Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment最新文献

{"title":"Biodegradability of pots made from empty fruit clusters of the oil palm (Elaeis guinnensis Jacq.) for agroforestry use in the Ucayali Region, Peru","authors":"Grober Panduro ,&nbsp;Arli Nanantai ,&nbsp;Edwar Rubina ,&nbsp;Glendy Sánchez Sunción ,&nbsp;Javier del Aguila Chávez ,&nbsp;José Sanchez-Choy ,&nbsp;José Iannacone","doi":"10.1016/j.scenv.2026.100317","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scenv.2026.100317","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The oil palm agro-industry is growing, and with it, the generation of waste, primarily empty fruit bunches (EFB), which represent between 16 % and 23 % of the fresh fruit bunch. The practice among companies and farmers is to degrade these bunches outdoors, with very few producing compost. The former option generates environmental problems due to its slow degradation. On the other hand, the use of nursery bags in the agroforestry sector is the most common practice, but improper disposal of these bags also generates microplastic pollution. This research was designed to evaluate the effect of environmental conditions on the biodegradation of pots made from EFB enriched with dolomite and phosphate rock. A burial methodology was used under natural conditions at a depth of 15 cm from the soil, under storage conditions (infrastructure), in open soil (scarce vegetation cover that has not had alterations) and in reforested soil (with vegetation cover), measuring weight loss at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days, with a pre-experimental pre-test/post-test design. By means of the ANOVA test, the post hoc Tukey and cubic curvilinear regression, the greatest degradation occurred in reforested soil with 93.88 %, in open soil with 86.80 % and in storage with 1.06 % at day 90. Pot enrichment, physicochemical and microbiological conditions presented favorable parameters for the soil. In addition, the prediction of total biodegradation in reforested soil was given on day 95 and in open soil on day 98. Biodegradation was rapid in relation to other alternatives studied. In addition, the use of planters is feasible due to their biodegradation, compared to the current use of plastic that persists in the environment, representing a danger to ecosystems and people.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101196,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100317"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146188000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Valorization of lignin from by-products of the pine nut industry: Chromium (VI) bioadsorption and reduction","authors":"Ricardo A. Costa ,&nbsp;Dragana Lukić ,&nbsp;Vesna Vasić ,&nbsp;Irina Sulaeva ,&nbsp;Thomas Rosenau ,&nbsp;Ana Lourenço ,&nbsp;Mirjana Antov ,&nbsp;Jorge Gominho","doi":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100308","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100308","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluated the potential use of kraft and organosolv lignins extracted from pinecones and nutshells as adsorbents for chromium (VI), a highly toxic and carcinogenic contaminant commonly found in industrial effluents. Kraft lignin was obtained from the black liquor by precipitation, after kraft pulping with 20 % active alkali and 30 % sulfidity at 165 °C for 60 min. Organosolv lignin was obtained by precipitation after extraction with 80 % aqueous ethanol with 1.5 % HCl as a catalyst at 180 °C for 2 h. Both Kraft lignins showed the best results with maximum chromium adsorption of 360 mg_chromium/g_lignin after only 3 h of contact time. Organosolv lignins needed 6 h to reach full adsorption (98 %), and the maximum chromium adsorption capacity values were 357 and 156 mg_chromium/g_lignin for nutshell and pinecone lignins, respectively. Desorption and adsorption studies were performed to assess lignin recyclability, and after 5 cycles, lignin adsorption decreased between 55 % and 67 %. Overall, lignin extracted from the pine nut by-products showed high chromium adsorption properties and high adsorption capacity in a short time.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101196,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100308"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145694289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Breaking boundaries in ammonia production at ambient conditions: Exploring pristine carbon allotropes as catalyst","authors":"Amrita Pathak,&nbsp;Saswati Garai,&nbsp;Arpit Dutta,&nbsp;Arijit Bag","doi":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100309","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100309","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The synthesis of ammonia from molecular nitrogen and hydrogen under ambient conditions remains one of the greatest challenges in chemical method development. Notable successes have been achieved using transition metal complexes. However, the design of metal-free catalysts for nitrogen activation and ammonia synthesis under ambient conditions remains an active area of research. Various types of carbenes — including N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes (CAACs), bicyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes (BICAACs), P-heterocyclic carbenes (PHCs), and others — have emerged as frontrunners for this purpose. Nevertheless, the nitrogen activation efficiency of pristine carbon allotropes (PCAs) remains largely unexplored. The present study investigates the nitrogen activation efficiency and ammonia formation capacity of several newly synthesized PCAs. Our results show that the PCAs examined here are highly effective for nitrogen activation. However, only one PCA demonstrates efficacy for ammonia formation at room temperature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101196,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100309"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of biodiesel production from coconut testa","authors":"Harith Syahmi Zaimi ,&nbsp;Nur Fatini Ibrahim ,&nbsp;Muhd Arshad Amin ,&nbsp;Hafiza Shukor ,&nbsp;Kunasundari Balakrishnan ,&nbsp;Kamalakanta Muduli ,&nbsp;Steve Korokan Ales ,&nbsp;Shoeb Ahmed Syed","doi":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100310","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100310","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biodiesel is a renewable fuel in global demand to replace fossil fuels. To meet rising biodiesel demand, the production process must use a variety of biomass. Coconut testa is a significant source of biomass waste globally. Coconut testa's high lipid content makes it a good biodiesel source material. Thus, using transesterification to make biodiesel from coconut testa may improve production efficiency. This study aims to determine the most effective solvent for extracting oil from coconut testa based on the percentage of oil yield. This study utilises two solvents, hexane and ethanol, for the extraction of oil from coconut testa. Hexane is the most effective solvent, resulting in an oil yield of 71.4 %. Subsequently, the extracted oil will be utilised for the manufacturing of biodiesel by a transesterification reaction. The composition of extracted oil is evaluated to determine the concentration of free fatty acids (FFA) present. The presence of high amounts of free fatty acids is a desirable trait in biomass to produce biodiesel. The acid value of the oil recovered from coconut testa was found to be below 0.8 mg KOH/g, which is in complying with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) requirement for acid value. The FFA percentage can be represented in relation to the proportions of palmitic acid, lauric acid, and oleic acid, which account for 28 %, 22 %, and 31 % respectively. The process optimization of oil extracted from coconut testa for biodiesel synthesis indicates that a temperature of 40.00 ⁰C and a 0.975 g alkaline catalyst have resulted in a 23.40 % oil yield. This study demonstrates that coconut testa, a plentiful biomass resource in Malaysia, has the potential to be utilised for the production of important products such as biodiesel.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101196,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100310"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into structure and bioactive potential of solvent-extracted lignins from enzymatic hydrolysis residues","authors":"María E. Eugenio ,&nbsp;Luisa García-Fuentevilla ,&nbsp;Lucía Chamizo ,&nbsp;Raquel Martín-Sampedro ,&nbsp;José I. Santos ,&nbsp;David Ibarra","doi":"10.1016/j.scenv.2026.100316","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scenv.2026.100316","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To enhance the competitiveness of biorefineries based on sugars production, the interest in the valorization of hydrolysis lignin residue is becoming increasingly essential. Nevertheless, hydrolysis lignin residue (Hyd-Lig) faces limitations in its valorization—for instance, as bioactive agent due to different factors, including poor solubility, carbohydrates contamination, and chemical and structural variability. In this study, alkaline and organosolv (acetone, dioxane or methanol) approaches were evaluated for extraction of lignin from a hydrolysis residue generated during steam explosion and subsequent saccharification of poplar. The extracted lignins were characterized according to purity, chemical, and structural features by analytical standard methods and FTIR, SEC, ¹³C and ¹H–¹³C NMR. Antioxidant (Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity, TEAC) and antibacterial (against <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>) properties were also evaluated. The extracted lignin recovery yield using alkaline conditions (Alk-Lig) was 39.1 %, whereas using acetone (Ace-Lig), dioxane (Dio-Lig), and methanol (Met-Lig) were 24.1 %, 19.1 % and 13.1 %, respectively. Compared to Hyd-Lig, with a total lignin content of 63.9 %, extracted lignins displayed a higher purity (total lignin of 93.9–95.9 %). In addition, extracted lignins displayed a removal of lateral chains (aryl-β ether) and, therefore presented a higher phenolic content (around of 210–238 mg GAE/g lignin) compared to Hyd-Lig sample (42 mg GAE/g lignin). Then, the solubility of extracted lignins was improved, and higher antioxidant (TEAC values between 0.055 and 0.155) and antibacterial activities (Log R values between 0.5 and 1.2), compared to Hyd-Lig sample (TEAC and Log R of 0.022 and 0.02, respectively), were obtained. This work shows the necessity of extracting lignin from hydrolysis residues to enhance its applicability as bioactive agent and enable its potential valorization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101196,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100316"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146077355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous removal of methyl orange and methyl red dyes by electrocoagulation process in aqueous medium using central composite design","authors":"Richard Domga ,&nbsp;Romuald Teguia Doumbi ,&nbsp;Blaise Kom ,&nbsp;Benedicte Salatou Nen-Oure ,&nbsp;Lys Carelle Motue Waffo ,&nbsp;Ebio Nko’o Guillaume ,&nbsp;Tchatchueng Jean bosco","doi":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100298","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100298","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effects of various operating parameters for the simultaneous removal of methyl red and methyl orange azo dyes by electrocoagulation with iron electrodes were examined in this study using response surface methodology. The electrocoagulation process was optimized and the direct and interaction effects of the different factors were assessed using the central composite design. Current intensity (X₁), initial dye concentration (X₂), pH (X₃), and treatment time (X₄) were studied as factors to assess their effect on each dye removal efficiency. The main factors such as current intensity (X₁), initial concentration (X₂) and time (X₄) had no significant positive effects, whatever the nature of the dye. However, the effect of pH was predominant and significant compared to the others on the responses. It had a negative coefficient of 5.93, which is about 25 times greater than that of current intensity and about 4 times greater than that of initial concentration and time for methyl red. For methyl orange, the pH has a negative coefficient of 3.76, corresponding to an effect approximately 14 times greater than that of current intensity and 2 times greater than that of initial concentration and time. The effects due to the interactions of the main factors initial concentration and pH (X₂×₃), pH and time (X₃×₄) have a significant contribution a95 % confidence level. Similarly, the quadratic effects of all four factors show significant contributions at 95 % confidence level, with the exception of the methyl red elimination model, where the quadratic effect of the time shows no significant effect. The optimum conditions for maximum methyl red removal 96.303 % were: 155.1 mA for current intensity, 75 mg/L for initial methyl red concentration, pH value of 4.7, and 47 min for electrolysis time. Optimum conditions for the complete removal of methyl orange were; 155.1 mA for current intensity, 75 mg/L for initial methyl red concentration, pH value of 5.1, and a duration of 51 min. The most influential factor for the degradation of dyes by electrocoagulation is the pH of the medium. As a result, the electrocoagulation technique proved to be an effective, easy-to-implement, promising, and environmentally friendly technique for dye removal and could be applied for the treatment of wastewater.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101196,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100298"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145610634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermochemical and biochemical routes for sustainable biofuel production: A review","authors":"Nuhayl A. Ali ,&nbsp;Zaidoon M. Shakor ,&nbsp;Firas K. Al-Zuhairi ,&nbsp;Emad Al-Shafei","doi":"10.1016/j.scenv.2026.100321","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scenv.2026.100321","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rising demand for sustainable energy is driving attention in biomass as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels. This review explores biomass composition, pretreatment methods, and main conversion technologies, including pyrolysis, gasification, and fermentation. Biochemical methods such as enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation enable bioethanol, biobutanol, and biogas production. Conversion efficiency depends on factors like feedstock properties, pretreatment methods, and reactor configurations. Thermochemical processes, particularly pyrolysis, effectively convert lignocellulosic biomass into bio-oil, syngas, and biochar. Product distribution is strongly dependent on operating parameters such as reactor type, temperature, heating rate, and biomass feedstock properties. Under optimized fast pyrolysis conditions at 450–600 °C and rapid heating with short vapor residence time, typical yields include 60–75 wt.% bio-oil, 10–20 wt.% biochar, and 10–25 wt.% syngas. Emerging techniques, such as microwave-assisted pyrolysis, have shown promise in improving fuel quality and reducing process residues. Overall, biomass conversion technologies represent a viable pathway toward sustainable energy production, offering significant potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reliance on fossil resources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101196,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100321"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147394892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Utilizing basic oxygen furnace slag and fly ash to stabilize wet flue gas desulfurization gypsum for construction applications” [Sustain. Chem. Environ. (2025) 100278]","authors":"Dumisane Mahlangu,&nbsp;Thandiwe Sithole,&nbsp;Tebogo Mashifana","doi":"10.1016/j.scenv.2026.100320","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scenv.2026.100320","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101196,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100320"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147394889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lithium-ion battery recycling routes: An environmental assessment in the context of the European battery regulation","authors":"Talita Peixoto ,&nbsp;Franco Di Persio ,&nbsp;Alessandro Agostini","doi":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100306","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100306","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluates the environmental impacts of three primary lithium-ion battery (LIB) recycling processes—pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and direct recycling—through a life cycle perspective. The analysis considers lithium iron phosphate (LFP), nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC), and nickel-cobalt-aluminium (NCA) cathode chemistries, both individually and as a projected 2031 mixture. Pyrometallurgical recycling exhibits the highest climate change impacts due to CO₂ emissions during high-temperature calcination. In contrast, direct recycling exhibits the lowest environmental impacts across all impact categories assessed. However, its industrial scalability and the effective cathode material separation for mixed input feedstocks remain significant challenges. Hydrometallurgical recycling is heavily influenced by the environmental burdens of input materials, with over 70 % of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions attributable to reagents like sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide, which also contribute to marine eutrophication and respiratory effects. The graphite produced from the hydrometallurgical process is often incinerated due to its low quality and limited recyclability, which increases net emissions and brings the environmental impacts of hydrometallurgy closer to those of pyrometallurgical methods. Interestingly, although LFP recycling benefits from reduced processing chemical and energy demands, the lower environmental credits associated to the recovered materials result in relatively high net impacts. These findings emphasize the need to consider the full life cycle and especially the environmental value of recovered materials when assessing the environmental sustainability of LIB recycling processes. Future improvements should focus on increasing material recovery rates, minimizing processing emissions and chemicals demand, and incorporating renewable energy to reduce electricity-related impacts. Tailoring recycling technologies to specific chemistries and generating high-resolution data from industrial processes will be essential for optimizing recycling strategies and aligning them with sustainability goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101196,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100306"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145694212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in metal recovery from e-waste: Green solvent assessments with ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents","authors":"Hussein K. Amusa ,&nbsp;Safique Anwer ,&nbsp;Abdulhammed K. Hamzat ,&nbsp;Idowu A. Adeyemi ,&nbsp;Adewale Giwa ,&nbsp;Jisha K. Ali ,&nbsp;Inas M. AlNashef ,&nbsp;Emad Alhseinat","doi":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100307","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100307","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rising volume of electronic waste (e-waste) presents both environmental and resource sustainability challenges. Global e-waste production is estimated to reach 82 million tons by 2030. Untreated e-waste results in hazardous emissions and the loss of valuable metal resources. In contrast, e-waste recovery offers twin benefits of mitigating environmental hazards and enabling sustainable resource utilization. Conventional technologies such as hydrometallurgy, pyrometallurgy, biohydrometallurgy, and pyrolysis can be enhanced by green solvents such as ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs). These solvents provide favorable properties, including non-volatility, recyclability, and excellent thermal stability. DESs offer additional advantages of biodegradability, low toxicity, and affordability. This review covers the recent advancements in the utilization of ILs and DESs in metal extraction from e-waste. Assessments of ILs and DESs revealed high recoveries of critical metals, with recoveries of up to 100 % for Li, 99.6 % for Co, and over 95 % for Cu, Ni, and Au, under optimized conditions. However, challenges are in the recyclability and stability of ILs and DESs. Consequently, future research directions include pilot-scale validation, techno-economic assessments, and life-cycle analyses. Additionally, process integration and intensification are crucial for enhancing metal recovery from e-waste using these environmentally friendly solvents. These findings provide a basis for advancing green solvent-based metal recovery technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101196,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100307"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145694287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}