Kathryn D. Szerlag, Matthew G. Siebecker, Fatemeh Izaditame, Paul Northrup, Ryan Tappero, Donald L. Sparks
To understand phosphorus (P) mobility in agricultural soils and its potential environmental risk, it is essential to directly measure solid phase P speciation. Often, bulk P K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy followed by linear combination fitting (LCF) is utilized to determine the solid P phases in soil. However, this method may limit results to only a few major phases. Additionally, XANES spectra for different P species may have very similar features, leading to an over- or underestimate of their contribution to LCF. Here, an improved P speciation by pairing multimodal microbeam-X-ray fluorescence (µ-XRF) mapping coupled with µ-XANES (microbeam-X-ray absorption near edge structure) analysis to directly speciate major and minor P phases on the micron scale is provided. We combined maps of both tender (P, sulfur, aluminum, and silicon) and hard energy (calcium, iron [Fe], and manganese) elements to evaluate the elemental co-locations with P. To better account for uncertainty assigning XANES peaks to individual compounds, a more quantitative fingerprinting by “spectral feature analysis” was completed. With this analysis, an R-factor is reported for the fit. These results were compared to traditional LCF. Pre-edge fitting results revealed the presence of a two-component pre-edge feature for phosphate adsorbed to ferrihydrite. Additionally, phytate co-precipitated with ferrihydrite (Phytate-Fe-Cop) had a pre-edge feature, indicating direct association with Fe. Lastly, a unique P species associated with manganese oxide was identified in the soil via multimodal mapping and µ-XANES. These results allow for better prediction of P dissolution and mobility.
要了解磷(P)在农业土壤中的迁移性及其潜在的环境风险,就必须直接测量固相磷的种类。通常情况下,利用块状磷 K 边 X 射线吸收近缘结构 (XANES) 光谱法,然后进行线性组合拟合 (LCF) 来确定土壤中的固态磷相。然而,这种方法可能会将结果限制在几个主要相上。此外,不同 P 物种的 XANES 光谱可能具有非常相似的特征,从而导致高估或低估它们对 LCF 的贡献。在此,通过将多模态微束-X 射线荧光(µ-XRF)绘图与 µ-XANES(微束-X 射线吸收近边缘结构)分析相结合,改进了 P 的标示,从而直接标示出微米尺度上的主要和次要 P 相。为了更好地考虑将 XANES 峰分配给单个化合物的不确定性,我们通过 "光谱特征分析 "完成了更加定量的指纹识别。通过这种分析,报告了拟合的 R 因子。这些结果与传统的 LCF 进行了比较。前沿拟合结果显示,吸附在铁酸盐上的磷酸盐存在双组分前沿特征。此外,与铁酸盐共沉淀的植酸盐(植酸-铁-铜)也有一个前沿特征,表明与铁直接相关。最后,通过多模态制图和 µ-XANES 确定了土壤中与氧化锰相关的独特 P 物种。这些结果有助于更好地预测钾的溶解和流动性。
{"title":"Multimodal, microspectroscopic speciation of legacy phosphorus in two US mid-Atlantic agricultural soils","authors":"Kathryn D. Szerlag, Matthew G. Siebecker, Fatemeh Izaditame, Paul Northrup, Ryan Tappero, Donald L. Sparks","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20765","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To understand phosphorus (P) mobility in agricultural soils and its potential environmental risk, it is essential to directly measure solid phase P speciation. Often, bulk P K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy followed by linear combination fitting (LCF) is utilized to determine the solid P phases in soil. However, this method may limit results to only a few major phases. Additionally, XANES spectra for different P species may have very similar features, leading to an over- or underestimate of their contribution to LCF. Here, an improved P speciation by pairing multimodal microbeam-X-ray fluorescence (µ-XRF) mapping coupled with µ-XANES (microbeam-X-ray absorption near edge structure) analysis to directly speciate major and minor P phases on the micron scale is provided. We combined maps of both tender (P, sulfur, aluminum, and silicon) and hard energy (calcium, iron [Fe], and manganese) elements to evaluate the elemental co-locations with P. To better account for uncertainty assigning XANES peaks to individual compounds, a more quantitative fingerprinting by “spectral feature analysis” was completed. With this analysis, an <i>R</i>-factor is reported for the fit. These results were compared to traditional LCF. Pre-edge fitting results revealed the presence of a two-component pre-edge feature for phosphate adsorbed to ferrihydrite. Additionally, phytate co-precipitated with ferrihydrite (Phytate-Fe-Cop) had a pre-edge feature, indicating direct association with Fe. Lastly, a unique P species associated with manganese oxide was identified in the soil via multimodal mapping and µ-XANES. These results allow for better prediction of P dissolution and mobility.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"88 6","pages":"1992-2012"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/saj2.20765","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142642471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abigail E. Baxter, April B. Leytem, Dan Liptzin, Andrew Bierer, Reza K. Afshar
Manure treatment technologies are of interest to dairy operations to improve nutrient management, although there are little data related to nutrient availability and environmental impacts of these manure-based fertilizer products. This field trial experiment investigated the impact of two manure-based fertilizer sources (phosphorus enriched solids [PE] and mechanical vapor recompression solids [VR]) on soil nutrients, crop yields, and N2O emissions in a forage rotation. The study was a factorial random complete block design, with two main factors: manure history (with [M]; without [NM]) and manure-based fertilizer product (control [Con], PE, VR), under a continuous corn and triticale rotation. M had greater soil organic carbon, total carbon, total nitrogen, and M3-P (30%–128%) and reduced NH4-N (15%) than NM, with no other treatment differences. Corn silage yields were greater in NM versus M (7%) treatments only in 2021, while in 2022 VRNM was 17% greater than ConNM only. Triticale yields were 14% greater in M plots versus NM treatments only in 2021. In 2022, triticale yields were 1.7 times lower in ConNM versus all other treatments, and PENM was 71% greater than ConM. The greatest N2O fluxes occurred in May, June, and July with M having 69% greater average cumulative fluxes than NM, while average VR cumulative fluxes were 102% greater than PE and Con. Over both years, net loss of Napplied as N2O-N was 1.9%–2.2% for VR and 0.4%–0.8% for PE solids. While manure-based fertilizers performed well as a nutrient source, their susceptibility to N2O loss needs to be considered in management strategies.
{"title":"Effect of dairy manure-based fertilizers on nitrous oxide emissions in a semi-arid climate","authors":"Abigail E. Baxter, April B. Leytem, Dan Liptzin, Andrew Bierer, Reza K. Afshar","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20751","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Manure treatment technologies are of interest to dairy operations to improve nutrient management, although there are little data related to nutrient availability and environmental impacts of these manure-based fertilizer products. This field trial experiment investigated the impact of two manure-based fertilizer sources (phosphorus enriched solids [PE] and mechanical vapor recompression solids [VR]) on soil nutrients, crop yields, and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions in a forage rotation. The study was a factorial random complete block design, with two main factors: manure history (with [M]; without [NM]) and manure-based fertilizer product (control [Con], PE, VR), under a continuous corn and triticale rotation. M had greater soil organic carbon, total carbon, total nitrogen, and M3-P (30%–128%) and reduced NH<sub>4</sub>-N (15%) than NM, with no other treatment differences. Corn silage yields were greater in NM versus M (7%) treatments only in 2021, while in 2022 VRNM was 17% greater than ConNM only. Triticale yields were 14% greater in M plots versus NM treatments only in 2021. In 2022, triticale yields were 1.7 times lower in ConNM versus all other treatments, and PENM was 71% greater than ConM. The greatest N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes occurred in May, June, and July with M having 69% greater average cumulative fluxes than NM, while average VR cumulative fluxes were 102% greater than PE and Con. Over both years, net loss of N<sub>applied</sub> as N<sub>2</sub>O-N was 1.9%–2.2% for VR and 0.4%–0.8% for PE solids. While manure-based fertilizers performed well as a nutrient source, their susceptibility to N<sub>2</sub>O loss needs to be considered in management strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"88 6","pages":"2181-2193"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/saj2.20751","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142642332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matheus Sampaio C. Barreto, Francisco Ruiz, Luis C. Colocho Hurtarte, Tiago Osorio Ferreira, Donald L. Sparks
Mangroves provide fundamental ecosystem services; however, the growing impact of human activities has resulted in increased pollution pressure, such as chemical contaminants. The redox processes are major biogeochemical players in the fate of contaminants. We investigate the effects of the redox environment on As(V) and Cr(VI) adsorbed on goethite (i.e., Fe(III)-oxide) over 40 days of incubation in columns containing mangrove soil subjected to seawater saturation cycles. Our spectroscopic data highlighted a less Fe(III)-ordered arrangement on goethite over time; As(V) is strongly bound to goethite, which delayed until 20 days its remobilization and reduction to As(III). After 40 days, the goethite held ∼50% of the initial As, but it was 15% as As(III). On the other hand, Cr(VI) was desorbed almost completely in less than 10 days, and the residual Cr ions bound to goethite were almost totally converted to Cr(III). Our study stresses the importance of individual time-dependence in evaluating chemical speciation changes among potential toxic elements in wetland systems, such as mangroves and artificial wetlands designed to water treatment or soil remediation.
{"title":"Fate of As(V) and Cr(VI) adsorbed on goethite in a mangrove-microcosm experiment","authors":"Matheus Sampaio C. Barreto, Francisco Ruiz, Luis C. Colocho Hurtarte, Tiago Osorio Ferreira, Donald L. Sparks","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20767","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Mangroves provide fundamental ecosystem services; however, the growing impact of human activities has resulted in increased pollution pressure, such as chemical contaminants. The redox processes are major biogeochemical players in the fate of contaminants. We investigate the effects of the redox environment on As(V) and Cr(VI) adsorbed on goethite (i.e., Fe(III)-oxide) over 40 days of incubation in columns containing mangrove soil subjected to seawater saturation cycles. Our spectroscopic data highlighted a less Fe(III)-ordered arrangement on goethite over time; As(V) is strongly bound to goethite, which delayed until 20 days its remobilization and reduction to As(III). After 40 days, the goethite held ∼50% of the initial As, but it was 15% as As(III). On the other hand, Cr(VI) was desorbed almost completely in less than 10 days, and the residual Cr ions bound to goethite were almost totally converted to Cr(III). Our study stresses the importance of individual time-dependence in evaluating chemical speciation changes among potential toxic elements in wetland systems, such as mangroves and artificial wetlands designed to water treatment or soil remediation.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"88 6","pages":"2353-2361"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142642331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the most popular soil conservation campaigns is based on the USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service's Soil Health Principles (NRCS-SHPs). The NRCS-SHP program identifies four principles—maximize presence of living roots, minimize disturbance, maximize soil cover, and maximize biodiversity—with the underlying assumption that the more principles one follows, the greater improvements in soil health. Despite the popularity of the NRCS-SHPs, this underlying assumption has not been rigorously tested. To do so, we used nine long-term experiments all located in central Iowa, but with varying degree of NRCS-SHP adoption, to determine if greater adoption increases three slow-changing (maximum water holding capacity, bulk density [BD], and soil organic carbon) and three dynamic (microbial biomass carbon [MBC], potentially mineralizable carbon [PMC], and permanganate oxidizable carbon [POXC]) soil health indicators. We regressed these indicators with a soil health principle score that can scale soil management based on adoption of the NRCS-SHPs. Of the slow-changing soil properties, increased adoption of NRCS-SHPs only decreased soil BD (R2 = 0.22, p = 0.024). On the other hand, increased adoption of NRCS-SHPs strongly predicted increases in both MBC and PMC and across two sampling dates (R2 > 0.23, p < 0.015); POXC, however, did not increase with greater adoption. The consistent increases in MBC and PMC with greater adoption of NRCS-SHPs supports their usefulness as sensitive indicators of positive soil health change. Our study provides scientific evidence to support the NRCS-SHPs concept, improving its usefulness as an extension campaign, and stands as a step toward evidence-based soil conservation.
{"title":"Putting the soil health principles to the test in Iowa","authors":"M. D. McDaniel, T. A. Middleton","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20761","url":null,"abstract":"<p>One of the most popular soil conservation campaigns is based on the USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service's Soil Health Principles (NRCS-SHPs). The NRCS-SHP program identifies four principles—maximize presence of living roots, minimize disturbance, maximize soil cover, and maximize biodiversity—with the underlying assumption that the more principles one follows, the greater improvements in soil health. Despite the popularity of the NRCS-SHPs, this underlying assumption has not been rigorously tested. To do so, we used nine long-term experiments all located in central Iowa, but with varying degree of NRCS-SHP adoption, to determine if greater adoption increases three slow-changing (maximum water holding capacity, bulk density [BD], and soil organic carbon) and three dynamic (microbial biomass carbon [MBC], potentially mineralizable carbon [PMC], and permanganate oxidizable carbon [POXC]) soil health indicators. We regressed these indicators with a soil health principle score that can scale soil management based on adoption of the NRCS-SHPs. Of the slow-changing soil properties, increased adoption of NRCS-SHPs only decreased soil BD (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.22, <i>p </i>= 0.024). On the other hand, increased adoption of NRCS-SHPs strongly predicted increases in both MBC and PMC and across two sampling dates (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> > 0.23, <i>p </i>< 0.015); POXC, however, did not increase with greater adoption. The consistent increases in MBC and PMC with greater adoption of NRCS-SHPs supports their usefulness as sensitive indicators of positive soil health change. Our study provides scientific evidence to support the NRCS-SHPs concept, improving its usefulness as an extension campaign, and stands as a step toward evidence-based soil conservation.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"88 6","pages":"2238-2253"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/saj2.20761","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142642457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chong Chen, Emmanuel Arthur, Hu Zhou, Xue Song, Jianying Shang, Markus Tuller
The existing models for estimating cation exchange capacity (CEC) from easy-to-measure hygroscopic water content (θh) were based on a single water activity (aw) value rather than on the processes that govern soil water vapor adsorption for a distinct aw range. Here, we present a new CEC estimation model based on θh data of 119 soils with different clay mineralogy (i.e., illitic [IL], montmorillonitic [ML], and kaolinitic [KA] samples) and organic carbon (OC) contents for the aw range from 0.23 to 0.57 (Δθ0.23–0.57) and validate its performance. Based on the hypothesis that multilayer adsorption exhibits a higher correlation with CEC than monolayer adsorption and capillary condensation, the aw range from 0.23 to 0.57 was chosen with CEC calculated as CEC = k × Δθ0.23–0.57. The performance of the new model is compared to the Arthur (2017) model and the Torrent (2015) model, which considers a single θh value. The average proportionality coefficient (k) varied with the dominant clay mineralogy of the investigated soils. For soils dominated by 2:1 clay minerals (i.e., IL and ML), the new model showed a good estimation accuracy (Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency [E] ≥ 0.85; root mean squared error [RMSE] ≤ 4.18 cmol(+) kg−1). The new model performed better for IL and ML samples than for KA samples, and yielded more accurate CEC estimations than the Arthur model and Torrent model for soils with 2:1 clay minerals. For soil with high OC content (>23.2 g kg−1), the new model slightly underestimated CEC (E = 0.66; RMSE = 5.87).
根据易于测量的吸湿含水量(θh)估算阳离子交换容量(CEC)的现有模型都是基于单一的水活度(aw)值,而不是基于不同 aw 范围内土壤水汽吸附的过程。在此,我们基于 119 个不同粘土矿物性(即伊利石质[IL]、蒙脱石质[ML]和高岭土质[KA]样品)和有机碳(OC)含量的土壤的θh 数据,提出了一种新的 CEC 估算模型,其 aw 范围为 0.23 至 0.57(Δθ0.23-0.57),并验证了其性能。根据多层吸附与 CEC 的相关性高于单层吸附和毛细管凝聚的假设,选择 aw 范围为 0.23 至 0.57,CEC 的计算公式为 CEC = k × Δθ0.23-0.57。新模型的性能与 Arthur(2017 年)模型和 Torrent(2015 年)模型进行了比较,后者考虑了单一的 θh 值。平均比例系数(k)随调查土壤的主要粘土矿物结构而变化。对于以 2:1 粘土矿物为主的土壤(即 IL 和 ML),新模型显示出良好的估计精度(Nash-Sutcliffe 模型效率 [E] ≥ 0.85;均方根误差 [RMSE] ≤ 4.18 cmol(+) kg-1)。新模型在 IL 和 ML 样品中的表现优于 KA 样品,在含有 2:1 粘土矿物的土壤中,其 CEC 估算结果比 Arthur 模型和 Torrent 模型更准确。对于 OC 含量高(23.2 g kg-1)的土壤,新模型略微低估了 CEC(E = 0.66;RMSE = 5.87)。
{"title":"Estimating cation exchange capacity from hygroscopic water content change","authors":"Chong Chen, Emmanuel Arthur, Hu Zhou, Xue Song, Jianying Shang, Markus Tuller","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20764","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The existing models for estimating cation exchange capacity (CEC) from easy-to-measure hygroscopic water content (<i>θ</i><sub>h</sub>) were based on a single water activity (<i>a</i><sub>w</sub>) value rather than on the processes that govern soil water vapor adsorption for a distinct <i>a</i><sub>w</sub> range. Here, we present a new CEC estimation model based on <i>θ</i><sub>h</sub> data of 119 soils with different clay mineralogy (i.e., illitic [IL], montmorillonitic [ML], and kaolinitic [KA] samples) and organic carbon (OC) contents for the <i>a</i><sub>w</sub> range from 0.23 to 0.57 (Δ<i>θ</i><sub>0.23–0.57</sub>) and validate its performance. Based on the hypothesis that multilayer adsorption exhibits a higher correlation with CEC than monolayer adsorption and capillary condensation, the <i>a</i><sub>w</sub> range from 0.23 to 0.57 was chosen with CEC calculated as CEC = <i>k</i> × Δ<i>θ</i><sub>0.23–0.57</sub>. The performance of the new model is compared to the Arthur (2017) model and the Torrent (2015) model, which considers a single <i>θ</i><sub>h</sub> value. The average proportionality coefficient (<i>k</i>) varied with the dominant clay mineralogy of the investigated soils. For soils dominated by 2:1 clay minerals (i.e., IL and ML), the new model showed a good estimation accuracy (Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency [<i>E</i>] ≥ 0.85; root mean squared error [RMSE] ≤ 4.18 cmol<sub>(+)</sub> kg<sup>−1</sup>). The new model performed better for IL and ML samples than for KA samples, and yielded more accurate CEC estimations than the Arthur model and Torrent model for soils with 2:1 clay minerals. For soil with high OC content (>23.2 g kg<sup>−1</sup>), the new model slightly underestimated CEC (<i>E</i> = 0.66; RMSE = 5.87).</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"88 6","pages":"1983-1991"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142642340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To explore the specific effects of pig manure and rice straw on cadmium-contaminated soils and the effect of different mass fractions of calcium carbonate on cadmium efficacy, a pot experiment was conducted with different rates of pig manure, rice straw, and calcium carbonate. The results showed that pig manure addition increased the soil humic acid/fulvic acid ratio, thereby reducing the available Cd. The addition of calcium carbonate increased the soil pH and reduced the available Cd. The addition of pig manure and calcium carbonate significantly reduced the Cd content of wheat grains by 51.96% and 45.95%, respectively, at 3% and 5% application rates. Rice straw application reduced the soil pH, improved the soil Cd availability, and increased the accumulation of Cd in wheat grains. Compared with that in the control, the grain biomass increased significantly with 3% pig manure and 3% rice straw application, and the grain biomass increased significantly, by 58.86% and 39.11%, and 93.3% and 75.08%, respectively, in 2020 and 2021. With the application of calcium carbonate, the grain biomass of wheat first decreased and then increased. Additionally, the grain biomass significantly increased by 26.36% and 71.22%, respectively, at the 5% calcium carbonate application rate. Therefore, high application rates of pig manure (3% and 5%) have potential application in the safe production of wheat in Cd-contaminated soils.
{"title":"Understanding the role of pig manure, rice straw, and calcium carbonate on the cadmium pollution in soil–wheat system","authors":"Qiliang Gao, Huiqing Chang, Tiangang Huang, Rui Zhou","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20758","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To explore the specific effects of pig manure and rice straw on cadmium-contaminated soils and the effect of different mass fractions of calcium carbonate on cadmium efficacy, a pot experiment was conducted with different rates of pig manure, rice straw, and calcium carbonate. The results showed that pig manure addition increased the soil humic acid/fulvic acid ratio, thereby reducing the available Cd. The addition of calcium carbonate increased the soil pH and reduced the available Cd. The addition of pig manure and calcium carbonate significantly reduced the Cd content of wheat grains by 51.96% and 45.95%, respectively, at 3% and 5% application rates. Rice straw application reduced the soil pH, improved the soil Cd availability, and increased the accumulation of Cd in wheat grains. Compared with that in the control, the grain biomass increased significantly with 3% pig manure and 3% rice straw application, and the grain biomass increased significantly, by 58.86% and 39.11%, and 93.3% and 75.08%, respectively, in 2020 and 2021. With the application of calcium carbonate, the grain biomass of wheat first decreased and then increased. Additionally, the grain biomass significantly increased by 26.36% and 71.22%, respectively, at the 5% calcium carbonate application rate. Therefore, high application rates of pig manure (3% and 5%) have potential application in the safe production of wheat in Cd-contaminated soils.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"88 6","pages":"1959-1970"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142642341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This inquiry is aimed at discerning the impact of various agricultural practices, such as crop rotation, the incorporation of plant residues, and the application of mineral fertilizers, on soil health and crop productivity, notably focusing on maize production. Cultivation included maize (Zea mays), velvet beans (Mucuna pruriens), soybeans (Glycine max), and vetch (Vicia sativa). After harvest, maize seeds were sown across all 48 plots to evaluate the influence of preceding crop rotation on soil properties and maize yield. Hypotheses posited in the study suggested that crop rotation, nitrogen fertilizer application, and the incorporation of crop residues positively impact soil fertility. The study further argues that the utilization of cover crops in crop rotation aids in nitrogen retention within the soil and enhances yield. The results were processed utilizing a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with interaction and post hoc comparisons. The findings confirm that crop rotation, nitrogen fertilizer application, and incorporation of crop residues influence soil fertility. The study found that crop rotation and nitrogen fertilizers have a significant impact on soil properties. Crop rotations such as “velvet beans-maize” and “soybeans-maize” increased soil fertility by 10%–15% compared to crop rotations of “vetch-maize” and maize monocultures. Nitrogen fertilizers increased the total nitrogen content in the soil by 5%–10% in both years. Crop residues also positively affected soil properties, increasing pH and total nitrogen by 1%–5%. The study demonstrates that crop rotation, nitrogen fertilizers, and crop residues can be effective management methods for improving soil fertility and reducing the risk of nitrate leaching.
{"title":"Influence of crop rotation, the treatment of crop residues, and the application of nitrogen fertilizers on soil properties and maize yield","authors":"Almas Mukhametov, Assiya Ansabayeva, Oleg Efimov, Anar Kamerova","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20760","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This inquiry is aimed at discerning the impact of various agricultural practices, such as crop rotation, the incorporation of plant residues, and the application of mineral fertilizers, on soil health and crop productivity, notably focusing on maize production. Cultivation included maize (<i>Zea mays</i>), velvet beans (<i>Mucuna pruriens</i>), soybeans (<i>Glycine max</i>), and vetch (<i>Vicia sativa</i>). After harvest, maize seeds were sown across all 48 plots to evaluate the influence of preceding crop rotation on soil properties and maize yield. Hypotheses posited in the study suggested that crop rotation, nitrogen fertilizer application, and the incorporation of crop residues positively impact soil fertility. The study further argues that the utilization of cover crops in crop rotation aids in nitrogen retention within the soil and enhances yield. The results were processed utilizing a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with interaction and post hoc comparisons. The findings confirm that crop rotation, nitrogen fertilizer application, and incorporation of crop residues influence soil fertility. The study found that crop rotation and nitrogen fertilizers have a significant impact on soil properties. Crop rotations such as “velvet beans-maize” and “soybeans-maize” increased soil fertility by 10%–15% compared to crop rotations of “vetch-maize” and maize monocultures. Nitrogen fertilizers increased the total nitrogen content in the soil by 5%–10% in both years. Crop residues also positively affected soil properties, increasing pH and total nitrogen by 1%–5%. The study demonstrates that crop rotation, nitrogen fertilizers, and crop residues can be effective management methods for improving soil fertility and reducing the risk of nitrate leaching.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"88 6","pages":"2227-2237"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142642326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. R. Lexmond, B. van Dam, C. V. Hockin, G. Erkens, J. Griffioen, E. Stouthamer
Soil shrinkage characteristic curves are used to describe the shrinkage behavior and hydraulic properties of unsaturated soils. To construct soil shrinkage characteristic curves, a high-data-density measurement method is needed that relates water content to soil volume changes. We present a fully automated soil shrinkage measurement setup, based on the simplified evaporation method, to characterize the shrinkage behavior of undisturbed natural expansive clay soils. The high data density creates the opportunity to produce soil shrinkage characteristic curves without the need for a mathematical model. The technique allows for resaturation of the samples after drying, enabling differentiation between reversible and irreversible shrinkage. The setup consists of the commercialized HYPROP2 apparatus combined with optical distance sensors to measure the horizontal and vertical dimensions of the samples, yielding data on the sample volume, weight, and soil water suction. The measurement frequency is once per 10 min, and the measurement period is up to 4 weeks, providing a detailed time series of the drying and shrinkage characteristics. The setup can capture the different shrinkage phases and offers the opportunity to relate the soil shrinkage characteristic curve to soil water suction. The measurement data acquisition rate and accuracy enable detailed interpretation of soil water retention curves for nonrigid soils and are shown to be essential for understanding and quantifying the shrinkage potential of several types of deposits.
{"title":"Measuring shrinkage of expansive soils using a novel automated high-frequency setup","authors":"B. R. Lexmond, B. van Dam, C. V. Hockin, G. Erkens, J. Griffioen, E. Stouthamer","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20755","DOIUrl":"10.1002/saj2.20755","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Soil shrinkage characteristic curves are used to describe the shrinkage behavior and hydraulic properties of unsaturated soils. To construct soil shrinkage characteristic curves, a high-data-density measurement method is needed that relates water content to soil volume changes. We present a fully automated soil shrinkage measurement setup, based on the simplified evaporation method, to characterize the shrinkage behavior of undisturbed natural expansive clay soils. The high data density creates the opportunity to produce soil shrinkage characteristic curves without the need for a mathematical model. The technique allows for resaturation of the samples after drying, enabling differentiation between reversible and irreversible shrinkage. The setup consists of the commercialized HYPROP2 apparatus combined with optical distance sensors to measure the horizontal and vertical dimensions of the samples, yielding data on the sample volume, weight, and soil water suction. The measurement frequency is once per 10 min, and the measurement period is up to 4 weeks, providing a detailed time series of the drying and shrinkage characteristics. The setup can capture the different shrinkage phases and offers the opportunity to relate the soil shrinkage characteristic curve to soil water suction. The measurement data acquisition rate and accuracy enable detailed interpretation of soil water retention curves for nonrigid soils and are shown to be essential for understanding and quantifying the shrinkage potential of several types of deposits.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"88 6","pages":"2343-2352"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/saj2.20755","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142251949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diego de Lima Coêlho, José Carlos Batista Dubeux Jr., Mércia Virginia Ferreira dos Santos, Alexandre Carneiro Leão de Mello, Márcio Vieira da Cunha, Erinaldo Viana de Freitas, Brivaldo Gomes de Almeida, Valéria Xavier de Oliveira Apolinário, André Pereira Freire Ferraz, Flávia Fernanda Simili
Silvopastoral system (SPS) is a multifunctional agroforestry practice. This study evaluate soil properties and root biomass under SPS in Pernambuco, Brazil. The experiment was established in 2011. The treatments were (1) monoculture signalgrass (MS) [Urochloa decumbens (Stapf.) R. D. Webster], (2) intercropped pasture of signalgrass with legume Gliricidia (SG) [Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud.], and (3) intercropped pasture of signalgrass with legume sabiá (SS) (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth). Treatments were allocated in randomized complete block design with three replications. Samples were collected at 0- to 10-, 10- to 20-, 20- to 40-, 40- to 60-, 60- to 80-, 80- to 100-, and 100- to 120-cm soil depths. Soil samples were also taken from the native forest (NF) considered as a reference at the same Experimental Station. Legume SPS (SG and SS) presented greater root biomass per unit area compared to MS at 60- to 80-cm depth (p < 0.05); however, MS had greater root biomass per hectare at the top layers. The average values of the weighted mean diameter of soil aggregates were 3.20, 3.19, 3.07, and 3.27 mm in MS, SG, SS, and NF, respectively, at 0- to 120-cm depths. The SPS increased soil cation exchange capacity in deeper layers, indicating greater biological activity at greater depth. Grasslands and SPS store 235 Mg C ha−1 with 71% of that found in deeper layers (20–120 cm). SPS with signalgrass intercropped with arboreal legumes has potential to improve deep soil C storage and resilience of livestock systems in tropical regions.
{"title":"Can silvopasture with arboreal legumes increase root mass at deeper soil layers and improve soil aggregation?","authors":"Diego de Lima Coêlho, José Carlos Batista Dubeux Jr., Mércia Virginia Ferreira dos Santos, Alexandre Carneiro Leão de Mello, Márcio Vieira da Cunha, Erinaldo Viana de Freitas, Brivaldo Gomes de Almeida, Valéria Xavier de Oliveira Apolinário, André Pereira Freire Ferraz, Flávia Fernanda Simili","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20756","DOIUrl":"10.1002/saj2.20756","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Silvopastoral system (SPS) is a multifunctional agroforestry practice. This study evaluate soil properties and root biomass under SPS in Pernambuco, Brazil. The experiment was established in 2011. The treatments were (1) monoculture signalgrass (MS) [<i>Urochloa decumbens</i> (Stapf.) R. D. Webster], (2) intercropped pasture of signalgrass with legume Gliricidia (SG) [<i>Gliricidia sepium</i> (Jacq.) Steud.], and (3) intercropped pasture of signalgrass with legume sabiá (SS) (<i>Mimosa caesalpiniifolia</i> Benth). Treatments were allocated in randomized complete block design with three replications. Samples were collected at 0- to 10-, 10- to 20-, 20- to 40-, 40- to 60-, 60- to 80-, 80- to 100-, and 100- to 120-cm soil depths. Soil samples were also taken from the native forest (NF) considered as a reference at the same Experimental Station. Legume SPS (SG and SS) presented greater root biomass per unit area compared to MS at 60- to 80-cm depth (<i>p</i> < 0.05); however, MS had greater root biomass per hectare at the top layers. The average values of the weighted mean diameter of soil aggregates were 3.20, 3.19, 3.07, and 3.27 mm in MS, SG, SS, and NF, respectively, at 0- to 120-cm depths. The SPS increased soil cation exchange capacity in deeper layers, indicating greater biological activity at greater depth. Grasslands and SPS store 235 Mg C ha−1 with 71% of that found in deeper layers (20–120 cm). SPS with signalgrass intercropped with arboreal legumes has potential to improve deep soil C storage and resilience of livestock systems in tropical regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"88 6","pages":"2211-2226"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142268514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) is an effective technique for identifying and quantifying mineral types in soil. However, few studies have compared quantitative values based on XRPD with those from conventional wet chemical methods (WCMs). Here, we determined the primary mineral content in artificial mineral mixtures and 79 agricultural soils from across Japan using WCMs and two XRPD-based quantitative methods: the mineral intensity factor (MIF) and the full-pattern summation (FPS) methods performed with the powdR package for R. For artificial mixtures, the accuracy of mineral content determination (i.e., micas, quartz, K-feldspar, and plagioclase) followed the order: WCMs > FPS > MIF. For Japanese agricultural soils, the contents of each mineral were highly similar between WCMs and FPS, based on mean absolute differences and correlation coefficients. Alternatively, MIF displayed lower similarities with WCMs, likely due to preferred orientation and peak shift or overlap issues. Using the FPS method, the mica and amorphous phase contents were positively and significantly correlated with nonexchangeable K content and cation exchange capacity, respectively. Additionally, the plagioclase content was negatively and significantly correlated with clay content. Thus, the powdR-based FPS method is recommended for determining the mineral composition of soils, as it allows for a clearer and more quantitative demonstration of the relationship between individual minerals and soil properties.
{"title":"Examination of the reliability of X-ray powder diffraction analysis to determine mineral composition of soils","authors":"Kohei Kurokawa, Kazuki Azuma, Atsushi Nakao, Atsuhito Suzuki, Shokichi Wakabayashi, Shigeto Fujimura, Takuro Shinano, Junta Yanai","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20757","DOIUrl":"10.1002/saj2.20757","url":null,"abstract":"<p>X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) is an effective technique for identifying and quantifying mineral types in soil. However, few studies have compared quantitative values based on XRPD with those from conventional wet chemical methods (WCMs). Here, we determined the primary mineral content in artificial mineral mixtures and 79 agricultural soils from across Japan using WCMs and two XRPD-based quantitative methods: the mineral intensity factor (MIF) and the full-pattern summation (FPS) methods performed with the powdR package for R. For artificial mixtures, the accuracy of mineral content determination (i.e., micas, quartz, K-feldspar, and plagioclase) followed the order: WCMs > FPS > MIF. For Japanese agricultural soils, the contents of each mineral were highly similar between WCMs and FPS, based on mean absolute differences and correlation coefficients. Alternatively, MIF displayed lower similarities with WCMs, likely due to preferred orientation and peak shift or overlap issues. Using the FPS method, the mica and amorphous phase contents were positively and significantly correlated with nonexchangeable K content and cation exchange capacity, respectively. Additionally, the plagioclase content was negatively and significantly correlated with clay content. Thus, the powdR-based FPS method is recommended for determining the mineral composition of soils, as it allows for a clearer and more quantitative demonstration of the relationship between individual minerals and soil properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"88 6","pages":"1942-1958"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/saj2.20757","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142251950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}