aspirational versus business-as-usual field. In 2021 soybean, there was lower horizontal sediment flux, greater cash crop yield, and greater cash crop aboveground biomass in the aspirational versus business-as-usual field. Higher yield and lower horizontal sediment flux responses corresponded with the management treatment that produced the higher cash crop aboveground biomass. Additionally, our short-term study indicated that in drought years, cover crops worsened the adverse effects of abnormally low precipitation on yield and biomass of 2020 corn but not 2021 soybean.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140156065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bilal Javed, Yeukai Katanda, Muhammad Nadeem, Thilini Wickremasinghe, Muhammad M. Farhain, Raymond Thomas, Lakshman Galagedara, Xiaobin Guo, Mumtaz Cheema
The acidic soils of western Newfoundland require liming for successful production of most crops. Locally sourced paper mill waste wood ash (WA) and paper sludge (SL) have potential as cheaper alternatives to limestone (LIME). Two greenhouse experiments evaluated WA and SL as liming and soil conditioning amendments for annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) production. At 55 days after seeding, soil pH in WA (6.2 and 6.3) and wood ash and paper sludge (WASL) (6.0 and 6.3) were not different from that in LIME (6.0 and 6.5) for Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. However, pH in SL was 0.4 and 0.3 points lower than in LIME. Compared to LIME, WA, SL, and WASL produced 31%–52% and 57%–74% greater biomass yield in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. N uptake was greater in WA (60 and 129 kg N ha−1) and WASL (51 and 97 kg N ha−1) compared to LIME (40 and 85 kg N ha−1), in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. SL did not differ from LIME in Experiment 1, but reduced N uptake by 57% in Experiment 2. The results show significant potential of WA as an alternative amendment for liming and yield improvement of annual ryegrass grown in NL podzolic soils. However, SL has limited potential due to the risk of increasing N immobilization and residual soil mineral N when growing conditions are limiting. Combining SL with WA or biochar seemed to alleviate these risks. Overall, the adoption of these amendments for field production systems warrants serious consideration, following supplemental field studies to determine optimal application rates and timing.
{"title":"Effectiveness of wood ash and paper sludge as liming and nutrient sources for annual ryegrass grown in podzolic soils of Newfoundland","authors":"Bilal Javed, Yeukai Katanda, Muhammad Nadeem, Thilini Wickremasinghe, Muhammad M. Farhain, Raymond Thomas, Lakshman Galagedara, Xiaobin Guo, Mumtaz Cheema","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20648","DOIUrl":"10.1002/saj2.20648","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The acidic soils of western Newfoundland require liming for successful production of most crops. Locally sourced paper mill waste wood ash (WA) and paper sludge (SL) have potential as cheaper alternatives to limestone (LIME). Two greenhouse experiments evaluated WA and SL as liming and soil conditioning amendments for annual ryegrass (<i>Lolium multiflorum</i>) production. At 55 days after seeding, soil pH in WA (6.2 and 6.3) and wood ash and paper sludge (WASL) (6.0 and 6.3) were not different from that in LIME (6.0 and 6.5) for Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. However, pH in SL was 0.4 and 0.3 points lower than in LIME. Compared to LIME, WA, SL, and WASL produced 31%–52% and 57%–74% greater biomass yield in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. N uptake was greater in WA (60 and 129 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup>) and WASL (51 and 97 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup>) compared to LIME (40 and 85 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup>), in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. SL did not differ from LIME in Experiment 1, but reduced N uptake by 57% in Experiment 2. The results show significant potential of WA as an alternative amendment for liming and yield improvement of annual ryegrass grown in NL podzolic soils. However, SL has limited potential due to the risk of increasing N immobilization and residual soil mineral N when growing conditions are limiting. Combining SL with WA or biochar seemed to alleviate these risks. Overall, the adoption of these amendments for field production systems warrants serious consideration, following supplemental field studies to determine optimal application rates and timing.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/saj2.20648","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140075035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}