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Influence of the deposition process and substrate on microstructure, phase composition, and residual stress state on as-deposited Cr-Al-C coatings 沉积工艺和基体对沉积Cr-Al-C涂层显微组织、相组成和残余应力状态的影响
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2022.111535
Stefan Heinze, Tim Krülle, Lars Ewenz, Christina Krywka, Anton Davydok, Andreas Stark, Rainer Cremer, Christoph Leyens
This paper focuses on the influence of the High Power Pulsed Magnetron Sputtering (HPPMS) and Direct Current Magnetron Sputtering (DCMS) coating deposition processes, the bias voltage, deposition temperature, and substrate on various properties of the as-deposited state of Cr-Al-C thin films. Three substrates with different coefficients of thermal expansion and electrical conductivity were used. To investigate the microstructure, phase composition, residual stress state, and mechanical properties, ex-situ and in situ synchrotron experiments were conducted accompanied by electron microscopy and nanoindentation. As-deposited Cr-Al-C coatings consisted of amorphous and crystalline areas, with the ratio highly dependent on the deposition process and substrate. The crystalline phase was identified as metastable (Cr,Al)2C. The highest crystallinity was determined for DCMS coatings. Increasing temperature and decreasing bias voltage increased coating crystallinity for HPPMS coatings. The influence of the deposition process and bias voltage was highly reduced for the substrate with low electrical conductivity. In-situ investigations of the stress state of amorphous areas revealed, that those were acting as a residual stress buffer. The hardness and Young’s modulus of the coatings were found to increase with crystallinity and were slightly increased for crystalline HPPMS coatings compared to DCMS coatings.
本文主要研究了高功率脉冲磁控溅射(HPPMS)和直流磁控溅射(DCMS)镀膜工艺、偏置电压、沉积温度和衬底对Cr-Al-C薄膜沉积态各项性能的影响。采用了三种热膨胀系数和电导率不同的衬底。为了研究复合材料的显微组织、相组成、残余应力状态和力学性能,采用电子显微镜和纳米压痕技术进行了原位和非原位同步加速器实验。沉积Cr-Al-C涂层由非晶区和结晶区组成,其比例高度依赖于沉积工艺和衬底。晶相为亚稳(Cr,Al)2C。测定了DCMS涂层的结晶度最高。升高温度和降低偏置电压可以提高HPPMS涂层的结晶度。对于电导率较低的衬底,沉积工艺和偏置电压的影响大大降低。对非晶区应力状态的原位研究表明,非晶区具有残余应力缓冲作用。涂层的硬度和杨氏模量随着结晶度的增加而增加,与DCMS涂层相比,结晶HPPMS涂层的硬度和杨氏模量略有增加。
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引用次数: 2
Higher wear-resistant surfacing at high temperatures using a hybrid cladding process 在高温下使用混合熔覆工艺进行更高的耐磨表面处理
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2022.111553
Yeong-Kwan Jo, Dan-Bi Song, Jung-Su Choi, Jeong Suh, Parviz Kahhal, Sang-Hu Park
A novel hybrid cladding process is developed to control the mechanical properties of the inner metallic clad layer by combining direct energy deposition (DED) and ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM). The hybrid process allows the manipulation of the cladding layers' internal and external mechanical properties to the desired surface and bulk properties. To verify the usefulness of this method, the wear resistance test of the Inconel-718 cladding layer at high temperatures of 200 and 400 °C was performed, and it was confirmed that the wear resistance was improved to 25.4 % and 14.4 %, respectively. This work analyzes the wear-resistant characteristics with and without UNSM treatment in the DED process. The proposed method is a promising way to change the internal mechanical properties of the cladding layer with high controllability and repeatability.
采用直接能量沉积(DED)和超声纳米晶表面改性(UNSM)相结合的方法,开发了一种控制内部金属包覆层力学性能的新型复合包覆工艺。混合工艺允许对包层的内部和外部机械性能进行操作,以达到所需的表面和体性能。为验证该方法的有效性,对Inconel-718熔覆层在200℃和400℃的高温下进行了耐磨性试验,结果表明,熔覆层的耐磨性分别提高到25.4%和14.4%。本文分析了在DED工艺中进行UNSM处理和未进行UNSM处理时的耐磨性能。该方法具有较高的可控性和可重复性,是改变熔覆层内部力学性能的一种有前景的方法。
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引用次数: 2
Revisiting heat treatments for additive manufactured parts: A case study of A20X alloy 再论增材制造零件的热处理:以A20X合金为例
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2022.111566
Jayant Barode, Ashok Vayyala, Enrico Virgillito, Alberta Aversa, Joachim Mayer, Paolo Fino, Mariangela Lombardi
A20X (Al-Cu-Ag-Mg-TiB2) is a precipitation hardening alloy, recently developed for additive manufacturing processing. Printed parts of A20X alloy are usually post-processed with a long T7 heat treatment for improved mechanical properties with respect to its as-built counterparts. However, in the present investigation, it was demonstrated that T7 might not be the best suitable heat treatment available for A20X alloy. A detailed microstructural characterization of A20X samples processed with laser powder bed fusion and post-processed with T7 was carried out. Microstructural features were analysed in terms of grain size, precipitate size, phase quantification, dislocation density and width of the precipitate free zones. After the analysis, a simple and rapid heat treatment was proposed which significantly improved the mechanical properties. The yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and elongation to fracture (e) for the T7 heat treatment were 370 ± 9 MPa, 435 ± 13 MPa and 7.3 ± 0.3 % respectively. With the proposed heat treatment, an increment of 7.1 % in YS, 6.3 % in UTS and 45 % in e was witnessed. This exceptional improvement in the mechanical behaviour has been associated with the absence of grain boundary cracking in the proposed heat treatment.
A20X (Al-Cu-Ag-Mg-TiB2)是一种沉淀硬化合金,最近开发用于增材制造加工。A20X合金的打印部件通常经过长T7热处理的后处理,以改善其与成品相对应的机械性能。然而,在本研究中,证明了T7可能不是A20X合金的最佳热处理方法。对激光粉末床熔合和T7后处理的A20X样品进行了详细的显微组织表征。从晶粒尺寸、析出相尺寸、相量化、位错密度和无析出带宽度等方面分析了其显微组织特征。经过分析,提出了一种简单快速的热处理方法,可显著改善合金的力学性能。T7热处理的屈服强度(YS)、极限抗拉强度(UTS)和断裂伸长率(e)分别为370±9 MPa、435±13 MPa和7.3±0.3%。经过建议的热处理,YS增加7.1%,UTS增加6.3%,e增加45%。这种特殊的力学性能的改善与在提议的热处理中没有晶界开裂有关。
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引用次数: 4
A comparative study on microstructure and tribological characteristics of Mo2FeB2/WC self-lubricating composite coatings with addition of WS2, MoS2, and h-BN 添加WS2、MoS2和h-BN的Mo2FeB2/WC自润滑复合涂层的微观结构和摩擦学特性比较研究
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2022.111581
Hao Zhang, Yingjun Pan, Yang Zhang, Guofu Lian, Qiang Cao, Linzhi Que
To enhance the tribological properties and service life of Mo2FeB2/WC coatings, self-lubricating composite coatings with addition of WS2, MoS2, and h-BN were fabricated using laser cladding. The morphology, microstructure, microhardness, and tribological properties of the Mo2FeB2/WC self-lubricating composite coatings were investigated. The results indicated that the addition of WS2, MoS2, and h-BN increased the bonding properties between the coating and substrate. Sulfides and nitrides were found in the self-lubricating composite coatings; the Mo2FeB2/WC/h-BN coating exhibited a fine dendritic structure. The microhardnesses of the Mo2FeB2/WC, Mo2FeB2/WC/WS2, Mo2FeB2/WC/MoS2, and Mo2FeB2/WC/h-BN coatings were 1591.3 HV0.5, 1345.6 HV0.5, 1378.9 HV0.5, and 1415.3 HV0.5, respectively. After the addition of WS2, MoS2, and h-BN, the coefficients of friction decreased by 9.09%, 15.15%, and 30.30%, respectively; the corresponding wear rates decreased by 10.80%, 19.03%, and 30.97%, respectively. The self-lubricating phases significantly improved the tribological properties of the Mo2FeB2/WC coating. The main wear mechanisms of the Mo2FeB2/WC coating were adhesive and mild oxidative wear; the wear mechanisms after the addition of WS2, MoS2, and h-BN were abrasive and oxidative wear. The wear debris was powder-like for the Mo2FeB2/WC/WS2 and Mo2FeB2/WC/MoS2 coatings and flake-like for the Mo2FeB2/WC/h-BN coating. The lubricating transfer film caused an improvement in the tribological properties.
为了提高Mo2FeB2/WC涂层的摩擦学性能和使用寿命,采用激光熔覆法制备了WS2、MoS2和h-BN自润滑复合涂层。研究了Mo2FeB2/WC自润滑复合涂层的形貌、显微组织、显微硬度和摩擦学性能。结果表明,WS2、MoS2和h-BN的加入提高了涂层与基体之间的结合性能。自润滑复合涂层中含有硫化物和氮化物;Mo2FeB2/WC/h-BN涂层呈现良好的枝晶结构。Mo2FeB2/WC、Mo2FeB2/WC/WS2、Mo2FeB2/WC/MoS2和Mo2FeB2/WC/h-BN涂层的显微硬度分别为1591.3 HV0.5、1345.6 HV0.5、1378.9 HV0.5和1415.3 HV0.5。添加WS2、MoS2和h-BN后,摩擦系数分别降低了9.09%、15.15%和30.30%;相应的磨损率分别降低了10.80%、19.03%和30.97%。自润滑相显著改善了Mo2FeB2/WC涂层的摩擦学性能。Mo2FeB2/WC涂层的主要磨损机制为粘结磨损和轻度氧化磨损;添加WS2、MoS2和h-BN后的磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损和氧化磨损。Mo2FeB2/WC/WS2和Mo2FeB2/WC/MoS2涂层的磨损碎屑呈粉末状,Mo2FeB2/WC/h-BN涂层的磨损碎屑呈片状。润滑转移膜改善了摩擦磨损性能。
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引用次数: 2
A pine needle-like superhydrophobic Zn/ZnO coating with excellent mechanochemical robustness and corrosion resistance 一种松针状超疏水锌/ZnO涂层,具有优异的机械化学坚固性和耐腐蚀性
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2022.111583
Ruiqian Li, Mengqing Li, Xin Wu, Huizhu Yu, Rencheng Jin, Jun Liang
The superhydrophobic Zn-based coating with hierarchical structure has good prospects in metal anticorrosion. However, the practical application of superhydrophobic coating is still limited by the poor mechanical stability of micro/nano hierarchical structure. Herein, a robust superhydrophobic Zn/ZnO coating with pine needle-like structure and superior corrosion resistance was design and constructed. The micro-scale polyhedral Zn was fabricated on steel followed by the deposition of radially aligned ZnO nanorods, forming a novel pine needle-like hierarchical structure, which was finally modified by stearic acid. Notably, the pine needle-like structured Zn/ZnO (Zn/ZnO-3) coating exhibits excellent superhydrophobicity with contact angle of 166.8 ± 1.4° and sliding angle of 2.6 ± 0.5°. What's more, Zn/ZnO-3 coating maintains superhydrophobicity after suffering from strong acid/alkali, tape peeling, water drop impact and sandpaper abrasion tests. Compared with carbon steel and hydrophobic Zn coating, the corrosion current density of superhydrophobic Zn/ZnO-3 coating is decreased by approximately 4 and 3 orders of magnitude, respectively. The superior mechanochemical stability and anti-corrosion performance of superhydrophobic Zn/ZnO-3 coating is ascribed to its pine needle-like structure. Overall, this work provides a novel strategy to design hierarchical structured superhydrophobic surfaces with excellent mechanochemical stability and corrosion resistance, holding great prospects in metallic corrosion protection.
具有分层结构的超疏水锌基涂层在金属防腐方面具有良好的应用前景。然而,超疏水涂层的实际应用仍然受到微纳分层结构机械稳定性差的限制。本文设计并制备了一种具有松针状结构和优异耐腐蚀性的超疏水Zn/ZnO涂层。在钢表面制备了微尺度多面体Zn,并沉积了径向排列的ZnO纳米棒,形成了一种新型的松针状分层结构,最后用硬脂酸对其进行修饰。值得注意的是,松针状结构Zn/ZnO (Zn/ZnO-3)涂层具有良好的超疏水性,接触角为166.8±1.4°,滑动角为2.6±0.5°。Zn/ZnO-3涂层经过强酸/强碱、胶带剥落、水滴冲击、砂纸磨损等试验后,仍保持超疏水性。与碳钢和疏水Zn涂层相比,超疏水Zn/ZnO-3涂层的腐蚀电流密度分别降低了约4个和3个数量级。超疏水Zn/ZnO-3涂层具有优异的机械化学稳定性和抗腐蚀性能,主要归因于其松针状结构。总之,这项工作为设计具有优异机械化学稳定性和耐腐蚀性的分层结构超疏水表面提供了一种新的策略,在金属腐蚀防护中具有广阔的前景。
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引用次数: 8
In situ growing fusiform SnO2 nanocrystals film on carbon fiber cloth as an efficient and flexible microwave absorber 在碳纤维布上原位生长梭形SnO2纳米晶体薄膜,作为一种高效、柔性的微波吸收剂
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2022.111576
Shikun Hou, Ying Wang, Feng Gao, Fengyuan Wang, Hua Yang, Fei Jin, Gongxun Bai, Zhihai Cao, Yunchen Du
Developing highly efficient flexible microwave absorber is of great significance for wearable electronics and aerospace applications. In this work, the fusiform SnO2 nanocrystals film in situ grown on flexible carbon fiber cloth is rationally designed and fabricated through combining air calcination and hydrothermal synthesis. X-ray photoelectron spectrum confirms fusiform SnO2 nanocrystals film and carbon fiber cloth are effectively integrated with strong chemical bonds of COSn. The as-prepared composite exhibits strong reflection loss of −49.1 dB (2.6 GHz) and wide effective absorption bandwidth of 5.8 GHz (11.6–17.4 GHz) with a thin matched thickness of 1.6 mm, surpassing to pure carbon fiber cloth and many SnO2/carbon-based microwave absorbers. The efficient performance originates from well-matched characteristic impedance and multifarious electromagnetic attenuation mechanisms, i.g., dipole orientation polarization, interfacial polarization relaxation, conductive loss, and multiple reflections/scatterings. Especially, differential charge density calculation reveals the uneven charge distribution at SnO2/C interface, which is believed to remarkably enhance interfacial polarization relaxation and contribute to microwave absorption. Our results illustrate that the ingenious integration of nanomaterials on carbon fiber cloth promises a way to achieve efficient and flexible microwave absorbers.
开发高效柔性微波吸收体对于可穿戴电子和航空航天应用具有重要意义。本文采用空气煅烧和水热合成相结合的方法,合理设计并制备了在柔性碳纤维布上原位生长的梭形SnO2纳米晶体薄膜。x射线光电子能谱证实纺锤状SnO2纳米晶薄膜与碳纤维布有效结合,形成了COSn的强化学键。该复合材料的反射损耗为- 49.1 dB (2.6 GHz),有效吸收带宽为5.8 GHz (11.6-17.4 GHz),匹配厚度为1.6 mm,优于纯碳纤维布和许多SnO2/碳基微波吸收材料。高效的性能源于良好匹配的特性阻抗和多种电磁衰减机制,如偶极取向极化、界面极化弛豫、导电损耗和多次反射/散射。差分电荷密度计算揭示了SnO2/C界面处电荷分布的不均匀性,从而显著增强了界面极化弛豫,有利于微波吸收。我们的研究结果表明,将纳米材料巧妙地集成在碳纤维布上,有望实现高效灵活的微波吸收器。
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引用次数: 6
Axial tension/compression and torsional loading of diamond and gyroid lattice structures for biomedical implants: Simulation and experiment 用于生物医学植入物的金刚石和陀螺晶格结构的轴向拉伸/压缩和扭转载荷:模拟和实验
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2022.111585
Anatolie Timercan, Patrick Terriault, Vladimir Brailovski
Lattice structures are increasingly used in biomedical implants, notably intervertebral cages, requiring a better understanding of their behavior for the different types of loading they undergo during application. Strut-based diamond and sheet-based gyroid structures with porosity levels ranging from 50 to 80 % and an identical pore size of 750 μm were manufactured from Ti6Al4V alloy, tested experimentally and simulated numerically in axial tension/compression and in torsion to simulate flexion/extension, compression and rotation of the human spine. The manufactured structures were within 5 % of the targeted porosity. However, numerical simulations overestimated the experimental apparent (effective) stiffness and strength of the structures by an average of 25 %, likely due to the presence in them of manufacturing defects, especially in the higher porosity lattices. Experimental and numerical results showed that the structures have quasi-identical mechanical properties in compression and in tension. However, a comparison of the torsion and axial results indicated that conventional bulk material failure theories such as the von Mises limitation criterion do not apply to the apparent properties of lattice structures. Studied lattices exhibited adequate resistance for use in intervertebral cages, however their stiffness was greater than those of the vertebrae, while situated in the stiffness range of cortical bone.
晶格结构越来越多地用于生物医学植入物,特别是椎间笼,需要更好地了解其在应用过程中所承受的不同类型载荷的行为。以Ti6Al4V合金为材料,制备了孔隙度为50% ~ 80%、孔径为750 μm的基于支柱的金刚石和基于片状的旋转结构,并进行了轴向拉伸/压缩和扭转的实验和数值模拟,模拟了人体脊柱的弯曲/伸展、压缩和旋转。制造的结构在目标孔隙率的5%以内。然而,数值模拟将结构的实验表观(有效)刚度和强度平均高估了25%,这可能是由于其中存在制造缺陷,特别是在高孔隙率晶格中。实验和数值结果表明,该结构在压缩和拉伸条件下具有近似相同的力学性能。然而,扭转和轴向结果的比较表明,传统的块体材料破坏理论,如von Mises极限准则,并不适用于晶格结构的表观特性。所研究的晶格显示出足够的阻力用于椎间笼,但是它们的刚度大于椎骨,而位于皮质骨的刚度范围内。
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引用次数: 2
In vitro degradation behavior of novel Zn–Cu–Li alloys: Roles of alloy composition and rolling processing 新型Zn-Cu-Li合金的体外降解行为:合金成分和轧制工艺的作用
IF 8.4 Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2021.110288
Shiyu Huang, Luning Wang, Yufeng Zheng, Lijie Qiao, Yu Yan
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引用次数: 14
Strengthening mechanism of Al/Sn interfaces: Study from experiments and first-principles calculation Al/Sn界面强化机理:实验与第一性原理计算研究
IF 8.4 Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2021.110292
Han Yan, Weibing Guo, Tianmin Luan, Xinran Ma, Guojin Xu, X. Leng, Weiwei Zhao, Jiuchun Yan
{"title":"Strengthening mechanism of Al/Sn interfaces: Study from experiments and first-principles calculation","authors":"Han Yan, Weibing Guo, Tianmin Luan, Xinran Ma, Guojin Xu, X. Leng, Weiwei Zhao, Jiuchun Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2021.110292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.110292","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101318,"journal":{"name":"MATERIALS & DESIGN","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75584705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 8
Effects of processing heterogeneities on the micro- to nanostructure strengthening mechanisms of an Alloy 718 turbine disk 加工非均质性对718合金涡轮盘微纳强化机制的影响
IF 8.4 Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2021.110295
Vitor Vieira Rielli, F. Godor, C. Gruber, A. Stanojević, B. Oberwinkler, S. Primig
{"title":"Effects of processing heterogeneities on the micro- to nanostructure strengthening mechanisms of an Alloy 718 turbine disk","authors":"Vitor Vieira Rielli, F. Godor, C. Gruber, A. Stanojević, B. Oberwinkler, S. Primig","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2021.110295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.110295","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101318,"journal":{"name":"MATERIALS & DESIGN","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85195599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 12
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