AWWA water science最新文献

英文中文

Survey of 226Ra/228Ra and inorganic constituents in Iowa private drinking water wells 爱荷华州私人饮用水井中226Ra/228Ra及无机成分的调查

AWWA water science

Pub Date : 2022-11-03 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.1311

Margaret E. Carolan, Richard J. Langel, Dustin May, Anthony DeSalvo, Humberto E. Gonzalez-Ribot, Alyssa J. Mattson, Michael D. Schueller, Darrin A. Thompson, David M. Cwiertny, Tori Z. Forbes

Radium is a naturally-occurring radioactive element found in Upper Midwest aquifers, yet exposure risks for unregulated water sources in this region are unknown. A survey of ^226/228Ra and other inorganic constituents in 94 private wells was conducted in 2019 across 10 Iowa counties. Within private wells, 53% measured below minimum detectable activity whereas 6.3% have ^226/228Ra levels above the United States Environmental Protection Agency Maximum Contaminant Level. ^226/228Ra occurrence was not associated with well-depth or chemical surrogates, but were generally consistent with the lithology and historical water quality trends for aquifers. In 2020, 11 of the ^226/228Ra-impacted wells were re-sampled to assess the efficacy of in-home water treatment. Water softeners reduced ^226/228Ra to non-detectable activities, but other inorganic constituents persisted and their removal required more advanced treatment. This study suggests that ^226/228Ra occurrence in private wells can reasonably be anticipated from public water supply data if reliable information is available to identify the source aquifer.

镭是一种天然存在的放射性元素，发现于中西部上部含水层，但该地区不受管制的水源的暴露风险尚不清楚。2019年，在爱荷华州10个县的94口私人井中对226/228Ra和其他无机成分进行了调查。在私人井中，53%的测量值低于最低可检测活性，而6.3%的226/228Ra水平高于美国环境保护署的最高污染物水平。226/228Ra的出现与井深或化学替代品无关，但总体上与含水层的岩性和历史水质趋势一致。2020年，226/ 228ra受影响的井中有11口重新采样，以评估家庭水处理的效果。水软化剂将226/228Ra的活性降低到无法检测的程度，但其他无机成分仍然存在，需要更高级的处理才能去除。这项研究表明，如果有可靠的信息来确定来源含水层，可以从公共供水数据中合理地预测私人井中226/228Ra的出现。

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引用次数: 0

Discrepancies and artifacts during preservation and analysis of the disinfection by-product 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone 消毒副产物2,6-二氯-1,4-苯醌保存分析过程中的差异和伪影

AWWA water science

Pub Date : 2022-11-03 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.1310

Aarthi Mohan, David A. Reckhow

Recent data showing fast degradation of the emerging disinfection by-product 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (DCBQ) in the presence of free chlorine seem incompatible with the high concentrations reported in drinking water distribution systems. The current study was conducted to reconcile this apparent incompatibility. Laboratory tests showed that the published protocol for DCBQ preservation, addition of formic acid without conventional reducing agents, was problematic. Formic acid does not rapidly reduce free chlorine, allowing chlorine residuals to persist during sample workup and analysis. Acidic conditions from formic acid addition along with a persistent free chlorine residual catalyzed additional DCBQ formation when organic precursors were present. This led to large positive analytical bias during formation potential testing using raw water and model precursors. DCBQ levels previously reported using the formic acid preservation method are likely to show a strong positive bias. For future testing, we recommend the use of glycine or arsenite followed by formic acid.

最近的数据显示，在游离氯存在的情况下，新出现的消毒副产物2,6-二氯-1,4-苯醌(DCBQ)的快速降解似乎与饮用水分配系统中报道的高浓度不相容。目前的研究是为了调和这种明显的不相容。实验室测试表明，公布的DCBQ保存方案，添加甲酸而不添加常规还原剂，是有问题的。甲酸不会迅速减少游离氯，允许氯残留量在样品检测和分析期间持续存在。当有机前体存在时，甲酸加入的酸性条件以及持久的游离氯残留催化了额外的DCBQ形成。在使用原水和模型前驱体进行地层潜力测试时，这导致了很大的正分析偏差。先前使用甲酸保存方法报道的DCBQ水平可能显示出强烈的正偏倚。对于未来的测试，我们建议使用甘氨酸或亚砷酸盐，然后使用甲酸。

引用次数: 0

Pilot-scale comparison of granular activated carbons, ion exchange, and alternative adsorbents for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances removal 颗粒活性炭、离子交换和替代吸附剂去除全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质的中试规模比较

AWWA water science

Pub Date : 2022-10-06 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.1308

Ricardo Medina, Manmeet W. Pannu, Scott A. Grieco, Michael Hwang, Christine Pham, Megan H. Plumlee

Eight granular activated carbons (GAC), four anion exchange (IX) resins, and two alternative adsorbents (AAs) were tested for the removal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from a groundwater source used for drinking water. The study was conducted using pilot(meter)-scale columns operated in continuous-flow mode for 16–26 months. Comparison between GAC adsorbents showed that bituminous GACs exhibited higher adsorption than non-/sub-bituminous GACs. Testing of a reactivated and new GAC showed no significant differences with respect to PFAS adsorption. Of the four IX resins tested, one resin showed superior adsorption when compared with all three IX resins. A surface-modified bentonite adsorbent showed superior removal efficiencies over all adsorbent types tested here. These results provide benchmark performance and adsorption capacities at pilot-scale for various adsorbents and highlight the promise of AAs to remove PFAS from water sources with low (ng/L) concentrations.

采用八种颗粒活性炭(GAC)、四种阴离子交换树脂(IX)和两种替代吸附剂(AAs)对饮用水地下水中全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质(PFAS)的去除效果进行了测试。该研究使用中试(米)规模的色谱柱在连续流模式下运行了16-26个月。对GAC吸附剂的比较表明，沥青GAC比非/亚沥青GAC具有更高的吸附性。重新活化的GAC和新的GAC的测试显示，在PFAS吸附方面没有显著差异。在所测试的四种IX树脂中，一种树脂的吸附性能优于三种IX树脂。一种表面改性的膨润土吸附剂在所有类型的吸附剂中表现出优越的去除效率。这些结果为各种吸附剂提供了中试规模的基准性能和吸附能力，并突出了AAs从低浓度(ng/L)水源中去除PFAS的前景。

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引用次数: 6

Operator-informed risk assessment tool: Opportunities and barriers to support risk management practices 作业者知情的风险评估工具:支持风险管理实践的机会和障碍

AWWA water science

Pub Date : 2022-10-03 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.1307

Kaycie Lane, Megan Fuller, Graham Gagnon

Successfully implementing water safety plans (WSPs) in small, municipal drinking water systems is understudied in affluent jurisdictions where WSPs are not required by regulations. We piloted a computer-based risk assessment survey in eight municipal water systems in Nova Scotia, Canada to evaluate the benefits and challenges of implementing risk assessment strategies in non-WSP jurisdictions. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with water operators and managers to gather feedback on the risk assessment survey and process. Results indicated difficulties quantifying risk despite streamlining the risk identification process, resulting in key informants viewing the risk assessment as strictly diagnostic and unlikely to be integrated into operational practice if not required. We identified a need to shift water system culture from a regulatory-based to a knowledge-based mindset for successful risk assessment implementation. Clear lines of communication, increased understanding of risk, and commitment to improvement are critical to shifting water system culture toward a risk-based water quality management approach.

成功地实施水安全计划(WSPs)在小型市政饮用水系统，在富裕的司法管辖区，WSPs没有被法规要求。我们在加拿大新斯科舍省的八个市政供水系统试点了一项基于计算机的风险评估调查，以评估在非科进管辖区实施风险评估战略的好处和挑战。我们与水务运营商和管理人员进行了半结构化访谈，以收集对风险评估调查和过程的反馈。结果表明，尽管简化了风险识别过程，但仍难以量化风险，导致关键举报人将风险评估视为严格的诊断性评估，如果不需要，不太可能整合到业务实践中。为了成功地实施风险评估，我们确定需要将水系统文化从基于监管的转变为基于知识的思维方式。明确的沟通路线、增加对风险的理解和对改进的承诺对于将水系统文化转向基于风险的水质管理方法至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Integrated asset management of urban water and wastewater systems 城市供水和污水系统综合资产管理

AWWA water science

Pub Date : 2022-10-03 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.1309

Amin Ganjidoost, Carl T. Haas, Mark A. Knight, Andre J. A. Unger

This paper presents a decision support system for the integrated management of water distribution and wastewater collection networks. The proposed methodology utilizes system dynamics to integrate water mains and sewers with finance and sociopolitical sectors. It enables user rate-setting and planning of integrated water and wastewater infrastructure operational and capital works over their life-cycle (50+ years). The integrated asset management model is implemented using data from a large-sized utility in Southern Ontario, Canada. The result indicates that the integrated framework enables the utility to accelerate funding for capital and operational works due to the integration of the water and wastewater financial resources and improve the integrated levels of service. In practice, the proposed integrated framework empowers and encourages water utilities to manage and plan their assets in an integrated approach to enhance their water and wastewater assets' infrastructure, financial, and sociopolitical performance relative to managing them in isolation.

本文提出了一种用于配水和污水收集管网综合管理的决策支持系统。拟议的方法利用系统动力学将水管和下水道与金融和社会政治部门结合起来。它使用户能够在其生命周期(50年以上)内设定和规划综合水和废水基础设施运营和基本工程。集成资产管理模型是使用来自加拿大南安大略省一家大型公用事业公司的数据实现的。结果表明，由于水和废水财务资源的整合，综合框架使公用事业公司能够加速为资本和运营工程提供资金，并提高综合服务水平。实际上，拟议的综合框架授权并鼓励水务公司以综合方式管理和规划其资产，以提高其水和废水资产的基础设施、财务和社会政治绩效，而不是孤立地管理这些资产。

引用次数: 0

Impact of pipe material, operation, and disinfectant on cold water plumbing microbiology 管道材料、操作和消毒剂对冷水管道微生物的影响

AWWA water science

Pub Date : 2022-09-19 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.1306

Randi M. McCuin, Sheldon V. Masters, Timothy A. Bartrand, Jennifer L. Clancy

This study examined the effects of pipe materials, pipe diameters, frequency of use, and disinfectant types on the water quality microbiology in experimental pipe rack systems. Two pipe rack systems were installed in buildings in Colorado (CO) and Pennsylvania (PA) and sampled for 8–9 months of operation, respectively, under simulated high and low use conditions. Opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens including Legionella pneumophila, nontuberculous mycobacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and free-living amoebae (FLA) were the target organisms. Disinfectant type (free chlorine vs. chloramine) and use frequency (flushed every 12 h vs. weekly) had the greatest impact on bulk water microbiology. Under low use conditions, neither system had detectable disinfectant residual but under high use, residual was detected. Heterotrophic plate count bacteria predominated in the free chlorine system while nontuberculous mycobacteria were predominant in the chloraminated system. P. aeruginosa and FLA were not detected in the free chlorine system and legionellae were not detected in either system.

本研究考察了实验管架系统中管材、管径、使用频率和消毒剂种类对水质微生物的影响。在科罗拉多州(CO)和宾夕法尼亚州(PA)的建筑物中安装了两个管架系统，并在模拟的高和低使用条件下分别进行了8-9个月的运行采样。机会前提管道病原体包括嗜肺军团菌、非结核分枝杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和自由生活变形虫(FLA)是目标生物。消毒剂类型(游离氯vs氯胺)和使用频率(每12小时冲洗一次vs每周冲洗一次)对散装水微生物的影响最大。在低用量条件下，两种系统均未检测到消毒剂残留，而在高用量条件下，均检测到消毒剂残留。异养平板计数菌在游离氯体系中占优势，而非结核分枝杆菌在氯胺化体系中占优势。游离氯系统中未检出铜绿假单胞菌和FLA，军团菌在两种系统中均未检出。

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引用次数: 2

Long-term performance of smart irrigation controllers on single-family homes with excess irrigation 智能灌溉控制器在过量灌溉单户住宅中的长期性能

AWWA water science

Pub Date : 2022-08-30 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.1305

In Cardenas et al. (2021), the author contributions information was missing in the original published article. The Author Contributions section is provided below:

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

Michael D. Dukes: Conceptualization; investigation; writing-review and editing. Bernardo Cardenas: Conceptualization; investigation; writing-review and editing. Eliza Breder: Investigation; writing-review and editing. Jacqueline W. Torbert: Funding acquisition; investigation; methodology; writing-review and editing.

We apologize for this error.

在Cardenas et al.(2021)中，原始发表的文章中缺少作者贡献信息。作者贡献部分如下:作者贡献michael D. Dukes:概念化;调查;写作-审查和编辑。Bernardo Cardenas:概念化;调查;写作-审查和编辑。伊丽莎·布莱德:调查;写作-审查和编辑。Jacqueline W. Torbert:资金获取;调查;方法;写作-审查和编辑。我们为这个错误道歉。

引用次数: 1

Microwave cell lysis for ADDA-ELISA analysis of total microcystins and nodularins 微波细胞裂解法测定总微囊藻毒素和结核素

AWWA water science

Pub Date : 2022-08-29 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.1302

In Li et al. (2021), the author contributions information was missing in the original published article. The Author Contributions section is provided below:

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

Yongtao Li: Conceptualization; resources; data curation; formal analysis; supervision; validation; investigation; visualization; methodology; writing-original draft; project administration; writing-review and editing. Joshua S. Whitaker: Data curation; formal analysis; methodology; writing-review and editing. Shannon A. Skibbe: Data curation; formal analysis. Matthew A. Piaskowski: Data curation; formal analysis.

We apologize for this error.

在Li et al.(2021)中，原始发表的文章中缺少作者贡献信息。作者投稿:李永涛:概念化;资源;数据管理;正式的分析;监督;验证;调查;可视化;方法;原创作品草案;项目管理;写作-审查和编辑。Joshua S. Whitaker:数据管理;正式的分析;方法;写作-审查和编辑。Shannon A. Skibbe:数据管理;正式的分析。Matthew A. Piaskowski:数据管理;正式的分析。我们为这个错误道歉。

引用次数: 1

Impact of simulated wildfire on disinfection byproduct formation potential 模拟野火对消毒副产物形成势的影响

AWWA water science

Pub Date : 2022-08-29 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.1304

In Wilkerson and Rosario-Ortiz (2021), the author contributions information was missing in the original published article. The Author Contributions section is provided below:

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

Fernando Rosario-Ortiz: Conceptualization; data curation; formal analysis; supervision; funding acquisition; investigation; methodology; writing-original draft; project administration; writing-review and editing. Paul Jeffrey Wilkerson: Data curation; formal analysis; writing-original draft; writing-review and editing.

We apologize for this error.

在Wilkerson和Rosario-Ortiz(2021)中，作者贡献信息在原始发表的文章中缺失。作者贡献部分如下:作者贡献费尔南多·罗萨里奥-奥尔蒂斯:概念化;数据管理;正式的分析;监督;资金收购;调查;方法;原创作品草案;项目管理;写作-审查和编辑。Paul Jeffrey Wilkerson:数据管理;正式的分析;原创作品草案;写作-审查和编辑。我们为这个错误道歉。

引用次数: 1

Predicting manganese and iron precipitation in drinking water biofilters 预测饮用水生物过滤器中锰和铁的沉淀

AWWA water science

Pub Date : 2022-08-29 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.1303

In Earle et al. (2021), the author contributions information was missing in the original published article. The Author Contributions section is provided below:

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

Martin Earle: Conceptualization; data curation; software; formal analysis; visualization; methodology; writing-original draft; project administration; writing-review and editing. Inês Breda: Conceptualization; data curation; investigation; writing-original draft; writing-review and editing. Amina K. Stoddart: Resources; supervision; funding acquisition; writing-review and editing. Graham A. Gagnon: Resources; supervision; funding acquisition; writing-review and editing.

We apologize for this error.

在Earle et al.(2021)中，原始发表的文章中缺少作者贡献信息。作者贡献部分如下:作者贡献smartin Earle:概念化;数据管理;软件;正式的分析;可视化;方法;原创作品草案;项目管理;写作-审查和编辑。Inês Breda:概念化;数据管理;调查;原创作品草案;写作-审查和编辑。Amina K. Stoddart:资源;监督;资金收购;写作-审查和编辑。Graham A. Gagnon:资源;监督;资金收购;写作-审查和编辑。我们为这个错误道歉。

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