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Multimodal, microspectroscopic speciation of legacy phosphorus in two US mid-Atlantic agricultural soils 美国大西洋中部两处农业土壤中遗留磷的多模式微光谱标本分析
Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1002/saj2.20765
Kathryn D. Szerlag, Matthew G. Siebecker, Fatemeh Izaditame, Paul Northrup, Ryan Tappero, Donald L. Sparks

To understand phosphorus (P) mobility in agricultural soils and its potential environmental risk, it is essential to directly measure solid phase P speciation. Often, bulk P K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy followed by linear combination fitting (LCF) is utilized to determine the solid P phases in soil. However, this method may limit results to only a few major phases. Additionally, XANES spectra for different P species may have very similar features, leading to an over- or underestimate of their contribution to LCF. Here, an improved P speciation by pairing multimodal microbeam-X-ray fluorescence (µ-XRF) mapping coupled with µ-XANES (microbeam-X-ray absorption near edge structure) analysis to directly speciate major and minor P phases on the micron scale is provided. We combined maps of both tender (P, sulfur, aluminum, and silicon) and hard energy (calcium, iron [Fe], and manganese) elements to evaluate the elemental co-locations with P. To better account for uncertainty assigning XANES peaks to individual compounds, a more quantitative fingerprinting by “spectral feature analysis” was completed. With this analysis, an R-factor is reported for the fit. These results were compared to traditional LCF. Pre-edge fitting results revealed the presence of a two-component pre-edge feature for phosphate adsorbed to ferrihydrite. Additionally, phytate co-precipitated with ferrihydrite (Phytate-Fe-Cop) had a pre-edge feature, indicating direct association with Fe. Lastly, a unique P species associated with manganese oxide was identified in the soil via multimodal mapping and µ-XANES. These results allow for better prediction of P dissolution and mobility.

要了解磷(P)在农业土壤中的迁移性及其潜在的环境风险,就必须直接测量固相磷的种类。通常情况下,利用块状磷 K 边 X 射线吸收近缘结构 (XANES) 光谱法,然后进行线性组合拟合 (LCF) 来确定土壤中的固态磷相。然而,这种方法可能会将结果限制在几个主要相上。此外,不同 P 物种的 XANES 光谱可能具有非常相似的特征,从而导致高估或低估它们对 LCF 的贡献。在此,通过将多模态微束-X 射线荧光(µ-XRF)绘图与 µ-XANES(微束-X 射线吸收近边缘结构)分析相结合,改进了 P 的标示,从而直接标示出微米尺度上的主要和次要 P 相。为了更好地考虑将 XANES 峰分配给单个化合物的不确定性,我们通过 "光谱特征分析 "完成了更加定量的指纹识别。通过这种分析,报告了拟合的 R 因子。这些结果与传统的 LCF 进行了比较。前沿拟合结果显示,吸附在铁酸盐上的磷酸盐存在双组分前沿特征。此外,与铁酸盐共沉淀的植酸盐(植酸-铁-铜)也有一个前沿特征,表明与铁直接相关。最后,通过多模态制图和 µ-XANES 确定了土壤中与氧化锰相关的独特 P 物种。这些结果有助于更好地预测钾的溶解和流动性。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of dairy manure-based fertilizers on nitrous oxide emissions in a semi-arid climate 以奶牛粪便为基础的肥料对半干旱气候条件下一氧化二氮排放的影响
Pub Date : 2024-09-25 DOI: 10.1002/saj2.20751
Abigail E. Baxter, April B. Leytem, Dan Liptzin, Andrew Bierer, Reza K. Afshar

Manure treatment technologies are of interest to dairy operations to improve nutrient management, although there are little data related to nutrient availability and environmental impacts of these manure-based fertilizer products. This field trial experiment investigated the impact of two manure-based fertilizer sources (phosphorus enriched solids [PE] and mechanical vapor recompression solids [VR]) on soil nutrients, crop yields, and N2O emissions in a forage rotation. The study was a factorial random complete block design, with two main factors: manure history (with [M]; without [NM]) and manure-based fertilizer product (control [Con], PE, VR), under a continuous corn and triticale rotation. M had greater soil organic carbon, total carbon, total nitrogen, and M3-P (30%–128%) and reduced NH4-N (15%) than NM, with no other treatment differences. Corn silage yields were greater in NM versus M (7%) treatments only in 2021, while in 2022 VRNM was 17% greater than ConNM only. Triticale yields were 14% greater in M plots versus NM treatments only in 2021. In 2022, triticale yields were 1.7 times lower in ConNM versus all other treatments, and PENM was 71% greater than ConM. The greatest N2O fluxes occurred in May, June, and July with M having 69% greater average cumulative fluxes than NM, while average VR cumulative fluxes were 102% greater than PE and Con. Over both years, net loss of Napplied as N2O-N was 1.9%–2.2% for VR and 0.4%–0.8% for PE solids. While manure-based fertilizers performed well as a nutrient source, their susceptibility to N2O loss needs to be considered in management strategies.

尽管有关这些粪肥产品的养分可用性和环境影响的数据很少,但奶牛场对粪肥处理技术很感兴趣,以改善养分管理。这项田间试验调查了两种粪肥来源(富磷固体 [PE] 和机械蒸汽再压缩固体 [VR])对饲草轮作中土壤养分、作物产量和一氧化二氮排放的影响。该研究采用因子随机完全区组设计,在玉米和三粒豆连续轮作条件下有两个主要因素:粪肥历史(有 [M];无 [NM])和粪肥产品(对照 [Con]、PE、VR)。与 NM 相比,M 增加了土壤有机碳、总碳、总氮和 M3-P(30%-128%),减少了 NH4-N(15%),其他处理无差异。仅在 2021 年,NM 处理的玉米青贮产量比 M 处理高(7%),而在 2022 年,VRNM 处理的玉米青贮产量比 ConNM 处理高 17%。2021 年,M 地块的大麦产量比 NM 地块高出 14%。2022 年,ConNM 的三粒谷产量比所有其他处理低 1.7 倍,而 PENM 比 ConM 高 71%。5 月、6 月和 7 月的 N2O 通量最大,M 的平均累积通量比 NM 高 69%,而 VR 的平均累积通量比 PE 和 Con 高 102%。在这两年中,以 N2O-N 形式施用的氮的净损失,VR 为 1.9%-2.2%,而 PE 固体为 0.4%-0.8%。虽然粪肥作为一种养分来源表现良好,但在管理策略中需要考虑到其易造成 N2O 损失的问题。
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引用次数: 0
Fate of As(V) and Cr(VI) adsorbed on goethite in a mangrove-microcosm experiment 红树林-微型宇宙实验中吸附在戈壁石上的砷(V)和铬(VI)的归宿
Pub Date : 2024-09-25 DOI: 10.1002/saj2.20767
Matheus Sampaio C. Barreto, Francisco Ruiz, Luis C. Colocho Hurtarte, Tiago Osorio Ferreira, Donald L. Sparks

Mangroves provide fundamental ecosystem services; however, the growing impact of human activities has resulted in increased pollution pressure, such as chemical contaminants. The redox processes are major biogeochemical players in the fate of contaminants. We investigate the effects of the redox environment on As(V) and Cr(VI) adsorbed on goethite (i.e., Fe(III)-oxide) over 40 days of incubation in columns containing mangrove soil subjected to seawater saturation cycles. Our spectroscopic data highlighted a less Fe(III)-ordered arrangement on goethite over time; As(V) is strongly bound to goethite, which delayed until 20 days its remobilization and reduction to As(III). After 40 days, the goethite held ∼50% of the initial As, but it was 15% as As(III). On the other hand, Cr(VI) was desorbed almost completely in less than 10 days, and the residual Cr ions bound to goethite were almost totally converted to Cr(III). Our study stresses the importance of individual time-dependence in evaluating chemical speciation changes among potential toxic elements in wetland systems, such as mangroves and artificial wetlands designed to water treatment or soil remediation.

红树林提供基本的生态系统服务;然而,人类活动的影响日益增大,导致化学污染物等污染压力增加。氧化还原过程是影响污染物归宿的主要生物地球化学因素。我们研究了氧化还原环境对吸附在网纹石(即氧化铁(III))上的砷(V)和铬(VI)的影响。我们的光谱数据显示,随着时间的推移,高铁铁(III)的有序排列程度降低;砷(V)与高铁铁结合牢固,这使其再迁移和还原成砷(III)的时间推迟到 20 天。40 天后,鹅绿泥石保留了初始砷量的 50%,但其中 15%为 As(III)。另一方面,在不到 10 天的时间里,Cr(VI) 几乎被完全解吸,而与网纹石结合的残余 Cr 离子几乎完全转化为 Cr(III)。我们的研究强调了在评估湿地系统(如红树林和为水处理或土壤修复而设计的人工湿地)中潜在有毒元素的化学式变化时个别时间依赖性的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Putting the soil health principles to the test in Iowa 在爱荷华州检验土壤健康原则
Pub Date : 2024-09-23 DOI: 10.1002/saj2.20761
M. D. McDaniel, T. A. Middleton

One of the most popular soil conservation campaigns is based on the USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service's Soil Health Principles (NRCS-SHPs). The NRCS-SHP program identifies four principles—maximize presence of living roots, minimize disturbance, maximize soil cover, and maximize biodiversity—with the underlying assumption that the more principles one follows, the greater improvements in soil health. Despite the popularity of the NRCS-SHPs, this underlying assumption has not been rigorously tested. To do so, we used nine long-term experiments all located in central Iowa, but with varying degree of NRCS-SHP adoption, to determine if greater adoption increases three slow-changing (maximum water holding capacity, bulk density [BD], and soil organic carbon) and three dynamic (microbial biomass carbon [MBC], potentially mineralizable carbon [PMC], and permanganate oxidizable carbon [POXC]) soil health indicators. We regressed these indicators with a soil health principle score that can scale soil management based on adoption of the NRCS-SHPs. Of the slow-changing soil properties, increased adoption of NRCS-SHPs only decreased soil BD (R2 = 0.22, = 0.024). On the other hand, increased adoption of NRCS-SHPs strongly predicted increases in both MBC and PMC and across two sampling dates (R2 > 0.23, < 0.015); POXC, however, did not increase with greater adoption. The consistent increases in MBC and PMC with greater adoption of NRCS-SHPs supports their usefulness as sensitive indicators of positive soil health change. Our study provides scientific evidence to support the NRCS-SHPs concept, improving its usefulness as an extension campaign, and stands as a step toward evidence-based soil conservation.

最受欢迎的土壤保护运动之一是基于美国农业部自然资源保护局的土壤健康原则 (NRCS-SHPs)。NRCS-SHP 计划确定了四项原则--最大限度地增加活根的存在、最大限度地减少干扰、最大限度地增加土壤覆盖和最大限度地增加生物多样性--其基本假设是,遵循的原则越多,土壤健康状况的改善就越大。尽管 NRCS-SHPs 广受欢迎,但这一基本假设尚未经过严格检验。为此,我们在爱荷华州中部进行了九次长期实验,但采用 NRCS-SHP 的程度各不相同,以确定采用更多的 NRCS-SHP 是否会增加三个缓慢变化的土壤健康指标(最大持水量、容重 [BD] 和土壤有机碳)和三个动态的土壤健康指标(微生物生物量碳 [MBC]、潜在矿化碳 [PMC] 和高锰酸盐氧化碳 [POXC])。我们将这些指标与土壤健康原则评分进行了回归,该评分可根据 NRCS-SHPs 的采用情况来调整土壤管理。在缓慢变化的土壤特性中,增加采用 NRCS-SHPs 只会减少土壤 BD(R2 = 0.22,p = 0.024)。另一方面,采用 NRCS-SHPs 的增加强烈预测了 MBC 和 PMC 以及两个采样日期的增加(R2 > 0.23, p < 0.015);然而,POXC 并没有随着采用的增加而增加。随着采用 NRCS-SHPs 的增加,MBC 和 PMC 持续增加,这支持了它们作为土壤健康积极变化的敏感指标的作用。我们的研究为支持 NRCS-SHPs 概念提供了科学证据,提高了其作为推广活动的实用性,并向基于证据的土壤保护迈出了一步。
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引用次数: 0
Estimating cation exchange capacity from hygroscopic water content change 从吸湿性含水量变化估算阳离子交换容量
Pub Date : 2024-09-21 DOI: 10.1002/saj2.20764
Chong Chen, Emmanuel Arthur, Hu Zhou, Xue Song, Jianying Shang, Markus Tuller

The existing models for estimating cation exchange capacity (CEC) from easy-to-measure hygroscopic water content (θh) were based on a single water activity (aw) value rather than on the processes that govern soil water vapor adsorption for a distinct aw range. Here, we present a new CEC estimation model based on θh data of 119 soils with different clay mineralogy (i.e., illitic [IL], montmorillonitic [ML], and kaolinitic [KA] samples) and organic carbon (OC) contents for the aw range from 0.23 to 0.57 (Δθ0.23–0.57) and validate its performance. Based on the hypothesis that multilayer adsorption exhibits a higher correlation with CEC than monolayer adsorption and capillary condensation, the aw range from 0.23 to 0.57 was chosen with CEC calculated as CEC = k × Δθ0.23–0.57. The performance of the new model is compared to the Arthur (2017) model and the Torrent (2015) model, which considers a single θh value. The average proportionality coefficient (k) varied with the dominant clay mineralogy of the investigated soils. For soils dominated by 2:1 clay minerals (i.e., IL and ML), the new model showed a good estimation accuracy (Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency [E] ≥ 0.85; root mean squared error [RMSE] ≤ 4.18 cmol(+) kg−1). The new model performed better for IL and ML samples than for KA samples, and yielded more accurate CEC estimations than the Arthur model and Torrent model for soils with 2:1 clay minerals. For soil with high OC content (>23.2 g kg−1), the new model slightly underestimated CEC (E = 0.66; RMSE = 5.87).

根据易于测量的吸湿含水量(θh)估算阳离子交换容量(CEC)的现有模型都是基于单一的水活度(aw)值,而不是基于不同 aw 范围内土壤水汽吸附的过程。在此,我们基于 119 个不同粘土矿物性(即伊利石质[IL]、蒙脱石质[ML]和高岭土质[KA]样品)和有机碳(OC)含量的土壤的θh 数据,提出了一种新的 CEC 估算模型,其 aw 范围为 0.23 至 0.57(Δθ0.23-0.57),并验证了其性能。根据多层吸附与 CEC 的相关性高于单层吸附和毛细管凝聚的假设,选择 aw 范围为 0.23 至 0.57,CEC 的计算公式为 CEC = k × Δθ0.23-0.57。新模型的性能与 Arthur(2017 年)模型和 Torrent(2015 年)模型进行了比较,后者考虑了单一的 θh 值。平均比例系数(k)随调查土壤的主要粘土矿物结构而变化。对于以 2:1 粘土矿物为主的土壤(即 IL 和 ML),新模型显示出良好的估计精度(Nash-Sutcliffe 模型效率 [E] ≥ 0.85;均方根误差 [RMSE] ≤ 4.18 cmol(+) kg-1)。新模型在 IL 和 ML 样品中的表现优于 KA 样品,在含有 2:1 粘土矿物的土壤中,其 CEC 估算结果比 Arthur 模型和 Torrent 模型更准确。对于 OC 含量高(23.2 g kg-1)的土壤,新模型略微低估了 CEC(E = 0.66;RMSE = 5.87)。
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引用次数: 0
Understanding the role of pig manure, rice straw, and calcium carbonate on the cadmium pollution in soil–wheat system 了解猪粪、稻草和碳酸钙对土壤-小麦系统中镉污染的作用
Pub Date : 2024-09-21 DOI: 10.1002/saj2.20758
Qiliang Gao, Huiqing Chang, Tiangang Huang, Rui Zhou

To explore the specific effects of pig manure and rice straw on cadmium-contaminated soils and the effect of different mass fractions of calcium carbonate on cadmium efficacy, a pot experiment was conducted with different rates of pig manure, rice straw, and calcium carbonate. The results showed that pig manure addition increased the soil humic acid/fulvic acid ratio, thereby reducing the available Cd. The addition of calcium carbonate increased the soil pH and reduced the available Cd. The addition of pig manure and calcium carbonate significantly reduced the Cd content of wheat grains by 51.96% and 45.95%, respectively, at 3% and 5% application rates. Rice straw application reduced the soil pH, improved the soil Cd availability, and increased the accumulation of Cd in wheat grains. Compared with that in the control, the grain biomass increased significantly with 3% pig manure and 3% rice straw application, and the grain biomass increased significantly, by 58.86% and 39.11%, and 93.3% and 75.08%, respectively, in 2020 and 2021. With the application of calcium carbonate, the grain biomass of wheat first decreased and then increased. Additionally, the grain biomass significantly increased by 26.36% and 71.22%, respectively, at the 5% calcium carbonate application rate. Therefore, high application rates of pig manure (3% and 5%) have potential application in the safe production of wheat in Cd-contaminated soils.

为了探索猪粪和稻草对镉污染土壤的具体影响,以及不同质量分数的碳酸钙对镉功效的影响,我们进行了一次盆栽实验,添加了不同比例的猪粪、稻草和碳酸钙。结果表明,添加猪粪提高了土壤腐殖酸/富营养化酸比率,从而降低了可利用的镉。添加碳酸钙提高了土壤的 pH 值,减少了可利用的镉。添加猪粪和碳酸钙可显著降低小麦粒中的镉含量,添加量分别为 3% 和 5%,降低幅度分别为 51.96% 和 45.95%。施用稻草降低了土壤 pH 值,提高了土壤中镉的可利用性,增加了小麦籽粒中镉的积累。与对照相比,施用 3% 的猪粪和 3% 的稻草后,2020 年和 2021 年小麦籽粒生物量显著增加,分别增加了 58.86% 和 39.11%,以及 93.3% 和 75.08%。施用碳酸钙后,小麦的籽粒生物量先减少后增加。此外,碳酸钙施用量为 5%时,谷物生物量分别显著增加了 26.36% 和 71.22%。因此,猪粪的高施用量(3% 和 5%)在镉污染土壤中的小麦安全生产中具有潜在的应用价值。
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引用次数: 0
Influence of crop rotation, the treatment of crop residues, and the application of nitrogen fertilizers on soil properties and maize yield 轮作、作物残茬处理和施用氮肥对土壤特性和玉米产量的影响
Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1002/saj2.20760
Almas Mukhametov, Assiya Ansabayeva, Oleg Efimov, Anar Kamerova

This inquiry is aimed at discerning the impact of various agricultural practices, such as crop rotation, the incorporation of plant residues, and the application of mineral fertilizers, on soil health and crop productivity, notably focusing on maize production. Cultivation included maize (Zea mays), velvet beans (Mucuna pruriens), soybeans (Glycine max), and vetch (Vicia sativa). After harvest, maize seeds were sown across all 48 plots to evaluate the influence of preceding crop rotation on soil properties and maize yield. Hypotheses posited in the study suggested that crop rotation, nitrogen fertilizer application, and the incorporation of crop residues positively impact soil fertility. The study further argues that the utilization of cover crops in crop rotation aids in nitrogen retention within the soil and enhances yield. The results were processed utilizing a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with interaction and post hoc comparisons. The findings confirm that crop rotation, nitrogen fertilizer application, and incorporation of crop residues influence soil fertility. The study found that crop rotation and nitrogen fertilizers have a significant impact on soil properties. Crop rotations such as “velvet beans-maize” and “soybeans-maize” increased soil fertility by 10%–15% compared to crop rotations of “vetch-maize” and maize monocultures. Nitrogen fertilizers increased the total nitrogen content in the soil by 5%–10% in both years. Crop residues also positively affected soil properties, increasing pH and total nitrogen by 1%–5%. The study demonstrates that crop rotation, nitrogen fertilizers, and crop residues can be effective management methods for improving soil fertility and reducing the risk of nitrate leaching.

这项调查旨在了解各种农业耕作方法(如轮作、掺入植物残留物和施用矿物肥料)对土壤健康和作物产量的影响,重点是玉米生产。种植的作物包括玉米(Zea mays)、绒豆(Mucuna pruriens)、大豆(Glycine max)和薇菜(Vicia sativa)。收获后,在所有 48 块地里播种玉米种子,以评估之前的轮作对土壤特性和玉米产量的影响。研究提出的假设表明,轮作、施用氮肥和掺入作物残茬会对土壤肥力产生积极影响。研究还认为,在轮作中利用覆盖作物有助于氮在土壤中的保留并提高产量。研究结果采用了双向方差分析(ANOVA),并进行了交互和事后比较。研究结果证实,轮作、施用氮肥和掺入作物残茬会影响土壤肥力。研究发现,轮作和氮肥对土壤特性有显著影响。与 "绒豆-玉米 "和 "大豆-玉米 "轮作相比,"绒豆-玉米 "和 "大豆-玉米 "轮作可使土壤肥力提高 10%-15%。在这两年里,氮肥使土壤中的总氮含量增加了 5%-10%。作物残茬也对土壤性质产生了积极影响,pH 值和全氮含量提高了 1%-5%。这项研究表明,轮作、氮肥和作物秸秆是提高土壤肥力和降低硝酸盐沥滤风险的有效管理方法。
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引用次数: 0
Measuring shrinkage of expansive soils using a novel automated high-frequency setup 使用新型自动高频装置测量膨胀土的收缩率
Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1002/saj2.20755
B. R. Lexmond, B. van Dam, C. V. Hockin, G. Erkens, J. Griffioen, E. Stouthamer

Soil shrinkage characteristic curves are used to describe the shrinkage behavior and hydraulic properties of unsaturated soils. To construct soil shrinkage characteristic curves, a high-data-density measurement method is needed that relates water content to soil volume changes. We present a fully automated soil shrinkage measurement setup, based on the simplified evaporation method, to characterize the shrinkage behavior of undisturbed natural expansive clay soils. The high data density creates the opportunity to produce soil shrinkage characteristic curves without the need for a mathematical model. The technique allows for resaturation of the samples after drying, enabling differentiation between reversible and irreversible shrinkage. The setup consists of the commercialized HYPROP2 apparatus combined with optical distance sensors to measure the horizontal and vertical dimensions of the samples, yielding data on the sample volume, weight, and soil water suction. The measurement frequency is once per 10 min, and the measurement period is up to 4 weeks, providing a detailed time series of the drying and shrinkage characteristics. The setup can capture the different shrinkage phases and offers the opportunity to relate the soil shrinkage characteristic curve to soil water suction. The measurement data acquisition rate and accuracy enable detailed interpretation of soil water retention curves for nonrigid soils and are shown to be essential for understanding and quantifying the shrinkage potential of several types of deposits.

土壤收缩特性曲线用于描述非饱和土壤的收缩行为和水力特性。要构建土壤收缩特性曲线,需要一种能将含水量与土壤体积变化联系起来的高数据密度测量方法。我们介绍了一种基于简化蒸发法的全自动土壤收缩测量装置,用于描述未扰动天然膨胀性粘土的收缩行为。数据密度高,无需数学模型即可生成土壤收缩特性曲线。该技术允许样本在干燥后重新饱和,从而区分可逆和不可逆收缩。该装置由商业化的 HYPROP2 仪器和光学距离传感器组成,光学距离传感器用于测量样品的水平和垂直尺寸,从而获得样品体积、重量和土壤吸水性的数据。测量频率为每 10 分钟一次,测量周期长达 4 周,可提供干燥和收缩特征的详细时间序列。该装置可捕捉不同的收缩阶段,并提供将土壤收缩特性曲线与土壤吸水量联系起来的机会。测量数据的采集率和精确度能够详细解释非刚性土壤的土壤保水曲线,对于了解和量化几种类型沉积物的收缩潜力至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Can silvopasture with arboreal legumes increase root mass at deeper soil layers and improve soil aggregation? 使用树生豆科植物进行人工造林能否增加土壤深层的根系数量并改善土壤团聚?
Pub Date : 2024-09-14 DOI: 10.1002/saj2.20756
Diego de Lima Coêlho, José Carlos Batista Dubeux Jr., Mércia Virginia Ferreira dos Santos, Alexandre Carneiro Leão de Mello, Márcio Vieira da Cunha, Erinaldo Viana de Freitas, Brivaldo Gomes de Almeida, Valéria Xavier de Oliveira Apolinário, André Pereira Freire Ferraz, Flávia Fernanda Simili

Silvopastoral system (SPS) is a multifunctional agroforestry practice. This study evaluate soil properties and root biomass under SPS in Pernambuco, Brazil. The experiment was established in 2011. The treatments were (1) monoculture signalgrass (MS) [Urochloa decumbens (Stapf.) R. D. Webster], (2) intercropped pasture of signalgrass with legume Gliricidia (SG) [Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud.], and (3) intercropped pasture of signalgrass with legume sabiá (SS) (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth). Treatments were allocated in randomized complete block design with three replications. Samples were collected at 0- to 10-, 10- to 20-, 20- to 40-, 40- to 60-, 60- to 80-, 80- to 100-, and 100- to 120-cm soil depths. Soil samples were also taken from the native forest (NF) considered as a reference at the same Experimental Station. Legume SPS (SG and SS) presented greater root biomass per unit area compared to MS at 60- to 80-cm depth (p < 0.05); however, MS had greater root biomass per hectare at the top layers. The average values of the weighted mean diameter of soil aggregates were 3.20, 3.19, 3.07, and 3.27 mm in MS, SG, SS, and NF, respectively, at 0- to 120-cm depths. The SPS increased soil cation exchange capacity in deeper layers, indicating greater biological activity at greater depth. Grasslands and SPS store 235 Mg C ha−1 with 71% of that found in deeper layers (20–120 cm). SPS with signalgrass intercropped with arboreal legumes has potential to improve deep soil C storage and resilience of livestock systems in tropical regions.

林牧系统(SPS)是一种多功能农林业实践。本研究评估了巴西伯南布哥州 SPS 下的土壤特性和根系生物量。实验于 2011 年开始。试验处理为:(1)单一种植信号草(MS)[Urochloa decumbens (Stapf.) R. D. Webster];(2)信号草与豆科植物 Gliricidia(SG)[Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud.]间作;(3)信号草与豆科植物沙比利(SS)(Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth)间作。各处理采用随机完全区组设计,三次重复。分别在 0 至 10 厘米、10 至 20 厘米、20 至 40 厘米、40 至 60 厘米、60 至 80 厘米、80 至 100 厘米和 100 至 120 厘米的土壤深度采集样本。土壤样本也取自同一实验站的原生林(NF),作为参考。与 MS 相比,豆科植物 SPS(SG 和 SS)在 60 至 80 厘米深度的单位面积根系生物量更大(p < 0.05);然而,MS 在顶层的单位面积根系生物量更大。在 0 至 120 厘米深度,MS、SG、SS 和 NF 的土壤团聚体加权平均直径的平均值分别为 3.20、3.19、3.07 和 3.27 毫米。SPS 增加了深层土壤的阳离子交换容量,表明更深层的生物活性更强。草地和 SPS 每公顷可存储 235 兆克碳,其中 71% 位于深层(20-120 厘米)。信号草与树生豆科植物间作的 SPS 有潜力改善热带地区土壤深层的碳储存和畜牧系统的恢复能力。
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引用次数: 0
Examination of the reliability of X-ray powder diffraction analysis to determine mineral composition of soils 研究用 X 射线粉末衍射分析确定土壤矿物成分的可靠性
Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1002/saj2.20757
Kohei Kurokawa, Kazuki Azuma, Atsushi Nakao, Atsuhito Suzuki, Shokichi Wakabayashi, Shigeto Fujimura, Takuro Shinano, Junta Yanai

X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) is an effective technique for identifying and quantifying mineral types in soil. However, few studies have compared quantitative values based on XRPD with those from conventional wet chemical methods (WCMs). Here, we determined the primary mineral content in artificial mineral mixtures and 79 agricultural soils from across Japan using WCMs and two XRPD-based quantitative methods: the mineral intensity factor (MIF) and the full-pattern summation (FPS) methods performed with the powdR package for R. For artificial mixtures, the accuracy of mineral content determination (i.e., micas, quartz, K-feldspar, and plagioclase) followed the order: WCMs > FPS > MIF. For Japanese agricultural soils, the contents of each mineral were highly similar between WCMs and FPS, based on mean absolute differences and correlation coefficients. Alternatively, MIF displayed lower similarities with WCMs, likely due to preferred orientation and peak shift or overlap issues. Using the FPS method, the mica and amorphous phase contents were positively and significantly correlated with nonexchangeable K content and cation exchange capacity, respectively. Additionally, the plagioclase content was negatively and significantly correlated with clay content. Thus, the powdR-based FPS method is recommended for determining the mineral composition of soils, as it allows for a clearer and more quantitative demonstration of the relationship between individual minerals and soil properties.

X 射线粉末衍射 (XRPD) 是识别和量化土壤中矿物类型的有效技术。然而,很少有研究将基于 X 射线粉末衍射的定量值与传统湿化学方法 (WCM) 的定量值进行比较。在此,我们使用湿化学方法和两种基于 XRPD 的定量方法(矿物强度因子 (MIF) 和全模式求和 (FPS) 方法)测定了人工矿物混合物和日本各地 79 种农业土壤中的主要矿物含量:WCMs > FPS > MIF。就日本农业土壤而言,根据平均绝对差值和相关系数,WCMs 和 FPS 的每种矿物含量都非常相似。而 MIF 与 WCM 的相似度较低,这可能是由于优先取向和峰值偏移或重叠问题造成的。使用 FPS 方法,云母和无定形相含量分别与非交换钾含量和阳离子交换容量呈显著正相关。此外,斜长石含量与粘土含量呈显著负相关。因此,推荐使用基于粉末衍射的 FPS 方法来测定土壤的矿物成分,因为它可以更清晰、更定量地展示单个矿物与土壤性质之间的关系。
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引用次数: 0
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Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America
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