Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2026-01-05DOI: 10.1016/j.rala.2025.11.004
Stewart W. Breck , Anthony G. Vorster , Paul Evangelista , Cameron Krebs , Glenn Elzinga , Caryl Elzinga , Temple Grandin , Jonathan Salerno
•
The restoration of native predators across rangelands of the western U.S. has created new challenges for ranchers in the form of direct and indirect predation impacts. We present two case studies, one with sheep and one with cattle, where ranchers responded to increased predation risk by incorporating transitory night penning as a component of their managed grazing on public lands.
•
For both sheep and cattle, transitory night penning was a technique that reduced predation risk and also aided the goal of managed grazing.
•
Factors important to transitory night penning include skilled and well-trained personnel, livestock trained to enter and relax in night pens, guard dogs working in conjunction with herders, and occasional use of predator deterrents.
•
Challenges of transitory night penning include increased logistical and infrastructure demands, higher equipment and labor costs, learning new livestock-handling and training procedures, negative ecological impacts at night-penning sites, and policy/culture discouraging concentrations of livestock on public land.
•
Benefits of transitory night penning include a reduction in predator-related mortality, positive ecological impacts, an increase in livestock performance, and a reduction in stress for personnel and guard dogs.
{"title":"Transitory night penning of sheep and cattle for predation protection: Costs, benefits, and challenges","authors":"Stewart W. Breck , Anthony G. Vorster , Paul Evangelista , Cameron Krebs , Glenn Elzinga , Caryl Elzinga , Temple Grandin , Jonathan Salerno","doi":"10.1016/j.rala.2025.11.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rala.2025.11.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>The restoration of native predators across rangelands of the western U.S. has created new challenges for ranchers in the form of direct and indirect predation impacts. We present two case studies, one with sheep and one with cattle, where ranchers responded to increased predation risk by incorporating transitory night penning as a component of their managed grazing on public lands.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>For both sheep and cattle, transitory night penning was a technique that reduced predation risk and also aided the goal of managed grazing.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Factors important to transitory night penning include skilled and well-trained personnel, livestock trained to enter and relax in night pens, guard dogs working in conjunction with herders, and occasional use of predator deterrents.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Challenges of transitory night penning include increased logistical and infrastructure demands, higher equipment and labor costs, learning new livestock-handling and training procedures, negative ecological impacts at night-penning sites, and policy/culture discouraging concentrations of livestock on public land.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Benefits of transitory night penning include a reduction in predator-related mortality, positive ecological impacts, an increase in livestock performance, and a reduction in stress for personnel and guard dogs.</div></span></li></ul></div></div>","PeriodicalId":101057,"journal":{"name":"Rangelands","volume":"48 1","pages":"Pages 15-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147426056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-12-10DOI: 10.1016/j.rala.2025.10.003
Patrick E. Lendrum , Adam Dixon , Aaron Clausen , Ann Dvorak , Kate Rasmussen , Caitlin Gilespie , Caroline Caldwell , Alexis Bonogofsky
•
Preventing grassland biome conversion of the North American Great Plains, improving grassland management, and restoring ecosystem function can be accomplished only through collaborative efforts designed with and in support of the communities on the ground.
•
World Wildlife Fund’s (WWF’s) The Great Plains Program partners with private landowners and Native Nations to realize a shared vision of maintaining intact and resilient grasslands and communities.
•
Launched in 2021, the Ranch Systems and Viability Planning (RSVP) network supports a growing network of landowners and managers dependent on grass-based economies, predominantly in livestock production across >110 ranches, totaling >485,622 ha (>1,200,000 acres) in the Northern Great Plains.
•
RSVP is an enrollment-based program featuring: (1) ranch-wide ecological monitoring (i.e., soil carbon, water infiltration, forage production, and biodiversity); (2) educational opportunities and scholarships; (3) technical assistance for implementing sustainable management practices, including grazing-management plans; (4) financial support (i.e., for ranch infrastructure to improve grazing practices); and (5) peer-to-peer learning and organizational development.
•
RSVP has been successful because of the relationships and trust built over decades, including funders, landowners, and managers dedicated to conserving the grasslands they call home and make a living from, and the partners working tirelessly across the region.
{"title":"Ranch Systems and Viability Planning network: Building community and ecosystem resilience in the Great Plains","authors":"Patrick E. Lendrum , Adam Dixon , Aaron Clausen , Ann Dvorak , Kate Rasmussen , Caitlin Gilespie , Caroline Caldwell , Alexis Bonogofsky","doi":"10.1016/j.rala.2025.10.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rala.2025.10.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>Preventing grassland biome conversion of the North American Great Plains, improving grassland management, and restoring ecosystem function can be accomplished only through collaborative efforts designed with and in support of the communities on the ground.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>World Wildlife Fund’s (WWF’s) The Great Plains Program partners with private landowners and Native Nations to realize a shared vision of maintaining intact and resilient grasslands and communities.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Launched in 2021, the Ranch Systems and Viability Planning (RSVP) network supports a growing network of landowners and managers dependent on grass-based economies, predominantly in livestock production across >110 ranches, totaling >485,622 ha (>1,200,000 acres) in the Northern Great Plains.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>RSVP is an enrollment-based program featuring: (1) ranch-wide ecological monitoring (i.e., soil carbon, water infiltration, forage production, and biodiversity); (2) educational opportunities and scholarships; (3) technical assistance for implementing sustainable management practices, including grazing-management plans; (4) financial support (i.e., for ranch infrastructure to improve grazing practices); and (5) peer-to-peer learning and organizational development.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>RSVP has been successful because of the relationships and trust built over decades, including funders, landowners, and managers dedicated to conserving the grasslands they call home and make a living from, and the partners working tirelessly across the region.</div></span></li></ul></div></div>","PeriodicalId":101057,"journal":{"name":"Rangelands","volume":"48 1","pages":"Pages 1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147426058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-12-24DOI: 10.1016/j.rala.2025.11.001
Sabrina McCue , Sherman Swanson , Jacob Burdick
•
Lentic riparian meadows provide essential habitat for many wildlife species, including sage-grouse that rely on stored soil water for green forbs in dry summers.
•
Proper riparian functioning-condition assessment is the first step in integrated riparian management, because many riparian areas are at risk of incision and dehydration.
•
Free-roaming horses were as much as or more attracted to riparian areas than cattle during the summer growing season. Combined use was impairing riparian functions and dehydrating and shrinking meadows.
•
The grazing-response index compared grazing effects by focusing on the opportunity to grow or regrow when not being grazed as well as on the frequency and intensity of grazing.
•
Our results suggest the need for movement of livestock to result in less stress and more recovery by monitoring actual use, including when and where grazing occurs.
•
Adjusting horse numbers to achieve appropriate management levels is essential to meet the land’s health standards focused on watershed riparian functions.
•
In many locations, quantitatively monitoring trends in lentic riparian areas will help to adjust appropriate management levels.
•
Dominance of riparian stabilizers along the greenline or in the vegetated drainageway should be the key indicator focusing the objective.
{"title":"Lentic riparian meadows may be critical for monitoring trends for grazing management","authors":"Sabrina McCue , Sherman Swanson , Jacob Burdick","doi":"10.1016/j.rala.2025.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rala.2025.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>Lentic riparian meadows provide essential habitat for many wildlife species, including sage-grouse that rely on stored soil water for green forbs in dry summers.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Proper riparian functioning-condition assessment is the first step in integrated riparian management, because many riparian areas are at risk of incision and dehydration.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Free-roaming horses were as much as or more attracted to riparian areas than cattle during the summer growing season. Combined use was impairing riparian functions and dehydrating and shrinking meadows.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>The grazing-response index compared grazing effects by focusing on the opportunity to grow or regrow when not being grazed as well as on the frequency and intensity of grazing.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Our results suggest the need for movement of livestock to result in less stress and more recovery by monitoring actual use, including when and where grazing occurs.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Adjusting horse numbers to achieve appropriate management levels is essential to meet the land’s health standards focused on watershed riparian functions.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>In many locations, quantitatively monitoring trends in lentic riparian areas will help to adjust appropriate management levels.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Dominance of riparian stabilizers along the greenline or in the vegetated drainageway should be the key indicator focusing the objective.</div></span></li></ul></div></div>","PeriodicalId":101057,"journal":{"name":"Rangelands","volume":"48 1","pages":"Pages 23-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147426057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-12-24DOI: 10.1016/j.rala.2025.11.003
Paige R. Adams , Melissa Jolly-Breithaupt , Clothilde Villot , Mark Spare , Kip Karges
•
Cow-calf pairs are exposed to forages of varying nutritive quality during the grazing season, and that is converted to live pounds to determine ranch profitability.
•
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (CNCM I-1077), a well-documented active dry yeast, improves ruminal fiber digestibility of low- to high-quality forages, thus enhancing forage and rangeland use and animal performance.
•
We offered 436 multiparous red Angus cows a free-choice mineral supplement with and without the referenced active dry yeast, while they were grazing on native rangeland in Kansas between February and August of 2023.
•
Cows consuming the active dry yeast mineral supplement had greater body-condition scores and weaned heavier calves compared to cows not consuming the active dry yeast at the time of weaning.
•
Our data suggest that providing Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-1077 via a free-choice mineral to grazing cow-calf pairs improves both cow and calf performance and the productivity of native rangeland, resulting in greater returns for cattle producers.
{"title":"Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-1077 delivered via free choice mineral on cow and calf performance parameters in a commercial beef operation","authors":"Paige R. Adams , Melissa Jolly-Breithaupt , Clothilde Villot , Mark Spare , Kip Karges","doi":"10.1016/j.rala.2025.11.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rala.2025.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>Cow-calf pairs are exposed to forages of varying nutritive quality during the grazing season, and that is converted to live pounds to determine ranch profitability.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div><em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em> (CNCM I-1077), a well-documented active dry yeast, improves ruminal fiber digestibility of low- to high-quality forages, thus enhancing forage and rangeland use and animal performance.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>We offered 436 multiparous red Angus cows a free-choice mineral supplement with and without the referenced active dry yeast, while they were grazing on native rangeland in Kansas between February and August of 2023.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Cows consuming the active dry yeast mineral supplement had greater body-condition scores and weaned heavier calves compared to cows not consuming the active dry yeast at the time of weaning.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Our data suggest that providing <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em> CNCM I-1077 via a free-choice mineral to grazing cow-calf pairs improves both cow and calf performance and the productivity of native rangeland, resulting in greater returns for cattle producers.</div></span></li></ul></div></div>","PeriodicalId":101057,"journal":{"name":"Rangelands","volume":"48 1","pages":"Pages 6-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147426059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-11-22DOI: 10.1016/j.rala.2025.10.002
Talia Humphries , Christopher J. Lortie , Jacob Lucero
•
In the United States, “Old-World” bluestems – non-native grasses from the genera Bothriochloa and Dichanthium – have become destructive invasive species in rangeland systems due to their aggressive spread, severe negative impacts on local biodiversity, and relatively poor forage value to livestock and native grazers.
•
Controlling Old-World bluestems is an important ecological and economic priority, but no attempts have been made to quantitatively synthesize the effectiveness of contemporary management practices.
•
Our objective was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of Old-World bluestem management in the United States, with the goal of identifying practices providing effective control.
•
Our systematic review included 16 research articles satisfying our search criteria that resulted in 89 observations for meta-analysis. Selected studies were conducted in Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas.
•
Burn, herbicide + burn, rain shelter + burn, and competition (e.g., overseeding) treatments significantly improved control of invasive bluestems. Counterintuitively, removal treatments resulted in a significant increase of invasive bluestems. Herbicides used singularly were not effective.
•
Old-World bluestems pose substantial threats to working ecosystems. Some practices afford effective control, but in general, the practical management of these invasive species is understudied.
{"title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of Old-World bluestem control in the United States","authors":"Talia Humphries , Christopher J. Lortie , Jacob Lucero","doi":"10.1016/j.rala.2025.10.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rala.2025.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>In the United States, “Old-World” bluestems – non-native grasses from the genera <em>Bothriochloa</em> and <em>Dichanthium –</em> have become destructive invasive species in rangeland systems due to their aggressive spread, severe negative impacts on local biodiversity, and relatively poor forage value to livestock and native grazers.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Controlling Old-World bluestems is an important ecological and economic priority, but no attempts have been made to quantitatively synthesize the effectiveness of contemporary management practices.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Our objective was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of Old-World bluestem management in the United States, with the goal of identifying practices providing effective control.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Our systematic review included 16 research articles satisfying our search criteria that resulted in 89 observations for meta-analysis. Selected studies were conducted in Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Burn, herbicide + burn, rain shelter + burn, and competition (e.g., overseeding) treatments significantly improved control of invasive bluestems. Counterintuitively, removal treatments resulted in a significant increase of invasive bluestems. Herbicides used singularly were not effective.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Old-World bluestems pose substantial threats to working ecosystems. Some practices afford effective control, but in general, the practical management of these invasive species is understudied.</div></span></li></ul></div></div>","PeriodicalId":101057,"journal":{"name":"Rangelands","volume":"47 6","pages":"Pages 291-302"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145712539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-11-17DOI: 10.1016/j.rala.2025.10.001
Zachary Carter , Kristin F. Hurst
•
Mixed species herbivory (MSH) is a promising way to manage woody plant encroachment (WPE) but is currently underutilized.
•
Through an online survey consisting primarily of open response questions, we elicited respondents' perspectives on MSH and the barriers to its adoption.
•
Guided by literature on moral reframing, we asked respondents to craft ethically grounded arguments in favor of woody plant management.
•
While most respondents supported the use of MSH to control WPE, the use of moral arguments was divisive.
{"title":"Do ranchers view woody-plant encroachment as an ethical issue? A survey of ranchers about woody-plant encroachment and use of goats to control it","authors":"Zachary Carter , Kristin F. Hurst","doi":"10.1016/j.rala.2025.10.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rala.2025.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>Mixed species herbivory (MSH) is a promising way to manage woody plant encroachment (WPE) but is currently underutilized.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Through an online survey consisting primarily of open response questions, we elicited respondents' perspectives on MSH and the barriers to its adoption.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Guided by literature on moral reframing, we asked respondents to craft ethically grounded arguments in favor of woody plant management.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>While most respondents supported the use of MSH to control WPE, the use of moral arguments was divisive.</div></span></li></ul></div></div>","PeriodicalId":101057,"journal":{"name":"Rangelands","volume":"47 6","pages":"Pages 303-307"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145712540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-10-07DOI: 10.1016/j.rala.2025.08.001
Victoria Kauffman , Retta Bruegger , Jill Zarestky
•
Drought and variability, exacerbated by climate change, exerts pressure on the economic viability of rangeland agriculture, and subsequently, agricultural producers themselves.
•
In response, we undertook a personalized consulting program, called the Drought Plan Program for ranchers and farmers to aid them in making a drought plan and adapting their operations in preparation for and response to drought.
•
In follow-up surveys and interviews of program participants, 100% of respondents said they would recommend drought planning and the Drought Plan Program to other producers.
•
Beyond encouraging producers to make drought plans, the Drought Plan Program produced unanticipated benefits, such as a reduction in stress levels and improved intra-operation communication, among participants.
•
If the goal is to foster adoption and innovation, Extension and other outreach programs should prioritize accountability, structure, trust, and personal relationships as much as information and facts in outreach efforts.
{"title":"“It gives you hope”: Lessons from a Colorado-based drought-adaptation program for agriculture","authors":"Victoria Kauffman , Retta Bruegger , Jill Zarestky","doi":"10.1016/j.rala.2025.08.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rala.2025.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>Drought and variability, exacerbated by climate change, exerts pressure on the economic viability of rangeland agriculture, and subsequently, agricultural producers themselves.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>In response, we undertook a personalized consulting program, called the Drought Plan Program for ranchers and farmers to aid them in making a drought plan and adapting their operations in preparation for and response to drought.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>In follow-up surveys and interviews of program participants, 100% of respondents said they would recommend drought planning and the Drought Plan Program to other producers.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Beyond encouraging producers to make drought plans, the Drought Plan Program produced unanticipated benefits, such as a reduction in stress levels and improved intra-operation communication, among participants.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>If the goal is to foster adoption and innovation, Extension and other outreach programs should prioritize accountability, structure, trust, and personal relationships as much as information and facts in outreach efforts.</div></span></li></ul></div></div>","PeriodicalId":101057,"journal":{"name":"Rangelands","volume":"47 6","pages":"Pages 267-278"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145712536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-11-14DOI: 10.1016/j.rala.2025.07.003
Farzad Ahmadi, Heydar Mirzaei
•
Monetary benefits related to rangeland restoration and rehabilitation projects had the strongest power in predicting participation in the planning implementation stages.
•
Ecological knowledge had the strongest power in predicting participation in the implementation phase of rangeland rehabilitation and restoration projects.
•
Considering the independent variables, ecological knowledge had the highest average score among the participants.
{"title":"Factors influencing pastoralists’ participation in rangeland restoration and rehabilitation projects: A case study in west Iran","authors":"Farzad Ahmadi, Heydar Mirzaei","doi":"10.1016/j.rala.2025.07.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rala.2025.07.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>Monetary benefits related to rangeland restoration and rehabilitation projects had the strongest power in predicting participation in the planning implementation stages.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Ecological knowledge had the strongest power in predicting participation in the implementation phase of rangeland rehabilitation and restoration projects.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Considering the independent variables, ecological knowledge had the highest average score among the participants.</div></span></li></ul></div></div>","PeriodicalId":101057,"journal":{"name":"Rangelands","volume":"47 6","pages":"Pages 279-290"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145712537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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