Science Talks最新文献_第7页

Subjective-objective method of maximizing extracted variance (Sommev) from governance sub-indicators: Understanding the governance of countries from an integrated and impartial perspective 从治理子指标中提取方差（Sommev）最大化的主客观方法：从综合和公正的角度理解国家治理

Science Talks

Pub Date : 2025-01-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.sctalk.2025.100431

Angélica C.G. Santos , Marcos F.S.V. D'Angelo , Paulo F.B. Carvalho , Petr I. Ekel , Witold Pedrycz

The construction of governance indicators is a multidimensional construct and faces questions regarding the definition of the weights attributed to its dimensions and sub-indicators. This study compares three existing methods of constructing composite indicators with the Subjective–objective method of maximizing extracted variance (Sommev). The Sommev method establishes weights for composite indicator components considering the subjectivity of the experts' opinion and the objectivity portrayed by the information collected for each sub-indicator. To evaluate the quality of the results generated, it is proposed to verify the average variance extracted, degree of consensus and connection with the external variable. As an example, was constructed governance indicator considering 20 countries with the largest economies in the world. The governance sub-indicators used the components of the Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI). The GDP per capita was defined as an external variable. It uses World Bank database for the year 2021. The results indicate that countries developed have the best results for the governance indicator. These results corroborate the importance of verifying failures in governance mechanisms. Identify which dimensions have the greatest influence is important to direct public policies more efficiently to foster economic development. The quality verification indicating the robustness of the results.

治理指标的构建是一个多维度的构建，其维度和子指标的权重定义存在问题。本研究将现有的三种构建复合指标的方法与最大提取方差的主客观法（Sommev）进行比较。Sommev方法考虑到专家意见的主观性和每个子指标收集的信息所描绘的客观性，为复合指标组成部分建立权重。为了评价生成结果的质量，建议验证提取的平均方差、一致性程度以及与外部变量的联系。以世界20个最大经济体为例，构建了治理指标。治理子指标使用了全球治理指标（WGI）的组成部分。人均国内生产总值被定义为一个外部变量。它使用的是世界银行2021年的数据库。结果表明，发达国家在治理指标上的表现最好。这些结果证实了在治理机制中验证失败的重要性。确定哪些方面的影响最大，对于更有效地指导公共政策以促进经济发展至关重要。质量验证表明结果的稳健性。

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引用次数: 0

Remote sensing applications for managing a large-scale restoration dynamics project throughout the City of Gold Coast conservation estate 遥感应用于管理整个黄金海岸保护区城市的大规模恢复动态项目

Science Talks

Pub Date : 2025-01-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.sctalk.2025.100429

Jean-Marc Hero , Luke Shoo , Michael Duncan , Darren Roche , Jesse Kenny , Howard Taylor , Tim Robson , Sanjeev Kumar Srivastava , Josh Veitch-Michaelis

The City of Gold Coast established a program to restore native forests throughout the conservation estate (∼13,789 ha) utilizing constructed (CNR), assisted (ANR), and unassisted natural regeneration (UNR). Each year the city maintains over 4000 Ha of restoration works. The program is supported by an environmental decision support tool (oRestore) for the smart allocation of restoration funds over space and time (see [1] for details). We introduce the Restoration Dynamics Project, a quantitative evidence-based evaluation of the success of restoration actions undertaken between 2005 and 2022. Based on 17 restoration work areas (historically pasture dominated by exotic grasses, and open eucalypt forest vegetation (preclearing Regional Ecosystem 12.11.3), we compared optical and LiDAR vegetation metrics with field BioCondition assessments. UNR is suppressed by the presence of weed species that dominate cleared areas, resulting in low BioCondition. Unassisted, weeds can persist for decades, and intervention (ANR) is required for the recovery of native vegetation. CNR (tree-planting) provides canopy cover, however, lacks species diversity in the shrub layer. Assisted NR (controlling invasive species) is optimal for maximizing biodiversity in open eucalypt forests. LiDAR analytics can be a surrogate for BioCondition however field surveys are needed to determine non-native plant cover.

黄金海岸市制定了一项计划，利用人工（CNR）、辅助（ANR）和非辅助自然再生（UNR），在整个保护区（约13789公顷）恢复原生森林。每年，香港都会进行超过4000公顷的修复工程。该计划由环境决策支持工具（oRestore）支持，用于在空间和时间上智能分配恢复资金（详见b[1]）。我们介绍了恢复动态项目，这是一项基于证据的定量评估，对2005年至2022年期间开展的恢复行动的成功进行评估。基于17个恢复工作区域(历史上以外来草为主的牧场和开阔的桉树林植被（预清除区域生态系统12.11.3），我们将光学和激光雷达植被指标与野外生物条件评估进行了比较。UNR被杂草物种的存在所抑制，这些杂草在清除区域占主导地位，导致低生物条件。在没有帮助的情况下，杂草可以持续数十年，并且需要干预（ANR）来恢复原生植被。植树造林提供了林冠覆盖，但在灌木层缺乏物种多样性。辅助NR（控制入侵物种）是开阔桉树林生物多样性最大化的最佳选择。激光雷达分析可以替代BioCondition，但需要实地调查来确定非本地植物覆盖。

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引用次数: 0

3MT Competition (EUSIPCO2024): A peek into the black box: Insights into the functionality of complex-valued neural networks for multichannel speech enhancement 3MT竞赛（EUSIPCO2024）：窥视黑盒子：对多通道语音增强的复杂值神经网络功能的见解

Science Talks

Pub Date : 2025-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.sctalk.2025.100430

Annika Briegleb

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have become an important part of signal processing research. While ANNs outperform model-based signal processing methods in many applications, their internal processing often remains unclear. In this thesis, a framework for analyzing the signal processing performed by ANN-based filters for multichannel speech enhancement is proposed. By designing specific training and test scenarios that allow to associate each time frame with certain information, e.g., spatial cues, and using low-cost analysis tools such as clustering, interpretable information can be extracted from the hidden features of the ANN. The proposed framework allows to assess whether and where spatial information is represented inside the ANN, answering the question whether these ANNs exploit spatial cues in addition to spectral information. Furthermore, the impact of the choice of training target on the functionality and interpretability of the ANN is considered. By applying the proposed analysis tools to two conceptually different speech enhancement frameworks, it is shown that the amount of spatial information extracted inside the ANN varies depending on the training target and the test scenario. The insights from this thesis help to assess the signal processing capabilities of ANNs and allow to make informed decisions when configuring, training, and deploying ANNs.

人工神经网络已成为信号处理研究的重要组成部分。虽然人工神经网络在许多应用中优于基于模型的信号处理方法，但它们的内部处理通常仍不清楚。本文提出了一种分析基于人工神经网络的多通道语音增强滤波器信号处理的框架。通过设计特定的训练和测试场景，允许将每个时间框架与某些信息（例如空间线索）相关联，并使用低成本的分析工具（例如聚类），可以从人工神经网络的隐藏特征中提取可解释的信息。所提出的框架允许评估空间信息是否以及在何处表示在人工神经网络中，回答这些人工神经网络是否利用空间线索除了频谱信息的问题。此外，还考虑了训练目标的选择对人工神经网络的功能和可解释性的影响。通过将所提出的分析工具应用于两种概念不同的语音增强框架，结果表明，人工神经网络内部提取的空间信息量取决于训练目标和测试场景。本文的见解有助于评估人工神经网络的信号处理能力，并允许在配置、训练和部署人工神经网络时做出明智的决策。

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引用次数: 0

Erratum regarding missing Ethical Statements and Participant's Consents in previously published articles 关于先前发表的文章中缺少伦理声明和参与者同意的勘误表

Science Talks

Pub Date : 2025-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.sctalk.2025.100428

引用次数: 0

It tastes sweeter when melted: Exploring the impact of food temperature on tongue temperature and perceived sweetness/vanilla 融化后尝起来更甜：探索食物温度对舌头温度和感知甜味/香草的影响

Science Talks

Pub Date : 2025-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.sctalk.2025.100424

Hannah McNeill , Rebecca Ford , Ian Fisk , Margaret Thibodeau , Gloria Liu , Marion Doyennette , Qian Yang

The relationship between perceived sweetness intensity and temperature of food is complex. Previous research on the effect of temperature on sweetness perception primarily focused on single solutions. This study aimed to address the gap by using an infrared camera to measure tongue surface temperature, explore tongue temperature ranges, the relationship between sweet/flavour and tongue temperature at different serving temperatures during real food consumption. Participants (n = 22) consumed custard served at warm (59.1 ± 0.8 °C), ambient (24 ± 0.6 °C), chilled (4.6 ± 0.5 °C), and frozen (−2.7 ± 0.3) temperatures. An infrared camera was used to capture participant tongue surface temperature. Sweetness and vanilla intensity were recorded using a modified General Labelled Magnitude Scale. This study demonstrated that infrared imaging could effectively capture tongue surface temperature. Results revealed tongue surface temperature recovered to baseline more efficiently after cooling than warming. A weak positive correlation was found between tongue surface temperature, perceived sweetness (r = 0.234, p-value = 0.002) and vanilla intensity (r = 0.226, p-value = 0.003). Perceived sweetness intensity was significantly higher for warm custard (tongue = 37.3 °C, sweetness = 20.5) than frozen custard (tongue = 27.1 °C, sweetness = 13.3). This suggests that temperature changes on the tongue during food consumption could significantly contribute to the perceived intensity of sweetness. The findings provide valuable insights to food industries interested in sugar reduction.

感知到的甜味强度和食物温度之间的关系是复杂的。以往关于温度对甜味感知影响的研究主要集中在单一溶液上。本研究旨在通过使用红外相机测量舌头表面温度，探索舌头温度范围，以及在实际食物消费过程中不同服务温度下甜味/风味与舌头温度之间的关系，从而解决这一差距。参与者（n = 22）在温（59.1±0.8°C）、常温（24±0.6°C）、冷藏（4.6±0.5°C）和冷冻（- 2.7±0.3）温度下食用蛋奶冻。使用红外摄像机捕捉参与者舌头表面温度。甜度和香草浓度使用改良的通用标记数量级量表进行记录。本研究表明，红外成像可以有效地捕捉舌表面温度。结果显示，降温后舌面温度恢复到基线温度的效率高于升温后。舌面温度、感知甜度（r = 0.234， p值= 0.002）与香草浓度（r = 0.226， p值= 0.003）呈弱正相关。温蛋奶冻（舌头= 37.3°C，甜度= 20.5）的感知甜度强度显著高于冷冻蛋奶冻（舌头= 27.1°C，甜度= 13.3）。这表明，在食物消耗过程中，舌头上的温度变化可能会显著影响感知到的甜味强度。这些发现为对减糖感兴趣的食品工业提供了有价值的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Learning context invariant representations for EEG data 脑电数据的上下文不变表示学习

Science Talks

Pub Date : 2025-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.sctalk.2025.100422

Thibault de Surrel

The goal of Brain-Computer Interfaces is to translate a user's brain activity into commands. To achieve this, the subject is equipped with sensors on their scalp that each record the electrical signals from a certain area of their brain using Electroencephalography (EEG). This EEG is a multivariate 0me series that contains very high-dimensional informa0on about brain activity. Unfortunately, EEGs are subject to a lot of variability, making it difficult to build a universal BCI. The goal of my PhD is to understand and tackle these variabilities. The most used representation of an EEG is its covariance matrix. As these matrices are symmetric positive definite (SPD), they live on a manifold that can be endowed with a Riemannian structure. This structure helps us better understand the intrinsic connections between the different SPD matrices in play. In my research, I am trying to build a probabilistic framework on the manifold of SPD matrices. The goal is to define and study a probability distribution that takes into account the Riemannian geometry of SPD matrices. Then, I could model a set of SPD matrices using this probability distribution and better understand how variabilities affect the covariance matrices derived from a BCI experiment.

脑机接口的目标是将用户的大脑活动转化为命令。为了实现这一目标，受试者的头皮上配备了传感器，每个传感器使用脑电图（EEG）记录来自大脑特定区域的电信号。这个脑电图是一个多元序列，包含了关于大脑活动的非常高维的信息。不幸的是，脑电图受到很多变化的影响，因此很难构建一个通用的脑机接口。我的博士学位的目标是理解和解决这些变数。EEG最常用的表示是它的协方差矩阵。由于这些矩阵是对称正定的（SPD），因此它们存在于可以被赋予黎曼结构的流形上。这种结构有助于我们更好地理解不同SPD矩阵之间的内在联系。在我的研究中，我试图在SPD矩阵的流形上建立一个概率框架。目标是定义和研究一个考虑到SPD矩阵黎曼几何的概率分布。然后，我可以使用这个概率分布对一组SPD矩阵进行建模，并更好地理解可变性如何影响从BCI实验中得出的协方差矩阵。

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引用次数: 0

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) transforming multiple sclerosis (MS) diagnosis 磁共振波谱（MRS）转化多发性硬化症（MS）诊断

Science Talks

Pub Date : 2025-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.sctalk.2025.100427

Landoline Bonnin , Pascal Bourdon , Carole Guillevin , Remy Guillevin , Clement Giraud , Christine Fernandez-Maloigne

Anna is one of the 1.8 million people worldwide with multiple sclerosis who live with the uncertainty of disease progression every day [1]. Traditional Magnetic Resonance Imaging scans every six months reveal brain lesions but can't predict how the disease will progress [2]. A new technology, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS), shows promise in predicting disease progression by revealing cerebral metabolism and neurophysiological changes [3]. However, current MRS measurement methods vary between medical centers, affecting reliability [[4], [5], [6]]. Standardizing these measurements using Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs), which are more reliable than traditional neural networks because they are based on the physics of spectra, could ensure accurate, comparable results worldwide [[7], [8], [9]]. This would reassure doctors and patients like Anna, and potentially improve their quality of life by enabling earlier and more precise treatment.

安娜是全球180万多发性硬化症患者中的一员，他们每天都生活在疾病进展的不确定性中。传统的核磁共振成像每六个月扫描一次，可以显示脑部病变，但不能预测疾病的发展。磁共振波谱（MRS）这项新技术有望通过揭示大脑代谢和神经生理变化来预测疾病进展。然而，目前各医疗中心的MRS测量方法各不相同，影响了可靠性[[4]，[5],[6]]。使用物理信息神经网络（pinn）对这些测量进行标准化，它比传统的神经网络更可靠，因为它们是基于光谱的物理，可以确保全球范围内准确、可比的结果[[7]，[8],[9]]。这将使医生和像安娜这样的病人放心，并有可能通过更早、更精确的治疗来提高他们的生活质量。

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引用次数: 0

Determining sensory drivers of complex metadescriptors through regression modelling 通过回归模型确定复杂元描述符的感官驱动因素

Science Talks

Pub Date : 2025-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.sctalk.2025.100423

Emily Fisher , Charles Diako , Rebecca Shingleton , Sidsel Jensen , Joanne Hort

In sensory science, terms such as creaminess often lack precise definitions due to their multi-modal nature. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), a regression technique known for automatic predictor selection, and partial least squares regression, which handles multicollinearity, were compared for their ability to accurately identify the underlying sensory attributes driving creaminess perception.

Twenty-eight sensory attributes were selected after discussions with milk consumers. Thirty-two milk samples were chosen to represent these attributes, spanning a wide range of creaminess. Quantitative descriptive analysis, with trained panellists, and a consumer study (n = 117 New Zealand milk drinkers) assessed the sensory attributes and creaminess ratings, respectively. LASSO and PLSR were compared for their predictive ability and attributes retained using sensory attributes (trained panel) as predictors and creaminess ratings (consumers) as the response variable.

LASSO identified four key sensory attributes with a good model fit (R² = 0.951), while PLSR suggested thirteen (R² = 0.933). LASSO is effective in uncovering pertinent attributes within a complex sensory experience enabling cost-effective research. PLSR offers a comprehensive model for extensive product development. This research provides an alternative approach for determining pertinent attributes in complex metadesciptors. Resulting models offer clearer targets for product development, thus increased commercial gains.

在感官科学中，由于其多模态性质，诸如奶油性之类的术语往往缺乏精确的定义。最小绝对收缩和选择算子（LASSO），一种已知的自动预测器选择的回归技术，以及处理多重共线性的偏最小二乘回归，比较了它们准确识别驱动奶油感知的潜在感官属性的能力。在与牛奶消费者讨论后，选择了28个感官属性。选择了32个牛奶样本来代表这些属性，涵盖了广泛的奶油度。定量描述性分析，训练有素的小组成员和消费者研究（n = 117新西兰牛奶饮用者）分别评估了感官属性和乳脂度评级。LASSO和PLSR的预测能力和保留属性进行比较，使用感官属性（训练小组）作为预测因子，奶油度评级（消费者）作为响应变量。LASSO识别出4个关键感官属性，模型拟合良好（R2 = 0.951）， PLSR识别出13个关键感官属性（R2 = 0.933）。LASSO在揭示复杂感官体验中的相关属性方面是有效的，从而实现具有成本效益的研究。PLSR为广泛的产品开发提供了一个全面的模型。这项研究为确定复杂元预测器的相关属性提供了另一种方法。由此产生的模型为产品开发提供了更清晰的目标，从而增加了商业收益。

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引用次数: 0

Flavourful insights into the saltiness perception of samphire 对海参咸味感知的美味洞察

Science Talks

Pub Date : 2025-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.sctalk.2025.100425

Saumya Sood, Lisa Methven, Qiaofen Cheng

Samphire has been used as a salt substitute in cooked foods. However, the mechanism of its saltiness perception has not been fully understood. This study aimed to investigate whether saltiness could be induced either as a direct contribution from the volatiles within samphire or through involvement in Maillard reaction during cooking.

Odour profiling of samphire extracts revealed aromas such as seaweed, grassy green and tomato vine, relating to around 80 volatile compounds. However, these volatiles did not significantly enhance saltiness. Samphire extracts were incorporated into nachos at an equivalent sodium content to a control (with added NaCl) to investigate its contribution to saltiness perception through Maillard reaction. Sensory profiling revealed that samphire nachos were significantly saltier than control, alongside stronger umami taste and a distinctive green vegetable flavour. The Strecker aldehydes and the pyrazines were substantially and significantly higher in the samphire nachos than these in control. Pyrazines like 2,6-dimethylpyrazine, 2,3-dimethylpyrazine and 2-ethyl-5-methylpyrazines have previously been reported associated with enhancing salty taste. In conclusion, these Maillard derived compounds resulting from samphire addition may contribute to the increased saltiness of samphire nachos, supporting samphire extracts to be used as a combined salt substitute and flavour enhancer in heat-treated food products.

海参在熟食中被用作盐的替代品。然而，其咸味感知的机制尚未完全了解。本研究旨在探讨咸味是否可能是由海参中的挥发物直接引起的，还是通过参与烹饪过程中的美拉德反应引起的。对海参提取物的气味分析显示，海草、青草和番茄藤等气味与大约80种挥发性化合物有关。然而，这些挥发物并没有显著提高咸味。在钠含量与对照（添加NaCl）相当的情况下，将山参提取物加入玉米片中，研究其通过美拉德反应对咸味感知的贡献。感官分析显示，与对照组相比，海参玉米片明显更咸，鲜味更浓，还有一种独特的绿色蔬菜味。海参玉米片中的斯特里克醛和吡嗪含量明显高于对照组。像2,6-二甲基吡嗪、2,3-二甲基吡嗪和2-乙基-5-甲基吡嗪这样的吡嗪类化合物此前曾被报道与增强咸味有关。综上所述，这些美拉德衍生的化合物可能有助于增加海贝壳玉米片的咸味，支持海贝壳提取物在热处理食品中用作盐替代品和风味增强剂。

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引用次数: 0

Smart natural technology & maintenance of sustainable aquatic environment: A study during lockdown 智能自然技术与可持续水生环境的维护：禁闭期间的研究

Science Talks

Pub Date : 2025-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.sctalk.2025.100426

Sucharita Bhattacharyya , Anwesh Bhowmick

Natural climatic changes and human activities affect environmental balance influencing various global ecosystems including the aquatic one. Here the Gangetic ecosystem of India with Dolphin is focused. The Ganges is India's longest river and its lifeline contributing immensely to the country's overall GDP. Again, it is home to many animals including the Dolphin, recognized to be a reliable health indicator with its hydrodynamic body system which works efficiently by the smart natural technique of echolocation and desquamation. However, industrial effluents, agricultural runoffs, discharge of untreated wastewater along with sedimentation produce gross negative effects on the Gangetic environment. These directly pollute the river, disrupt its regular flow, and obstruct the normal activities of the Dolphin, thus destroying its habitat which ultimately reduces the population and affects the river's bio-diversity balance. Country-wide lockdown during the COVID-19 Pandemic temporarily stops all human interventions. The net outcome is the rejuvenation of the water quality confirmed by the reappearance of the Dolphins after several years along its various stretches. So how the identified steps should be practiced to maintain the Gangetic ecosystem, while maintaining the country's economic growth, has been considered as the greatest challenge here.

自然气候变化和人类活动影响着包括水生生态系统在内的各种全球生态系统的环境平衡。这里是印度恒河生态系统与海豚的重点。恒河是印度最长的河流，也是它的生命线，为印度的整体GDP做出了巨大贡献。同样，它也是许多动物的家园，包括海豚，被认为是一个可靠的健康指标，它的水动力身体系统通过回声定位和脱壳的智能自然技术有效地工作。然而，工业废水、农业径流、未经处理的废水排放以及沉积对恒河环境产生了严重的负面影响。这些直接污染了河流，扰乱了河流的正常流动，阻碍了海豚的正常活动，从而破坏了海豚的栖息地，最终导致种群数量减少，影响了河流的生物多样性平衡。在COVID-19大流行期间，全国范围内的封锁暂时停止了所有人为干预。最终的结果是水质的恢复，海豚在几年后沿着不同的延伸重新出现。因此，在维持国家经济增长的同时，如何实施已确定的步骤来维持恒河生态系统，被认为是这里最大的挑战。

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引用次数: 0