Sk Musfiq Us Salehin, Nithya Rajan, Jake Mowrer, Kenneth D. Casey, Anil C. Somenahally, Muthu Bagavathiannan
Investigating the impact of cover crops and manure on soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is crucial for advancing our understanding of the climate-smart potential of organic management practices. This soil incubation experiment was conducted to investigate the combined effects of manure and cover crop residue decomposition on soil carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4) emissions under simulated tillage conditions. Undisturbed soil cores, collected from an organic cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) field experiment, were incubated for 90 days in a 2 × 4 factorial design for 2 consecutive years. Four combinations of cover crop and poultry litter (PL) residues were the primary treatment factor. The amount of residues added in the incubation study reflected the cover crop biomass produced under field conditions and the amount of PL applied in the field. Residue treatments included PL only at the full application rate (250 kg ha−1), PL with oat (Avena sativa L.), PL with turnip (Brassica rapa subsp. rapa), and half the rate of PL with Austrian winter pea (Pisum sativum) (AWP). The residues were either soil incorporated or surface applied to simulate disking and no-till field conditions. On average, 3.5% of applied carbon escaped as CO2 during the 90-day incubation period across treatments. Similarly, on average, 0.75% of applied nitrogen escaped as N2O. The proportion of nitrogen emitted as N2O under simulated no-till was 81.2% higher in 2020 (P < 0.05) compared to conventional tillage. In 2021, N2O emission was 35.8% higher (P < 0.1). When normalized over the amount of carbon added, total CO2 equivalent GHG emissions were the highest in the legume AWP treatment for both years. However, neither residue types nor simulated tillage affected net soil CH4 uptake (P > 0.1). While no-till practices may increase soil total carbon and nitrogen stocks during the cover crops and manure decomposition, the impact on GHG emissions depends on residue type and should be considered in estimating the climate-smart potential of organic management practices.
{"title":"Greenhouse gas emissions during decomposition of cover crops and poultry litter with simulated tillage in 90-day soil incubations","authors":"Sk Musfiq Us Salehin, Nithya Rajan, Jake Mowrer, Kenneth D. Casey, Anil C. Somenahally, Muthu Bagavathiannan","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20730","DOIUrl":"10.1002/saj2.20730","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Investigating the impact of cover crops and manure on soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is crucial for advancing our understanding of the climate-smart potential of organic management practices. This soil incubation experiment was conducted to investigate the combined effects of manure and cover crop residue decomposition on soil carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O), and methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) emissions under simulated tillage conditions. Undisturbed soil cores, collected from an organic cotton (<i>Gossypium hirsutum</i> L.) field experiment, were incubated for 90 days in a 2 × 4 factorial design for 2 consecutive years. Four combinations of cover crop and poultry litter (PL) residues were the primary treatment factor. The amount of residues added in the incubation study reflected the cover crop biomass produced under field conditions and the amount of PL applied in the field. Residue treatments included PL only at the full application rate (250 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>), PL with oat (<i>Avena sativa</i> L.), PL with turnip (<i>Brassica rapa</i> subsp<i>. rapa</i>), and half the rate of PL with Austrian winter pea (<i>Pisum sativum</i>) (AWP). The residues were either soil incorporated or surface applied to simulate disking and no-till field conditions. On average, 3.5% of applied carbon escaped as CO<sub>2</sub> during the 90-day incubation period across treatments. Similarly, on average, 0.75% of applied nitrogen escaped as N<sub>2</sub>O. The proportion of nitrogen emitted as N<sub>2</sub>O under simulated no-till was 81.2% higher in 2020 (<i>P <</i> 0.05) compared to conventional tillage. In 2021, N<sub>2</sub>O emission was 35.8% higher (<i>P <</i> 0.1). When normalized over the amount of carbon added, total CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent GHG emissions were the highest in the legume AWP treatment for both years. However, neither residue types nor simulated tillage affected net soil CH<sub>4</sub> uptake (<i>P ></i> 0.1). While no-till practices may increase soil total carbon and nitrogen stocks during the cover crops and manure decomposition, the impact on GHG emissions depends on residue type and should be considered in estimating the climate-smart potential of organic management practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"88 5","pages":"1870-1890"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/saj2.20730","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141612112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper contains a brief overview of contents of 13 North American Forest Soils Conferences.
本文简要概述了 13 次北美森林土壤会议的内容。
{"title":"A retrospective look at the North American Forest Soils Conferences from 1958 to 2023","authors":"James R. Boyle","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20720","DOIUrl":"10.1002/saj2.20720","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper contains a brief overview of contents of 13 North American Forest Soils Conferences.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"88 5","pages":"1492-1494"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141569710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
William Tucker, Fien Degryse, Therese McBeath, Ehsan Tavakkoli, Michael McLaughlin
The susceptibility of surface soil to drying when rainfall is scarce has prompted evaluation of deeper placement (20 cm) of fertilizers within the profile to where soil moisture is more likely to be stored. However, concerns arise regarding potential chemical challenges to P availability in the subsurface. This study examined differences in chemical conditions between the soil surface (0–10 cm) and subsurface (15–25 cm), and investigated the effect on the diffusion and extractability of banded P. Analysis of surface and subsurface samples from 15 sites revealed substantial differences in characteristics that influence P behavior between depths. The phosphorus buffering index (PBI) was largely explained by concentrations of amorphous Al and Fe (hydr)oxides and CaCO3. The measured diffusion distance of P from monoammonium phosphate (MAP) granules was found to be inversely related to PBI. Consequently, significant differences in diffusion distances were typically observed between soil layers characterized by marked PBI variations. The measured diffusion radii were used to calculate the mean P concentrations of surface-banded and deep-banded MAP in a field scenario, which were replicated in a 4-week laboratory incubation. The resulting lability of applied P was determined through isotopic exchange, and although significantly higher P recoveries were measured from the subsurface at two sites where large pH differences existed between depths, no significant differences were measured between depths at all other sites. Hence, the subsurface is not a more hostile zone for deep-placed P.
降雨稀少时,表层土壤容易干燥,这促使人们评估在土壤水分更有可能储存的剖面内更深(20 厘米)的位置施肥。然而,地下土壤中潜在的化学物质对 P 供应的挑战也引起了人们的关注。这项研究考察了土壤表层(0-10 厘米)和表层下(15-25 厘米)之间化学条件的差异,并研究了其对带状钾的扩散和萃取的影响。对 15 个地点的表层和表层下样本进行分析后发现,不同深度之间影响钾行为的特征存在很大差异。磷缓冲指数(PBI)在很大程度上是由无定形的铝和铁(水)氧化物以及 CaCO3 的浓度决定的。从磷酸一铵(MAP)颗粒中测得的磷扩散距离与磷缓冲指数成反比。因此,在具有明显 PBI 变化特征的土层之间,通常会观察到扩散距离的显著差异。测得的扩散半径用于计算表层带状和深层带状 MAP 在田间的平均 P 浓度,并在为期 4 周的实验室培养中进行了复制。通过同位素交换确定了施用磷的稳定性,虽然在两个深度之间存在较大 pH 值差异的地点测得的地下磷回收率明显较高,但在所有其他地点测得的深度之间没有明显差异。因此,对于深层施用的钾来说,地下并不是一个更不利的区域。
{"title":"Is subsurface soil a chemically more hostile zone for deep-placed phosphorus fertilizer?","authors":"William Tucker, Fien Degryse, Therese McBeath, Ehsan Tavakkoli, Michael McLaughlin","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20724","DOIUrl":"10.1002/saj2.20724","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The susceptibility of surface soil to drying when rainfall is scarce has prompted evaluation of deeper placement (20 cm) of fertilizers within the profile to where soil moisture is more likely to be stored. However, concerns arise regarding potential chemical challenges to P availability in the subsurface. This study examined differences in chemical conditions between the soil surface (0–10 cm) and subsurface (15–25 cm), and investigated the effect on the diffusion and extractability of banded P. Analysis of surface and subsurface samples from 15 sites revealed substantial differences in characteristics that influence P behavior between depths. The phosphorus buffering index (PBI) was largely explained by concentrations of amorphous Al and Fe (hydr)oxides and CaCO<sub>3</sub>. The measured diffusion distance of P from monoammonium phosphate (MAP) granules was found to be inversely related to PBI. Consequently, significant differences in diffusion distances were typically observed between soil layers characterized by marked PBI variations. The measured diffusion radii were used to calculate the mean P concentrations of surface-banded and deep-banded MAP in a field scenario, which were replicated in a 4-week laboratory incubation. The resulting lability of applied P was determined through isotopic exchange, and although significantly higher P recoveries were measured from the subsurface at two sites where large pH differences existed between depths, no significant differences were measured between depths at all other sites. Hence, the subsurface is not a more hostile zone for deep-placed P.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"88 5","pages":"1778-1791"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/saj2.20724","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141546670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. García-Ramírez, K. Guillén, S. Sedov, C. Golden, S. Morell-Hart, A. Scherer, T. Pi, E. Solleiro-Rebolledo, H. Dine, Y. Rivera
The soil mantle of the tropical karstic landscapes of Southern Mexico was shaped by specific processes of pedogenesis and long-term human impacts of ancient Maya agriculture. To understand the interaction between natural and human-induced soil-forming processes in the calcareous mountains of Chiapas state, we studied soil toposequences around the Classic Maya site of Budsilhá and related them to the archaeological evidence of settlement and land-use distribution. Soil chemical analysis, micromorphological observations, and clay mineral identification were carried out in key soil profiles at the main geoforms. Limestone hills are occupied by shallow Rendolls which are usually perceived as incipient soils. However, high content of silicate clay composed of kaolinite and vermiculite and ferruginous clayey soil material observed at macro- and microscale backed the hypothesis that these soils were formed from the residues of thick Terra Rossa after their erosion. Swampy lowlands are occupied by thick clayey gleyic soils with clay mineral assemblages similar to those in the upland Rendolls. We suppose that the mineral matrix of the lowland soils is largely derived from the pedosediments of eroded upland Terra Rossa, which lost original ferruginous pigmentation and aggregation due to redoximorphic processes. Some wetland soils contain neoformed gypsum that is atypical for humid tropics; sulfide-sulfate transformation under fluctuating redox conditions could promote gypsum synthesis. Ancient Maya land use was closely related to soil-geomorphic conditions: settlements with homegardens occupied calcareous hills, whereas the primary agricultural domain was developed on lowland soils after their drainage by artificial canals.
墨西哥南部热带喀斯特地貌的土壤地幔是由特定的成土过程和古代玛雅农业的长期人为影响形成的。为了了解恰帕斯州石灰质山区自然和人为土壤形成过程之间的相互作用,我们研究了布迪希尔哈古典玛雅遗址周围的土壤地形地貌,并将其与定居点和土地使用分布的考古证据联系起来。我们对主要地貌的关键土壤剖面进行了土壤化学分析、微观形态观察和粘土矿物鉴定。石灰岩山丘被浅层伦多尔(Rendolls)占据,通常被认为是初生土壤。然而,在宏观和微观尺度上观察到的由高岭石和蛭石组成的硅酸盐粘土以及铁锈色粘土材料的高含量支持了这一假设,即这些土壤是由厚厚的赤红土被侵蚀后的残留物形成的。沼泽低地被厚重的粘质格利土所占据,其粘土矿物组合与高地伦多尔斯的粘土矿物组合相似。我们推测,低地土壤的矿物基质主要来自被侵蚀的高地 Terra Rossa 的沉积物,这些沉积物在氧化还原过程中失去了原有的铁锈色素和聚集。一些湿地土壤含有新形成的石膏,这在潮湿的热带地区是不典型的;在波动的氧化还原条件下,硫化物与硫酸盐的转化可能会促进石膏的合成。古代玛雅人的土地利用与土壤地貌条件密切相关:带有家庭花园的定居点占据着石灰质山丘,而主要农业领域则是在人工运河排水后在低地土壤上发展起来的。
{"title":"Soil development and ancient Maya land use in the tropical karst landscape: Case of Busiljá, Chiapas, México","authors":"P. García-Ramírez, K. Guillén, S. Sedov, C. Golden, S. Morell-Hart, A. Scherer, T. Pi, E. Solleiro-Rebolledo, H. Dine, Y. Rivera","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20723","DOIUrl":"10.1002/saj2.20723","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The soil mantle of the tropical karstic landscapes of Southern Mexico was shaped by specific processes of pedogenesis and long-term human impacts of ancient Maya agriculture. To understand the interaction between natural and human-induced soil-forming processes in the calcareous mountains of Chiapas state, we studied soil toposequences around the Classic Maya site of Budsilhá and related them to the archaeological evidence of settlement and land-use distribution. Soil chemical analysis, micromorphological observations, and clay mineral identification were carried out in key soil profiles at the main geoforms. Limestone hills are occupied by shallow Rendolls which are usually perceived as incipient soils. However, high content of silicate clay composed of kaolinite and vermiculite and ferruginous clayey soil material observed at macro- and microscale backed the hypothesis that these soils were formed from the residues of thick Terra Rossa after their erosion. Swampy lowlands are occupied by thick clayey gleyic soils with clay mineral assemblages similar to those in the upland Rendolls. We suppose that the mineral matrix of the lowland soils is largely derived from the pedosediments of eroded upland Terra Rossa, which lost original ferruginous pigmentation and aggregation due to redoximorphic processes. Some wetland soils contain neoformed gypsum that is atypical for humid tropics; sulfide-sulfate transformation under fluctuating redox conditions could promote gypsum synthesis. Ancient Maya land use was closely related to soil-geomorphic conditions: settlements with homegardens occupied calcareous hills, whereas the primary agricultural domain was developed on lowland soils after their drainage by artificial canals.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"88 5","pages":"1561-1582"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/saj2.20723","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141532165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drew A. Scott, Mark A. Liebig, Nicanor Z. Saliendra, David Toledo, Michael DeGreef, Chantel Kobilansky, Justin Feld. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 88, 779–791. https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20646
Correspondence Email: [email protected]
The authors noted an error in Figure 4 of the original article. The correct version of Figure 4 is reproduced below.
Drew A. Scott, Mark A. Liebig, Nicanor Z. Saliendra, David Toledo, Michael DeGreef, Chantel Kobilansky, Justin Feld.美国土壤科学学会期刊》,88,779-791。https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20646Correspondence 电子邮件:[email protected]作者注意到原文图 4 中的一处错误。图 4 的正确版本转载如下。
{"title":"Erratum to: Crop- and weather-dependent yield and wind erosion benefits from a conservation practices system","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20721","DOIUrl":"10.1002/saj2.20721","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Drew A. Scott, Mark A. Liebig, Nicanor Z. Saliendra, David Toledo, Michael DeGreef, Chantel Kobilansky, Justin Feld. <i>Soil Science Society of America Journal</i>, 88, 779–791. https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20646</p><p>Correspondence Email: <span>[email protected]</span></p><p>The authors noted an error in Figure 4 of the original article. The correct version of Figure 4 is reproduced below.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"88 5","pages":"1909-1910"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/saj2.20721","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141508813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Calleja-Huerta, M. Lamandé, R. J. Heck, O. Green, L. J. Munkholm
Soil structure dynamics during a season depend on management practices and environmental factors. A lightweight autonomous robot (total mass: 3300–4100 kg, wheel load: 700–1200 kg, contact areas: 0.125 m2, inflation pressures: 60–280 kPa) was used for sowing (October 2021) and weeding (May 2022) operations on an annually plowed sandy loam field. We took 579 cm3 soil cores at 10- to 18-cm depth in the crop area and wheel tracks before and after the operations to assess the impact from traffic and the potential recovery of topsoil structural properties. We measured air permeability and effective air-filled porosity in the laboratory, and X-ray CT scanned the samples to evaluate soil pore functionality. The first operation (conducted on a moist seedbed) had the largest impact, significantly compacting and reducing the air-filled porosity by 42% (from 0.21 to 0.12 m3 m−3) and decreasing air permeability by 75.8% (from 130 to 31.5 µm2). After 7 months, the crop area and wheel track showed signs of soil consolidation due to environmental factors but not decompaction. The second operation occurred on drier (water content 0.06 g g−1), stronger soil conditions (degree of compactness 100.8%), and recompaction of the wheel track was not observed. Traffic in weak soils can result in seasonal topsoil compaction despite the lighter wheel loads. However, due to the milder impacts, recovery rates might be faster for lightweight machinery than for heavy tractors. Multi-season studies are needed to assess the real potential of lightweight robots to minimize soil compaction risk.
{"title":"Evolution of topsoil structure after compaction with a lightweight autonomous field robot","authors":"A. Calleja-Huerta, M. Lamandé, R. J. Heck, O. Green, L. J. Munkholm","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20719","DOIUrl":"10.1002/saj2.20719","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Soil structure dynamics during a season depend on management practices and environmental factors. A lightweight autonomous robot (total mass: 3300–4100 kg, wheel load: 700–1200 kg, contact areas: 0.125 m<sup>2</sup>, inflation pressures: 60–280 kPa) was used for sowing (October 2021) and weeding (May 2022) operations on an annually plowed sandy loam field. We took 579 cm<sup>3</sup> soil cores at 10- to 18-cm depth in the crop area and wheel tracks before and after the operations to assess the impact from traffic and the potential recovery of topsoil structural properties. We measured air permeability and effective air-filled porosity in the laboratory, and X-ray CT scanned the samples to evaluate soil pore functionality. The first operation (conducted on a moist seedbed) had the largest impact, significantly compacting and reducing the air-filled porosity by 42% (from 0.21 to 0.12 m<sup>3</sup> m<sup>−3</sup>) and decreasing air permeability by 75.8% (from 130 to 31.5 µm<sup>2</sup>). After 7 months, the crop area and wheel track showed signs of soil consolidation due to environmental factors but not decompaction. The second operation occurred on drier (water content 0.06 g g<sup>−1</sup>), stronger soil conditions (degree of compactness 100.8%), and recompaction of the wheel track was not observed. Traffic in weak soils can result in seasonal topsoil compaction despite the lighter wheel loads. However, due to the milder impacts, recovery rates might be faster for lightweight machinery than for heavy tractors. Multi-season studies are needed to assess the real potential of lightweight robots to minimize soil compaction risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"88 5","pages":"1545-1560"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/saj2.20719","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141508814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maria Gabriela de Oliveira Andrade, Carlos Felipe dos Santos Cordeiro, Juliano Carlos Calonego, Alan Franzluebbers, Ciro Antonio Rosolem
Management can affect soil quality through changes in carbon (C) stock, especially in protected C fractions of soil aggregates. Soil aggregation and C sequestration may be improved with soil correction (liming and gypsum) and nitrogen (N) fertilization, but it is not clear how these factors might interact to affect humic substances. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and N fertilizatilizer amendments on the accumulation of C, N, and humic substances in soil aggregates from an Oxisoil in Brazil. The production system was no-till soybean [Gycine max (L.) Merr.] double-cropped with maize (Zea mays L.) and intercropped with forage grass since 2016. Treatments were no amendment, lime only, and lime + phosphogypsum, factorially arranged with and without annual N fertilization of maize. Soil was collected at 0–10, 10–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm 6 years after initiation of the experiment. The combination of lime, gypsum, and N led to 13% greater total C stock and 20% greater total N stock within the 0–60 cm soil profile than the control. Levels of fulvic acid (FA) and humic acid (HA) were similar among aggregate classes, but humin was greatest in larger aggregates. Liming plus N decreased FA and HA, but gypsum application mitigated this negative effect. Application of limestone, gypsum, and N increased humin, mainly in the soil surface (0–10 cm). Soil C storage and stabilization was enhanced in large soil aggregates with the combined use of lime, gypsum, and N fertilization in humid tropical soils.
{"title":"Soil amendment and N fertilization strategies to improve C sequestration and storage in soil aggregates","authors":"Maria Gabriela de Oliveira Andrade, Carlos Felipe dos Santos Cordeiro, Juliano Carlos Calonego, Alan Franzluebbers, Ciro Antonio Rosolem","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20722","DOIUrl":"10.1002/saj2.20722","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Management can affect soil quality through changes in carbon (C) stock, especially in protected C fractions of soil aggregates. Soil aggregation and C sequestration may be improved with soil correction (liming and gypsum) and nitrogen (N) fertilization, but it is not clear how these factors might interact to affect humic substances. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and N fertilizatilizer amendments on the accumulation of C, N, and humic substances in soil aggregates from an Oxisoil in Brazil. The production system was no-till soybean [<i>Gycine max</i> (L.) Merr.] double-cropped with maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) and intercropped with forage grass since 2016. Treatments were no amendment, lime only, and lime + phosphogypsum, factorially arranged with and without annual N fertilization of maize. Soil was collected at 0–10, 10–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm 6 years after initiation of the experiment. The combination of lime, gypsum, and N led to 13% greater total C stock and 20% greater total N stock within the 0–60 cm soil profile than the control. Levels of fulvic acid (FA) and humic acid (HA) were similar among aggregate classes, but humin was greatest in larger aggregates. Liming plus N decreased FA and HA, but gypsum application mitigated this negative effect. Application of limestone, gypsum, and N increased humin, mainly in the soil surface (0–10 cm). Soil C storage and stabilization was enhanced in large soil aggregates with the combined use of lime, gypsum, and N fertilization in humid tropical soils.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"88 5","pages":"1767-1777"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141508815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ashmita Rawal, Richard A. Lankau, Matthew D. Ruark
While many studies note the positive effects of soil organic matter (SOM) on crop yields, there is limited quantitative information on the influence of increased SOM on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) productivity in sandy soil. This study estimated the impact of varying SOM on potato productivity in sandy soils and explored whether nitrogen (N) mineralization served as a primary mediator. Soil from nine fields in Wisconsin (SOM range of 1.1%–3.8%) was collected for a greenhouse study. Both NH4-N and NO3-N extracted from ion strips and potentially mineralizable nitrogen (PMN) were used as the proxies for N mineralization. Linear mixed effect models indicated that fresh matter whole biomass and dry matter vine biomass were 0.45 and 0.54 times greater at 3.8% SOM compared to 1.1% SOM at an optimal soil pH of 5.2, respectively. Similarly, total N uptake in the whole and vine biomass was 0.51 and 1.0 times higher at 3.8% SOM than 1.1% SOM, respectively. While PMN demonstrated a positive correlation with SOM, it only partially mediated the effect of SOM on productivity, specifically in N uptake in the vines. However, for most productivity measures, including PMN with SOM in the models did not substantially reduce the estimated SOM effect on productivity, indicating that SOM affected productivity mostly through mechanisms other than N acquisition by plants available through mineralization of OM. The study underscored the complex interplay between SOM and potato productivity, urging further research into the multifaceted roles of SOM in sandy soils.
尽管许多研究指出土壤有机质(SOM)对作物产量有积极影响,但有关增加SOM对沙质土壤中马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)产量影响的定量信息却很有限。本研究估算了不同 SOM 对沙质土壤中马铃薯产量的影响,并探讨了氮(N)矿化是否是主要的中介因素。一项温室研究收集了威斯康星州九块田地的土壤(SOM 范围为 1.1%-3.8%)。从离子带中提取的 NH4-N 和 NO3-N 以及潜在矿化氮 (PMN) 被用作氮矿化的替代物。线性混合效应模型表明,在最佳土壤 pH 值为 5.2 的条件下,3.8% SOM 的新鲜物质全生物量和干物质藤蔓生物量分别是 1.1% SOM 的 0.45 倍和 0.54 倍。同样,在 3.8% 的 SOM 比 1.1% 的 SOM 条件下,全株和藤蔓生物量的总氮吸收量分别高出 0.51 倍和 1.0 倍。虽然 PMN 与 SOM 呈正相关,但它只能部分调节 SOM 对生产力的影响,特别是对葡萄藤的氮吸收量的影响。不过,就大多数生产力指标而言,将 PMN 与 SOM 一起纳入模型并不会大幅降低 SOM 对生产力的估计影响,这表明 SOM 主要通过植物通过矿化 OM 获取氮以外的机制影响生产力。这项研究强调了 SOM 与马铃薯生产力之间复杂的相互作用,敦促人们进一步研究 SOM 在沙质土壤中的多方面作用。
{"title":"How does soil organic matter affect potato productivity on sandy soil?","authors":"Ashmita Rawal, Richard A. Lankau, Matthew D. Ruark","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20718","DOIUrl":"10.1002/saj2.20718","url":null,"abstract":"<p>While many studies note the positive effects of soil organic matter (SOM) on crop yields, there is limited quantitative information on the influence of increased SOM on potato (<i>Solanum tuberosum</i> L.) productivity in sandy soil. This study estimated the impact of varying SOM on potato productivity in sandy soils and explored whether nitrogen (N) mineralization served as a primary mediator. Soil from nine fields in Wisconsin (SOM range of 1.1%–3.8%) was collected for a greenhouse study. Both NH<sub>4</sub>-N and NO<sub>3</sub>-N extracted from ion strips and potentially mineralizable nitrogen (PMN) were used as the proxies for N mineralization. Linear mixed effect models indicated that fresh matter whole biomass and dry matter vine biomass were 0.45 and 0.54 times greater at 3.8% SOM compared to 1.1% SOM at an optimal soil pH of 5.2, respectively. Similarly, total N uptake in the whole and vine biomass was 0.51 and 1.0 times higher at 3.8% SOM than 1.1% SOM, respectively. While PMN demonstrated a positive correlation with SOM, it only partially mediated the effect of SOM on productivity, specifically in N uptake in the vines. However, for most productivity measures, including PMN with SOM in the models did not substantially reduce the estimated SOM effect on productivity, indicating that SOM affected productivity mostly through mechanisms other than N acquisition by plants available through mineralization of OM. The study underscored the complex interplay between SOM and potato productivity, urging further research into the multifaceted roles of SOM in sandy soils.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"88 5","pages":"1748-1766"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/saj2.20718","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141526709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cecilia Crespo, Peter L. O'Brien, Márcio R. Nunes, Sabrina J. Ruis, Bryan D. Emmett, Natalia Rogovska, Rob W. Malone, Cindy Cambardella, John L. Kovar
Management practices such as relay cropping, cover crops, and no-tillage may promote soil health in the North Central United States. However, soil health indicators in corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] systems involving multiple management practices are not well documented. The objective of this study was to determine the sensitivity of soil health metrics and the Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF) to contrasting management systems with different tillage, crops, and fertilization in a North Central US Mollisol. Different management systems, including conservation tillage and nitrogen fertilization strategies, cover cropping, and camelina [Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz] relay intercropping, were compared to a conventional corn–soybean system. Different systems did not affect most soil health indicators compared to the conventional system. Aggregate stability was the only indicator to change due to management, where no-till with cover crops increased aggregate stability by 38% compared with camelina relay cropping. The SMAF scores for all the soil quality indices were unaffected by treatments but displayed high values of over 90%. Overall, crop yields were more closely related to weather conditions and management systems than to soil health indicators. Soybean yields were decreased (between 1 and 2 Mg ha−1) in the camelina relay cropping system, while corn yields were lower (up to 70%) in the treatment that received no N fertilization. Ultimately, these findings suggest that soil health indicators are resilient to change due to management in these highly productive Mollisols and may not be closely associated with crop yields.
{"title":"Contrasting soil management systems had limited effects on soil health and crop yields in a North Central US Mollisol","authors":"Cecilia Crespo, Peter L. O'Brien, Márcio R. Nunes, Sabrina J. Ruis, Bryan D. Emmett, Natalia Rogovska, Rob W. Malone, Cindy Cambardella, John L. Kovar","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20716","DOIUrl":"10.1002/saj2.20716","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Management practices such as relay cropping, cover crops, and no-tillage may promote soil health in the North Central United States. However, soil health indicators in corn (<i>Zea mays</i> L.)–soybean [<i>Glycine max</i> (L.) Merr.] systems involving multiple management practices are not well documented. The objective of this study was to determine the sensitivity of soil health metrics and the Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF) to contrasting management systems with different tillage, crops, and fertilization in a North Central US Mollisol. Different management systems, including conservation tillage and nitrogen fertilization strategies, cover cropping, and camelina [<i>Camelina sativa</i> (L.) Crantz] relay intercropping, were compared to a conventional corn–soybean system. Different systems did not affect most soil health indicators compared to the conventional system. Aggregate stability was the only indicator to change due to management, where no-till with cover crops increased aggregate stability by 38% compared with camelina relay cropping. The SMAF scores for all the soil quality indices were unaffected by treatments but displayed high values of over 90%. Overall, crop yields were more closely related to weather conditions and management systems than to soil health indicators. Soybean yields were decreased (between 1 and 2 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup>) in the camelina relay cropping system, while corn yields were lower (up to 70%) in the treatment that received no N fertilization. Ultimately, these findings suggest that soil health indicators are resilient to change due to management in these highly productive Mollisols and may not be closely associated with crop yields.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"88 5","pages":"1723-1735"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/saj2.20716","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141529835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pavithra S. Pitumpe Arachchige, Ganga M. Hettiarachchi, Charles W. Rice, James J. Dynes, Leila Maurmann, A. L. David Kilcoyne, Chammi P. Attanayake
Direct evidence-based approaches are vital in understanding the involvement of abiotic/biotic factors and evaluating the newly proposed theories on soil carbon (C) stabilization. Microaggregates (150–250 µm) collected from a corn system (>22 years; Kansas, USA), which had been under no-till with different nitrogen (N) treatments were analyzed (N treatments: manure/compost, urea, zero fertilizer). We studied C stabilization in free soil microaggregates (with preserved aggregate architecture), directly using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy coupled with near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (STXM-NEXAFS) spectroscopy. Submicron scale findings were complemented with bulk chemical analysis. The STXM-NEXAFS analysis revealed soil organic carbon (SOC) preservation inside nano- and micro-pores and organo–mineral association, various degrees of humification, and high molecular diversity. The presence of microbial-derived C was found in manure-/compost-added microaggregates highlighting the contribution of organic amendments in facilitating microbial diversity. The incidence of aragonite-like minerals suggested the biologically/chemically active nature of microaggregate cores. Bulk analysis of free microaggregates showed a higher concentration of SOC (6.5%), ammonium oxalate extractable Fe/Al/Si), and higher aliphaticity of humic acid in manure-/compost-added soils compared to inorganic fertilizer (3% SOC) and control (2.7% SOC) treatments. The co-existence of elements (calcium [Ca]/C, iron [Fe]/N, Fe/C, aluminum [Al]/C, and silicon [Si]/C) was partially supported by bulk chemical analysis that indicated a strong association between ammonium oxalate extractable Fe/Al/Si and SOC (R2 = 0.63—0.77). Overall, our study provided direct/indirect evidence for the complex and interactive involvement of chemical, mineralogical, and biological mechanisms that may have been stimulated by the long-term addition of compost/manure in stabilizing SOC.
以直接证据为基础的方法对于理解非生物/生物因素的参与以及评估新提出的土壤碳(C)稳定理论至关重要。我们分析了从玉米种植系统(22 年,美国堪萨斯州)中采集的微团聚体(150-250 µm),该系统采用免耕和不同的氮(N)处理(氮处理:粪肥/堆肥、尿素、零肥料)。我们直接使用扫描透射 X 射线显微镜和近边缘 X 射线吸收精细结构(STXM-NEXAFS)光谱,研究了自由土壤微团聚体(保留了团聚体结构)中的碳稳定情况。亚微米尺度的研究结果与块体化学分析结果相辅相成。STXM-NEXAFS 分析表明,土壤有机碳(SOC)保存在纳米和微孔内,并与有机矿物质结合,具有不同程度的腐殖化和高度的分子多样性。在添加了粪肥/堆肥的微团聚体中发现了微生物衍生碳,这凸显了有机添加剂在促进微生物多样性方面的贡献。文石状矿物的出现表明微团聚体核心具有生物/化学活性。对游离微团聚体的批量分析表明,与无机肥(3% SOC)和对照组(2.7% SOC)相比,添加了粪肥/堆肥的土壤中 SOC(6.5%)和草酸铵提取物 Fe/Al/Si 的浓度更高,腐殖酸的脂肪族含量也更高。元素(钙[Ca]/C、铁[Fe]/N、Fe/C、铝[Al]/C 和硅[Si]/C)的共存得到了大宗化学分析的部分支持,该分析表明草酸铵提取的铁/铝/硅与 SOC 之间存在密切联系(R2 = 0.63-0.77)。总之,我们的研究为化学、矿物学和生物机制的复杂和互动参与提供了直接/间接证据,而堆肥/粪肥的长期添加可能促进了 SOC 的稳定。
{"title":"Direct evidence on the impact of organic amendments on carbon stabilization in soil microaggregates","authors":"Pavithra S. Pitumpe Arachchige, Ganga M. Hettiarachchi, Charles W. Rice, James J. Dynes, Leila Maurmann, A. L. David Kilcoyne, Chammi P. Attanayake","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20701","DOIUrl":"10.1002/saj2.20701","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Direct evidence-based approaches are vital in understanding the involvement of abiotic/biotic factors and evaluating the newly proposed theories on soil carbon (C) stabilization. Microaggregates (150–250 µm) collected from a corn system (>22 years; Kansas, USA), which had been under no-till with different nitrogen (N) treatments were analyzed (N treatments: manure/compost, urea, zero fertilizer). We studied C stabilization in free soil microaggregates (with preserved aggregate architecture), directly using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy coupled with near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (STXM-NEXAFS) spectroscopy. Submicron scale findings were complemented with bulk chemical analysis. The STXM-NEXAFS analysis revealed soil organic carbon (SOC) preservation inside nano- and micro-pores and organo–mineral association, various degrees of humification, and high molecular diversity. The presence of microbial-derived C was found in manure-/compost-added microaggregates highlighting the contribution of organic amendments in facilitating microbial diversity. The incidence of aragonite-like minerals suggested the biologically/chemically active nature of microaggregate cores. Bulk analysis of free microaggregates showed a higher concentration of SOC (6.5%), ammonium oxalate extractable Fe/Al/Si), and higher aliphaticity of humic acid in manure-/compost-added soils compared to inorganic fertilizer (3% SOC) and control (2.7% SOC) treatments. The co-existence of elements (calcium [Ca]/C, iron [Fe]/N, Fe/C, aluminum [Al]/C, and silicon [Si]/C) was partially supported by bulk chemical analysis that indicated a strong association between ammonium oxalate extractable Fe/Al/Si and SOC (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.63—0.77). Overall, our study provided direct/indirect evidence for the complex and interactive involvement of chemical, mineralogical, and biological mechanisms that may have been stimulated by the long-term addition of compost/manure in stabilizing SOC.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"88 5","pages":"1529-1544"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141526708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}