Journal of the Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry最新文献

Context: Antimicrobial intracanal medicaments play a vital role in successful outcome of any endodontic procedure. One such plant extract Cuminium cyminium, as intracanal medicaments needs to be researched.

Aims: The purpose of this study was in vitro assessment of the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of C. Cyminium in comparison to Calcium hydroxide (Ca[OH]₂) as intracanal medicament against the pathogens of endodontic infection, at an interval 1 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h.

Settings and design: The study was conducted in the central research laboratory of our institute. Freshly prepared C. cyminium extract was procured from AYUSH approved laboratory and direct contact test (DCT) was utilized, which is based on turbidometric determination of microbial growth in a 96-well microplate, carrying 6 times for each bacteria.

Methodology: Three groups were assigned for each material in a 96 microwell plate for DCT. Bacterial growth kinetics was monitored at intervals of 1 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h using spectrophotometer at 595 nm. The optical density of T2 (Test group), P2 (Positive control), and N2 (Negative control) was considered.

Statistical analysis used: After compiling the data, based on the normality of data, further statistical analysis was conducted using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Paired t-test, and pairwise comparisons by Turkey's multiple post hoc procedures. The level of statistical significance was set at P = 0.05.

Results: The comparison of mean optical density values of C. cyminium in comparison with Ca(OH)₂ against the microorganisms of endodontic origin showed a statically significant decrease in bacterial viability at the end of 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h.

Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that C. cyminium has significant antibacterial action against endodontic origin, at interval of 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h.

Background: The idea of receiving local anesthesia (LA) via an injection is a major source of dental fear and anxiety. In children, dental anxiety is considered the main reason for avoiding dental treatments. Moreover, there are potential complications during/after LA administration. Thus, it is necessary to search for painless, low-risk, and nonpharmacological anesthetic approaches.

Aim: This study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy as an alternative method to LA injection for conventional restorative treatments in pediatric patients.

Settings and design: This was a split-mouth randomized clinical study.

Materials and methods: The study included 15 children between 6 and 12 years old. Each child had 2 similar contralateral caries lesions in the first permanent molars in the same jaw, total (30) teeth. For each child, one tooth was treated under conventional LA injection and the other was treated under PBM-based anesthesia. The Wong-Baker's Faces Pain Scale was used for reporting the pain and discomfort levels at the end of the treatments.

Statistical analysis: Data statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Mann-Whitney U-test was used to compare between the groups.

Results: The PBM-based anesthesia group recorded a mean pain score of 2.27 ± 1.28. The conventional LA group recorded a mean pain score of 1.73 ± 0.7. The difference between the groups was not statistically significant (P = 0.168).

Conclusions: PBM-based anesthesia may be an optional alternative to LA injection for conventional restorative treatments in children with dental anxiety, needle phobia, or special needs, and it deserves further studies and improvement.

Aims: The study aims to compare the effect of resin infiltration and microabrasion-remineralization (MAb-Re) with Tooth Mousse and Toothmin on permanent incisor hypoplasia.

Materials and methods: The study included children with permanent incisor hypoplasia above 9 years of age, 171 teeth divided randomly into four groups: Group A - ICON, Group B - MAb-Re using Tooth Mousse, Group C - MAb-Re using Toothmin, and Group D - control group. Process involved taking standardized photographs at T1 - before intervention, T2 - immediately after treatment, and T3 - 6-month follow-up. Color evaluation, area calculation, participant and expert opinion using a Likert scale, treatment time, and cost-effectiveness were all taken into consideration during the assessment.

Statistical analysis used: Data were collected, entered into a computer, and analyzed; one-way ANOVA was used for intergroup assessment.

Results: Overall color change was evident immediately after treatment in the ICON group compared to other groups (P < 0.05). However, no significant difference in color change was visible between the groups after 6 months. Reduction in hypoplastic area was seen in all the groups. The mean time was similar for all the groups. Toothmin was found to be the most cost-effective in comparison with the other two interventions.

Conclusions: ICON proved to be more effective immediately after treatment for masking incisor hypoplasia. However, at 6-month follow-up interval, all the groups gave similar results.

Background: Dental caries among children is one of the most common health-related issues worldwide.

Aim: To find out the prevalence of dental caries among 2-5 years old children in Kamrup district of Assam with reference to breastfeeding and associated variables.

Materials and methods: In this community-based cross-sectional study, 1439 children were examined from 15 wards of Kamrup Metro and four randomly chosen blocks of Kamrup Rural. Children were examined to assess the mean decayed/filled primary teeth (dmft) index, and a self-administered validated questionnaire was given to the mothers to collect data on the practice of breastfeeding initiation, its duration, and dental hygiene habits.

Results: Dental caries prevalence was found to be higher in urban areas (54.6%) than rural areas (45.4%). The frequency of using toothpaste was highest among the tooth-cleaning materials. A significant difference in caries prevalence was observed among the children, those who brushed twice a day, and those who did not brush (P = 0.039). The difference was significant in the mean dmft of children from the upper socioeconomic class (P = 0.023) compared with the other classes. A significant difference was also observed between breastfeeding duration (P = 0.010), exclusive and nonexclusive breastfeeding, time of initiation of breastfeeding within 12 h (P < 0.001), and alternative feeding with caries prevalence (P < 0.001).

Conclusions: Dental caries were higher in urban localities and upper socioeconomic classes. Breastfeeding initiation and duration may play an important role in the causation of dental caries. No significant association was found between colostrum, prelacteal feeding, and caries prevalence.

Context: Disturbances in sleep affects the overall quality of a child's life, with several short- and long-lasting consequences. Hence, early diagnosis and monitoring is crucial in the management of sleep disorders in children.

Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate salivary C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in a group of children with Class II malocclusion and sleep problems before and after twin-block appliance therapy.

Settings and design: The study was a prospective clinical study with a 9-month follow-up period.

Subjects and methods: Eleven children aged 8-12 years with skeletal Class II malocclusion and at least one sleep disorder were enrolled in the study. All children were subjected to a recording of their sleep history and a clinical as well as radiographic examination. Pretreatment levels of salivary CRP were recorded. A twin-block appliance was custom made and delivered to every child. At the end of 9-month follow-up, all children were recalled for a re-evaluation of salivary biomarker levels.

Statistical analysis: Pretreatment and posttreatment changes in biomarker levels were assessed statistically using the students paired t-test.

Results: Levels of salivary biomarker CRP were significantly decreased in children following myofunctional therapy using a twin-block appliance (P < 0.001). There was a considerable improvement in the clinical symptoms such as a decrease in snoring and noisy breathing in most children post-twin-block therapy.

Conclusion: The measurement of salivary biomarker CRP could be used as an alternative and noninvasive method to evaluate prognosis of oral myofunctional therapy for children with sleep disordered breathing.

Background It is important to assess pediatrician's perception on children's oral health as they tend to meet children early on a regular basis. Quantitative research has shown that pediatricians in India have inadequate knowledge and limited awareness about oral health care in children. Hence, it is important to assess pediatrician's opinion and perception on children's oral health using qualitative interview method.

Aim: The aim of the study is to assess and explore the perception of pediatricians on children's oral health in Western Tamil Nadu, India.

Methods: A grounded theory approach was employed to conduct this qualitative study. Face-to-face interviews with the pediatricians were conducted using a semi-structured interview guide. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Collected data were written as codes, from which categories and themes were derived.

Results: Four themes arrived: (1) dental health and disease, (2) anticipatory guidance, (3) barriers, and (4) remedial measures. The participants felt that they were underinformed about dental home, emergency care for dental trauma, and the interceptive role of dentists on oral deleterious habits. Insufficient dental information in their curriculum and the absence of common guidelines between pediatricians and pediatric dentists in India were considered the common causes for their lack of knowledge.

Conclusion: Pediatricians were receptive to acquire knowledge and improvising their skills. They felt that periodic lectures and formal gatherings should be planned between pediatric dentists and pediatricians. Collaborations between pediatrics and pediatric dentistry societies are warranted to provide children with better oral health care.

Background: Well articulated by John Knowles - "Everything has to evolve or else it perishes." With the paradigm shift of emphasis toward the prevention of dental caries, it has been proven that laser irradiation protects against both caries initiation and caries progression.

Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the micromorphology of caries-free extracted premolars using a Scanning electron microscope (SEM) after fissurotomy by conventional fissurotomy bur and erbium, chromium: yttrium, scandium, gallium, and garnet (ER, CR: YSGG) hard-tissue laser.

Methodology: Sixty caries-free premolars extracted atraumatically for orthodontic treatment were included in the study. The samples were divided into two groups randomly (Group 1: fissurotomy by bur, n = 30, and Group 2: fissurotomy by hard-tissue laser, n = 30). Each sample was further divided into halves from the occlusal surface wherein one-half of the occlusal surface received fissurotomy procedure and the other half was control. Samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for micromorphological changes.

Results: Profile image of control samples revealed the disorganization of enamel surface at the junction of fissures forming a heterogeneous tissue and agglomeration of enamel with deep pit and fissure. On the contrary, the image of experimented samples (with laser fissurotomy) showed smooth enamel surface and homogeneous enamel subsurface with wider pit and fissure owing to self-cleansing ability.

Conclusion: On the grounds of the present study results, it could be concluded that the intervention of ER, CR: YSGG hard-tissue laser possesses self-cleansable pit and fissures for caries prevention and has the potential to irradicate the smear layer entirely for superior attachment of remineralizing agents.

Background: Oral application of sweet-tasting solutions has found to be effective in minimizing pain on dental injection in children. Xylitol has never been tested in this regard.

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of prior application of sucrose versus xylitol solution in minimizing pain on dental injection in 5-7-year-old children.

Settings and design: This study was a randomized controlled clinical trial.

Materials and methods: Informed consent was taken. A total of 30 children who required maxillary buccal infiltration injection were selected. The children were randomly allocated into the sucrose group, xylitol group, or control group by lottery method. In the sucrose and xylitol groups, 30% sucrose or 30% xylitol solution was applied on the lateral surface of the tongue for 2 min. In the control group, distilled water was applied. In all the groups, the topical anesthetic was applied at the site of injection followed by buccal infiltration. A video was taken during injection, and the sound eye-motor (SEM) scale was recorded by a blinded examiner. Patients were asked to self-evaluate using the Wong-Baker Faces Pain Scale (WBFPS).

Statistical analysis: Mann-Whitney test was used to analyze the data.

Results: There was a statistically significant difference in the WBFPS and the SEM score between the sucrose and the control group (P < 0.05) and the xylitol and control group (P < 0.05). No statistically significant difference was found between the sucrose and xylitol group.

Conclusion: The application of xylitol solution before dental injection was as effective as sucrose solution in minimizing pain during the injection.

Background: Cerebral palsy (CP) is primarily a neuromotor disorder that affects the development of movement, muscle tone, and posture.

Objective: This qualitative study explores the underlying barriers in maintaining oral health from the perspective of the caregivers or parents.

Materials and methods: Focus group discussion was conducted with the parents or caregivers in the National Institute for Empowerment of Persons with Multiple Disabilities (NIEPMD), Muttukadu, Chennai. Data were collected from seven participants. Thematic analysis identified key themes using NVivo software.

Results: The discussion on barriers to maintain oral health faced by parents of children with CP identified a collation of three key themes: behavioral challenges, inhibited social and communication skills, and parental dependence.

Conclusion: Oral health professionals should aim to raise awareness among health-care professionals to work toward reducing the barriers to oral health care that these populations currently experience.

Background: Pediatric dentists should play an essential role in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) screening, referral, and management of their child patients. However, few studies have investigated pediatric dentists' knowledge, attitude, and practice aspects regarding different domains of pediatric OSA.

Aim of the study: This cross-sectional survey aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice aspects of different domains of pediatric OSA among pediatric dentists from Kerala.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Kerala. The sample frame consisted of 163 dentists, and the minimum required was 115. Ethical approval was obtained before starting the study.

Settings and design: An invitation E-mail explaining the purpose of the study with a survey link was sent to the pediatric dentists from Kerala (n = 163). Nonrespondents were contacted at timely intervals.

Statistical analysis: Categorical and quantitative variables were expressed as frequency (percentage) and mean ± standard deviation, respectively. Chi-square test was used to find an association between categorical variables. Statistical analysis was performed using a statistical software package, SPSS, version 20.0.

Results and conclusion: This cross-sectional study showed that pediatric dentists in Kerala have a moderate-to-good level of knowledge, along with a positive attitude toward different domains of pediatric OSA, but lag behind in the practice aspects. Hence, they are required to direct themselves toward continuing dental education programs in order to boost their routine practice. For this, steps must be taken to ensure proper networking of the practitioners and amendments in the dental billing system similar to the medical counterpart.