Moringa Oleifera is a fast growing deciduous tree with its different plant parts commonly used in herbal medicine, also with good socio-economic and industrial values. The ethanolic extract of M.Oleifera root bark is shown to be rich in nutrients, owing to the presence of essential phytochemicals in the root bark. The phytochemicals or secondary metabolites of the ethanolic extract of the root bark were screened and identified. Also, acute toxicity study of the ethanolic extract of the root bark was carriedout in Albino Rats according to Institutional Animal Care and Use (IACU) guidelines. The fresh M.Oleifera root was harvested at the inception of the rainy season at Pil Gani District of Langtang North LGA and excess soil washed off as the root bark was properly peeled, air dried, pulverized to powdered form and stored for subsequent use. Serial extractions using water, acetone, ethanol, and ethyl acetate were carriedout by Simple Maceration. The ethanolic extract was seen to have the best yield of the phytochemicals qualitatively identified as tannins, saponins, carbohydrates, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, terpenes, cardiac glycosides and anthraquinones. Acute toxicity test was determined by Lorke’s method and the LD50 was shown to be at the highest limit dose of 5000mg/kg, which signifies that the extract is non toxic at such single dosage. The ethanolic M.Oleifera root bark extract contains nutritive phytochemicals with vast medicinal uses. No sign of acute toxicity was observed on oral administration as the median lethal dose was shown to be safe at the highest limit single dose of 5000mg/kg.
{"title":"Phytochemistry, Proximate Analysis and Acute Toxicity Study of Ethanolic Moringa Oleifera Root Bark Extract.","authors":"C D Nimyel, J A Lori","doi":"10.4314/njcr.v27i1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njcr.v27i1.3","url":null,"abstract":"Moringa Oleifera is a fast growing deciduous tree with its different plant parts commonly used in herbal medicine, also with good socio-economic and industrial values. The ethanolic extract of M.Oleifera root bark is shown to be rich in nutrients, owing to the presence of essential phytochemicals in the root bark. The phytochemicals or secondary metabolites of the ethanolic extract of the root bark were screened and identified. Also, acute toxicity study of the ethanolic extract of the root bark was carriedout in Albino Rats according to Institutional Animal Care and Use (IACU) guidelines. The fresh M.Oleifera root was harvested at the inception of the rainy season at Pil Gani District of Langtang North LGA and excess soil washed off as the root bark was properly peeled, air dried, pulverized to powdered form and stored for subsequent use. Serial extractions using water, acetone, ethanol, and ethyl acetate were carriedout by Simple Maceration. The ethanolic extract was seen to have the best yield of the phytochemicals qualitatively identified as tannins, saponins, carbohydrates, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, terpenes, cardiac glycosides and anthraquinones. Acute toxicity test was determined by Lorke’s method and the LD50 was shown to be at the highest limit dose of 5000mg/kg, which signifies that the extract is non toxic at such single dosage. The ethanolic M.Oleifera root bark extract contains nutritive phytochemicals with vast medicinal uses. No sign of acute toxicity was observed on oral administration as the median lethal dose was shown to be safe at the highest limit single dose of 5000mg/kg.","PeriodicalId":102130,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Chemical Research","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135756623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The effect of reaction variables on the uptake of heavy metals from wastewater using modified chitosan and plantain peels carbon based adsorbents was explored in this study. Plantain peels were carbonized, activated with phosphoric acid and the activated carbon was separated into various proportions and impregnated with various percentages of chitosan to make the composite biosorbents. Deproteinization, deminerization, and deacetylation techniques were used to extract chitosan from a snail shell. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), energy dispersive X-ray (EDAX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) techniques were used to analyze the adsorbents. Effects of process parameters: pH of wastewater, adsorbent dosage, temperature, initial concentration and contact time were determined. In the blending ratios of the biosorbents, 75% oxalic acid modified chitosan-25% activated plantain peel (CHT-APP5) was best blend and the optimum process variables for the removal efficiency were time (60-65mins), adsorbent dosage (2-2.125g/dm3), pH(6-6.5), initial concentration of wastewater(20-85mg/dm3) and temperature (308-325K). The results obtained showed that the maximum adsorption capacities of 90.9090, 55.5556 and 142.8571mg/g for Cr(VI) while 62.500, 83.3333 and 43.4783mg/g Cd(II) were obtained for CHT, APP1 and CHT-APP5 respectively. The results showed that blends have the potential to be used as alternative efficient low-cost biosorbent in the removal of heavy metals from wastewater.
{"title":"Adsorbents Characterization and Effect of Reaction Indices on The Uptake of Cadmium (II) and Chromium (VI) Ions From Wastewater","authors":"D O Ochi, A K Babayemi, L O Ekebafe","doi":"10.4314/njcr.v27i1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njcr.v27i1.1","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of reaction variables on the uptake of heavy metals from wastewater using modified chitosan and plantain peels carbon based adsorbents was explored in this study. Plantain peels were carbonized, activated with phosphoric acid and the activated carbon was separated into various proportions and impregnated with various percentages of chitosan to make the composite biosorbents. Deproteinization, deminerization, and deacetylation techniques were used to extract chitosan from a snail shell. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), energy dispersive X-ray (EDAX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) techniques were used to analyze the adsorbents. Effects of process parameters: pH of wastewater, adsorbent dosage, temperature, initial concentration and contact time were determined. In the blending ratios of the biosorbents, 75% oxalic acid modified chitosan-25% activated plantain peel (CHT-APP5) was best blend and the optimum process variables for the removal efficiency were time (60-65mins), adsorbent dosage (2-2.125g/dm3), pH(6-6.5), initial concentration of wastewater(20-85mg/dm3) and temperature (308-325K). The results obtained showed that the maximum adsorption capacities of 90.9090, 55.5556 and 142.8571mg/g for Cr(VI) while 62.500, 83.3333 and 43.4783mg/g Cd(II) were obtained for CHT, APP1 and CHT-APP5 respectively. The results showed that blends have the potential to be used as alternative efficient low-cost biosorbent in the removal of heavy metals from wastewater.","PeriodicalId":102130,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Chemical Research","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135756626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study was carried out to assess the mineral content, phytochemicals and proximate analysis of the peels and seed of citrus limon. Analysis of the mineral was carried using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and flame photometer. Phytochemicals and proximate analysis determination were done using standard methods. The citrus limon peels and seeds contain reasonable amount of important minerals such as Ca, K Mg, Na, Zn. Fe, Mn and Cu. Poisonous elements like Pb and Cd are present in very small quantity and these may be considered as food supplement especially for animals. The phytochemical analysis showed the presence flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, phenols and steroids in both the citrus limon peels and seeds while terpenoid is present in only the peels. Substantial amount of nutritional components such as carbohydrate, fibre, lipids and proteins are also present. The peels and seeds of lemon may be used materials for drug production and nutritional supplements.
{"title":"Assessment of The Mineral Contents Phytochemicals and Proximate Analysis of Seeds and Peels Of Citrus limon (Lemon)","authors":"K. O. Ijege, I. Umar, R. Suleiman","doi":"10.4314/njcr.v28i1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njcr.v28i1.4","url":null,"abstract":"The study was carried out to assess the mineral content, phytochemicals and proximate analysis of the peels and seed of citrus limon. Analysis of the mineral was carried using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and flame photometer. Phytochemicals and proximate analysis determination were done using standard methods. The citrus limon peels and seeds contain reasonable amount of important minerals such as Ca, K Mg, Na, Zn. Fe, Mn and Cu. Poisonous elements like Pb and Cd are present in very small quantity and these may be considered as food supplement especially for animals. The phytochemical analysis showed the presence flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, phenols and steroids in both the citrus limon peels and seeds while terpenoid is present in only the peels. Substantial amount of nutritional components such as carbohydrate, fibre, lipids and proteins are also present. The peels and seeds of lemon may be used materials for drug production and nutritional supplements.","PeriodicalId":102130,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Chemical Research","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129277319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Akintunde, O. C. Lairbe, S. Abakpa, F.C.Thomas, O.A.Akinloye, E.S.Ajibola
The knowledge of bioactive compounds present in a plant can be helpful in utilizing it for a medicinal purpose in life. The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) analysis of ethanol extract of Citrullus lanatus rind (CLR) was done to identify bioactive compounds and selectivity or abundance percentage in ethanol extract of CLR. The extract was obtained by fractionating crude ethanol CLR extract in order of increasing polarity, n-Hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate and ethanol. The GC-MS analysis was carried out on GC system comprising Gas Chromatograph interfaced to Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) instrument. The bioactive compounds obtained were compared with database of spectrum of known components stored in the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry library. The GC-MS analysis of ethanol extract of CLR revealed the presence of androst-4-en-9-thiocyanomethyl-11-ol-3,17-dione a steroid which is a precusor for androgen and estrogen production. As well as cyclooctasiloxane hexadecamethyl and octasiloxane hexadecamethyl in which both of them contain silicon an essential trace element for collagen and bone formation .The presence of these compounds validates the use of ethanol extract of CLR as a good antioxidants, antibacterial agents and stimulant in precursor of male reproductive hormone production. The ethanol extract of CLR can be of great value in ethno-veterinary practice.
{"title":"Bioactive components in ethanol extract of Citrullus lanatus rind using Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectroscopy.","authors":"O. Akintunde, O. C. Lairbe, S. Abakpa, F.C.Thomas, O.A.Akinloye, E.S.Ajibola","doi":"10.4314/njcr.v28i1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njcr.v28i1.6","url":null,"abstract":"The knowledge of bioactive compounds present in a plant can be helpful in utilizing it for a medicinal purpose in life. The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) analysis of ethanol extract of Citrullus lanatus rind (CLR) was done to identify bioactive compounds and selectivity or abundance percentage in ethanol extract of CLR. The extract was obtained by fractionating crude ethanol CLR extract in order of increasing polarity, n-Hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate and ethanol. The GC-MS analysis was carried out on GC system comprising Gas Chromatograph interfaced to Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) instrument. The bioactive compounds obtained were compared with database of spectrum of known components stored in the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry library. The GC-MS analysis of ethanol extract of CLR revealed the presence of androst-4-en-9-thiocyanomethyl-11-ol-3,17-dione a steroid which is a precusor for androgen and estrogen production. As well as cyclooctasiloxane hexadecamethyl and octasiloxane hexadecamethyl in which both of them contain silicon an essential trace element for collagen and bone formation .The presence of these compounds validates the use of ethanol extract of CLR as a good antioxidants, antibacterial agents and stimulant in precursor of male reproductive hormone production. The ethanol extract of CLR can be of great value in ethno-veterinary practice.","PeriodicalId":102130,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Chemical Research","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116351106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anthocleista Djalonensis A Chev and Blighia unijugata Baker were collected and fractionated using petroleum ether, chloroform and ethylacetate. Spectroscopic quantitative phytochemical analysis was carried out on the fractions and they were found to contain alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols and steroids while tannins were found in significant quantity. Cytotoxicity was carried out on the fractions the fractions and they were found to be active except AD-P, 41.0680/26.0345 µg/cm3 and AD-E, 41.0080/26.0345 µg/cm3 while BU-P was found to be the most active at 8.4095/15.0123 µg/cm3. Experimental animals were induced with diabetes using streptozotocin and treated with the active fractions, BU-C 250mg dosage was found to have reduced glucose sugar level from 21.68 ±1.54 mmol/l in the first week to 3.16 ±1.05b mmol/l while BU-C 500mg dosage was found to increase weight from 112.8 ±53.2mg to in the first week to 140.2 ±9.4bg in the second week of intervention. The presence of phytochemicals, non-toxicity and being able to reduce glucose sugar in experimental animals by Blighia unijugata Baker chloroform fraction of makes a potential plant for treatment of diabetes.
{"title":"Hypoglycemic Effect of Anthocleista djalonensis and Blighi unijugata","authors":"R. Mohammed, M. Abdulsalam, F. M. Kntapo","doi":"10.4314/njcr.v28i1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njcr.v28i1.3","url":null,"abstract":"Anthocleista Djalonensis A Chev and Blighia unijugata Baker were collected and fractionated using petroleum ether, chloroform and ethylacetate. Spectroscopic quantitative phytochemical analysis was carried out on the fractions and they were found to contain alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols and steroids while tannins were found in significant quantity. Cytotoxicity was carried out on the fractions the fractions and they were found to be active except AD-P, 41.0680/26.0345 µg/cm3 and AD-E, 41.0080/26.0345 µg/cm3 while BU-P was found to be the most active at 8.4095/15.0123 µg/cm3. Experimental animals were induced with diabetes using streptozotocin and treated with the active fractions, BU-C 250mg dosage was found to have reduced glucose sugar level from 21.68 ±1.54 mmol/l in the first week to 3.16 ±1.05b mmol/l while BU-C 500mg dosage was found to increase weight from 112.8 ±53.2mg to in the first week to 140.2 ±9.4bg in the second week of intervention. The presence of phytochemicals, non-toxicity and being able to reduce glucose sugar in experimental animals by Blighia unijugata Baker chloroform fraction of makes a potential plant for treatment of diabetes.","PeriodicalId":102130,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Chemical Research","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122576992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research work is aimed at investigating the hypoglycemic effect of olive oil obtained from the seeds of olive tree (Olea europea,) on alloxan-induced diabetic Albino rats. The results obtained show that olive oil (Olea europea) exhibit hypoglycemic effect on alloxan-induced diabetic Albino rats with the lower dose (150mg/kg/b.wt). as the most effective dose for the significant treatment of type 1 diabetes. Medium and High doses however showed an insignificant effect compared to the control groups. When the, standard drug (positive control) 60 mg/kg/b.wt was administered to the rats , the glucose level of the group 2 alloxan-induced diabetic rats decreased gradually to the range between the normal range 4.9-5.5 mg/dl according to the world health standard (W.H.O, 2014). During treatment, the body weight of the rats was observed to increase as the rats responded to the hypoglycemic effect of the oil treatment. As the treatment continues, the rats look healthier which shows a positive response to the olive oil treatment.
{"title":"Hypoglycemic Effect of Olive Oil (Olea europea) on Alloxan- Induced Diabetic Albino Rats.","authors":"A. Zakari, H. Umar, I. Auwal","doi":"10.4314/njcr.v28i1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njcr.v28i1.5","url":null,"abstract":"This research work is aimed at investigating the hypoglycemic effect of olive oil obtained from the seeds of olive tree (Olea europea,) on alloxan-induced diabetic Albino rats. The results obtained show that olive oil (Olea europea) exhibit hypoglycemic effect on alloxan-induced diabetic Albino rats with the lower dose (150mg/kg/b.wt). as the most effective dose for the significant treatment of type 1 diabetes. Medium and High doses however showed an insignificant effect compared to the control groups. When the, standard drug (positive control) 60 mg/kg/b.wt was administered to the rats , the glucose level of the group 2 alloxan-induced diabetic rats decreased gradually to the range between the normal range 4.9-5.5 mg/dl according to the world health standard (W.H.O, 2014). During treatment, the body weight of the rats was observed to increase as the rats responded to the hypoglycemic effect of the oil treatment. As the treatment continues, the rats look healthier which shows a positive response to the olive oil treatment.","PeriodicalId":102130,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Chemical Research","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125777448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Odewo, B. Ajani, O. Osiyemi, K. A. Adeniji, O. Ugbogu
Glinus lotoides Linn. is a plant used in Nigerian traditional medicine for treating many diseases notably abdominal disorders. Decoction of leaf of the plant is mostly used in this case. This study was carried out in order to determine the bioactive compounds present in the leaf acetone–hexane extract of G. lotoides by using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) machine. G. lotoides leaves was extracted in acetone-hexane by cold maceration and concentrated in vacuo. The GC–MS analysis revealed the presence of the following phyto-compounds: 9-Octadecenoic acid, (E) (Z; 242.3975, RT: 16.663; 49.11%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (Z; 256.42, RT: 15.030, 25.58%), Octadecanoic acid (Z; 284.47, RT: 16.785; 6.80%), Stigmasterol (Z; 412.69, RT: 20.929; 5.25%) and Ergost-5-en-3-ol, (3.beta) (Z; 400.68, RT: 19.962; 2.72%) among others. These compounds were identified from leaves of G. lotoides for the first time, and unarguably play very vital roles in the health care system especially in abdominal disorders treatment and other diseases. The study showed that the presence of these compounds in the leaves of G. lotoides might be responsible for its biological activities in traditional medicine. It is therefore a promising important plant of medical and pharmaceutical significance from which drug can be discovered.
{"title":"Phytochemical Profiling of Leaf of Glinus lotoides (Mollugineceae) Using GC-MS","authors":"S. Odewo, B. Ajani, O. Osiyemi, K. A. Adeniji, O. Ugbogu","doi":"10.4314/njcr.v28i1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njcr.v28i1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Glinus lotoides Linn. is a plant used in Nigerian traditional medicine for treating many diseases notably abdominal disorders. Decoction of leaf of the plant is mostly used in this case. This study was carried out in order to determine the bioactive compounds present in the leaf acetone–hexane extract of G. lotoides by using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) machine. G. lotoides leaves was extracted in acetone-hexane by cold maceration and concentrated in vacuo. The GC–MS analysis revealed the presence of the following phyto-compounds: 9-Octadecenoic acid, (E) (Z; 242.3975, RT: 16.663; 49.11%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (Z; 256.42, RT: 15.030, 25.58%), Octadecanoic acid (Z; 284.47, RT: 16.785; 6.80%), Stigmasterol (Z; 412.69, RT: 20.929; 5.25%) and Ergost-5-en-3-ol, (3.beta) (Z; 400.68, RT: 19.962; 2.72%) among others. These compounds were identified from leaves of G. lotoides for the first time, and unarguably play very vital roles in the health care system especially in abdominal disorders treatment and other diseases. The study showed that the presence of these compounds in the leaves of G. lotoides might be responsible for its biological activities in traditional medicine. It is therefore a promising important plant of medical and pharmaceutical significance from which drug can be discovered.","PeriodicalId":102130,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Chemical Research","volume":"194 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134269474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Poorly treated wastewater can adversely affect the existence of plants and animals. There is a need to look for low-cost filters to address the scarcity of water in rural areas surrounded by industrial wastewater. The present study investigates the use of low-cost filter for purification of industrial wastewater. Filters made from cow bone (CBF) and saw dust (SDF) were used to remove some impurities in wastewater. Wastewater from Ore Industrial Estate, Ondo State, Nigeria, are collected and ran through the filter, the physicochemical parameters were determined using standard method while metal content were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The filter content before and after use were analyzed using Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) Spectrometer. CBF reduces Electrical Conductivity (EC), Chloride and chemical oxygen demand COD of the wastewater appreciably. It removed 74 %, 70 %, 65 %, 68 % and 81 % of Mn, Ni, Cd, Pb, and Zn respectively while SDF removed 8 %, 14 %, 26 %, 17 % and 28 % of the same elements respectively. The C = O stretch was recorded at wavelength of 1646.31cm-1 before filtration and broad at 1640.19 cm-1 after filtration in CBF. Broad OH peak was recorded at 3750.84 cm−1 before filtration and 3674.41 cm−1 after filtration for saw dust filter (SDF). It was concluded that the spectral showed that some materials are removed from the water. The cow bone filter is more efficient than the saw dust filter.
{"title":"Industrial Wastewater Purification Using Cow Bone and Saw Dust Filters","authors":"Hassan Ayedun, R. E. Eje, O. O. Daudu","doi":"10.4314/njcr.v28i1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njcr.v28i1.2","url":null,"abstract":"Poorly treated wastewater can adversely affect the existence of plants and animals. There is a need to look for low-cost filters to address the scarcity of water in rural areas surrounded by industrial wastewater. The present study investigates the use of low-cost filter for purification of industrial wastewater. Filters made from cow bone (CBF) and saw dust (SDF) were used to remove some impurities in wastewater. Wastewater from Ore Industrial Estate, Ondo State, Nigeria, are collected and ran through the filter, the physicochemical parameters were determined using standard method while metal content were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The filter content before and after use were analyzed using Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) Spectrometer. CBF reduces Electrical Conductivity (EC), Chloride and chemical oxygen demand COD of the wastewater appreciably. It removed 74 %, 70 %, 65 %, 68 % and 81 % of Mn, Ni, Cd, Pb, and Zn respectively while SDF removed 8 %, 14 %, 26 %, 17 % and 28 % of the same elements respectively. The C = O stretch was recorded at wavelength of 1646.31cm-1 before filtration and broad at 1640.19 cm-1 after filtration in CBF. Broad OH peak was recorded at 3750.84 cm−1 before filtration and 3674.41 cm−1 after filtration for saw dust filter (SDF). It was concluded that the spectral showed that some materials are removed from the water. The cow bone filter is more efficient than the saw dust filter.","PeriodicalId":102130,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Chemical Research","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128580432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carbon produced from agricultural wastes could be a great adsorptive material in removal of metals from water. This study was conducted to remove Cadmium ion from water using activated carbon produced from palm kernel shell (PKS). Cd ion were adsorbed using various masses of PKS for a varied temperature, time and pH. The concentration of Cd adsorbed were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The results showed that the adsorption of Cd can be optimize within 2hrs when allowed to equilibrate with gentle agitation (80 rpm) at pH 2. The results obtained were further subjected to Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin adsorption isotherms. It was found that the value for qm were 2000, 2.203 and 0.906 respectively indicating that the most suitable isotherm for Cd adsorption is Langmuir. This study indicates another way of utilizing PKS which is a common waste in rural area.
{"title":"Adsorption of cadmium ion from water using activated carbon produced from palm kernel shell","authors":"Hassan Ayedun","doi":"10.4314/njcr.v26i2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njcr.v26i2.5","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon produced from agricultural wastes could be a great adsorptive material in removal of metals from water. This study was conducted to remove Cadmium ion from water using activated carbon produced from palm kernel shell (PKS). Cd ion were adsorbed using various masses of PKS for a varied temperature, time and pH. The concentration of Cd adsorbed were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The results showed that the adsorption of Cd can be optimize within 2hrs when allowed to equilibrate with gentle agitation (80 rpm) at pH 2. The results obtained were further subjected to Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin adsorption isotherms. It was found that the value for qm were 2000, 2.203 and 0.906 respectively indicating that the most suitable isotherm for Cd adsorption is Langmuir. This study indicates another way of utilizing PKS which is a common waste in rural area.","PeriodicalId":102130,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Chemical Research","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121128049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The time-kill rate of methanol extract of Phyllanthus amarus was determined in this study which showed that the extract caused a reduction of the viable cells of all the test bacteria after a contact time of 30 mins and there were virtually no surviving cells of all the test bacteria after a contact time of 180 mins. The extract was also found to cause leakages of cellular materials such as potassium ions, sodium ions, protein and nucleic acids from the test bacteria which led to the loss of cell viability. The ethyl acetate sub-fraction of the extract was analyzed by GC-MS and FTIR analysis and the result revealed the presence of Phytochemicals such as 1, 2-Benzenedicarboxilic acid mono (2-Ethylhexyl) ester, Columbin, 2-(6-Methylpyridin-2-ylmethyl) cyclohexane, 2(1H) Naphthalenone,3,5,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-4,8a-dimethyl-6-(1-methylethenyl) which have all been reported to possess antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The result of this study will contribute to the baseline data on the pharmacodynamics of the extract if applied as herbal medicine for human treatment thereby reducing the dosage and period of treatment. The finding also revealed that the ethyl acetate sub-fraction of methanol extract of P. amarus contains antibacterial phytochemicals that may be used to develop more potent, safe and cheap antimicrobial agents using nanotechnology.
{"title":"Determination of the rate of kill, mode of action, and the bioactive components from the ethyl acetate sub-fraction of methanol extract of Phyllanthus amarus.","authors":"A. Alli, J. O. Ehinmidu, Y. Ibrahim, C. Udobi","doi":"10.4314/njcr.v26i2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njcr.v26i2.3","url":null,"abstract":"The time-kill rate of methanol extract of Phyllanthus amarus was determined in this study which showed that the extract caused a reduction of the viable cells of all the test bacteria after a contact time of 30 mins and there were virtually no surviving cells of all the test bacteria after a contact time of 180 mins. The extract was also found to cause leakages of cellular materials such as potassium ions, sodium ions, protein and nucleic acids from the test bacteria which led to the loss of cell viability. The ethyl acetate sub-fraction of the extract was analyzed by GC-MS and FTIR analysis and the result revealed the presence of Phytochemicals such as 1, 2-Benzenedicarboxilic acid mono (2-Ethylhexyl) ester, Columbin, 2-(6-Methylpyridin-2-ylmethyl) cyclohexane, 2(1H) Naphthalenone,3,5,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-4,8a-dimethyl-6-(1-methylethenyl) which have all been reported to possess antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The result of this study will contribute to the baseline data on the pharmacodynamics of the extract if applied as herbal medicine for human treatment thereby reducing the dosage and period of treatment. The finding also revealed that the ethyl acetate sub-fraction of methanol extract of P. amarus contains antibacterial phytochemicals that may be used to develop more potent, safe and cheap antimicrobial agents using nanotechnology. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":102130,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Chemical Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130104862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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