Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.28991/cej-2024-010-01-09
K. Gubashi, Saad Mulahasan, Z. A. Hacheem, A. Q. Rdhaiwi
In this research, flume experiments were conducted on stepped weirs to investigate the effect of step shape on the energy dissipation of flow. Four configurations with a constant number of steps were considered, namely, horizontal steps, inclined steps, horizontal steps with rounded sills, and inclined steps with rounded sills. The slopes of inclined steps were 13% and 23%, and the diameters of the rounded sills of the step ends were 10 and 15 cm. The majority of previous studies focused on energy dissipation in stepped weirs in horizontal and inclined steps. In this research, new step geometries were used, such as horizontal steps with rounded sills and inclined steps with rounded sills. Dimensional analysis was applied to correlate the different variables affecting the flow hydraulics. Flow rates in the range of 0.61-9.12 lit/sec were used with each step shape. Results showed that the inclined steps with rounded sills had the highest flow energy dissipation in comparison to the other types. Rounded sills at the end of steps had more effective energy dissipation than did the horizontal step. However, the 23% inclination slope with rounded sills of a 7.5 cm radius was the most effective in dissipating flow energy. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-01-09 Full Text: PDF
{"title":"Effect of the Stepped Spillway Geometry on the Flow Energy Dissipation","authors":"K. Gubashi, Saad Mulahasan, Z. A. Hacheem, A. Q. Rdhaiwi","doi":"10.28991/cej-2024-010-01-09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2024-010-01-09","url":null,"abstract":"In this research, flume experiments were conducted on stepped weirs to investigate the effect of step shape on the energy dissipation of flow. Four configurations with a constant number of steps were considered, namely, horizontal steps, inclined steps, horizontal steps with rounded sills, and inclined steps with rounded sills. The slopes of inclined steps were 13% and 23%, and the diameters of the rounded sills of the step ends were 10 and 15 cm. The majority of previous studies focused on energy dissipation in stepped weirs in horizontal and inclined steps. In this research, new step geometries were used, such as horizontal steps with rounded sills and inclined steps with rounded sills. Dimensional analysis was applied to correlate the different variables affecting the flow hydraulics. Flow rates in the range of 0.61-9.12 lit/sec were used with each step shape. Results showed that the inclined steps with rounded sills had the highest flow energy dissipation in comparison to the other types. Rounded sills at the end of steps had more effective energy dissipation than did the horizontal step. However, the 23% inclination slope with rounded sills of a 7.5 cm radius was the most effective in dissipating flow energy. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-01-09 Full Text: PDF","PeriodicalId":10233,"journal":{"name":"Civil Engineering Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140520448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.28991/cej-2024-010-01-05
Ahlam O. Hussein, R. J. Ghayyib, Faten M. Radi, Z. Jawad, M. Nasr, A. Shubbar
Cement is among the important contributors to carbon dioxide emissions in modern society. Researchers are studying solutions to reduce the cement content in concrete to minimize the negative impact on the environment. Among these solutions is replacing cement with other materials, such as waste, which also poses environmental damage and requires landfill areas for disposal. Among these wastes are eggshell powder ash (ESPA) and wheat straw ash (WSA), which were utilized as cement substitutes in green mortar production. Thirteen mixtures were cast, one as a reference without replacement and twelve others that included replacing ESPA and WSA (single and combined) with cement in 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% proportions of cement's weight. The mechanical (compressive and flexural strength), microstructural (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTA) properties of all mixtures were examined. The results showed a remarkable improvement in mechanical properties, and the best improvement was recorded for the (4%ESPA+4%WSA) mixture, which reached 73.3% in compressive strength and 56% in flexural strength, superior to the reference mixture. Furthermore, SEM analyses showed a dense and compact microstructure for the ESPA and WSA-based mortars. Therefore, the WSA and ESPA wastes can be recycled and utilized as a substitute for cement to produce an eco-friendly binder that significantly improves the microstructural and mechanical characteristics of mortar. In addition, combining the two materials also presents a viable option for creating a sustainable ternary blended binder (with cement) that boasts superior properties compared to using the WSA or ESPA individually. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-01-05 Full Text: PDF
{"title":"Recycling of Eggshell Powder and Wheat Straw Ash as Cement Replacement Materials in Mortar","authors":"Ahlam O. Hussein, R. J. Ghayyib, Faten M. Radi, Z. Jawad, M. Nasr, A. Shubbar","doi":"10.28991/cej-2024-010-01-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2024-010-01-05","url":null,"abstract":"Cement is among the important contributors to carbon dioxide emissions in modern society. Researchers are studying solutions to reduce the cement content in concrete to minimize the negative impact on the environment. Among these solutions is replacing cement with other materials, such as waste, which also poses environmental damage and requires landfill areas for disposal. Among these wastes are eggshell powder ash (ESPA) and wheat straw ash (WSA), which were utilized as cement substitutes in green mortar production. Thirteen mixtures were cast, one as a reference without replacement and twelve others that included replacing ESPA and WSA (single and combined) with cement in 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% proportions of cement's weight. The mechanical (compressive and flexural strength), microstructural (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTA) properties of all mixtures were examined. The results showed a remarkable improvement in mechanical properties, and the best improvement was recorded for the (4%ESPA+4%WSA) mixture, which reached 73.3% in compressive strength and 56% in flexural strength, superior to the reference mixture. Furthermore, SEM analyses showed a dense and compact microstructure for the ESPA and WSA-based mortars. Therefore, the WSA and ESPA wastes can be recycled and utilized as a substitute for cement to produce an eco-friendly binder that significantly improves the microstructural and mechanical characteristics of mortar. In addition, combining the two materials also presents a viable option for creating a sustainable ternary blended binder (with cement) that boasts superior properties compared to using the WSA or ESPA individually. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-01-05 Full Text: PDF","PeriodicalId":10233,"journal":{"name":"Civil Engineering Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140522628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.28991/cej-2024-010-01-04
Abdul Kadir, A. S. Sukri, N. H. Aswad, .. Masdiana, .. Nasrul
Seismic load is a critical load that can trigger damage or collapse of structures, especially in earthquake-prone areas. The susceptibility of structures to seismic loads is influenced by factors related to soil characteristics and structural behavior. This paper comprehensively examines the development of Indonesian seismic code design parameters and their comparison with the current seismic code. The results of the analysis showed that the design spectral acceleration of short-period AD and long-period A1 SKBI 1987 and SNI 2002 increased with increasing PGA values, with a consistent pattern of SC < SD < SE. Unlike the previous two codes, design spectral acceleration AD and A1 SNI 2012 and SNI 2019 experience fluctuations in all types of soil. The ratio design spectral acceleration of AD and A1 SNI 2019 to KBI 1987 and SNI 2002 varies; there are up, fixed, and down for SC, SD, and SE soil conditions. The ratio of design spectral acceleration AD and A1 SNI 2019 to SNI 2012 designs also varies; this condition is due to changes in site coefficients. There were significant changes to the SKBI 1987 and SNI 2002 structural systems, especially the low and medium seismic levels. The increase in the seismic influence coefficient ratio of some cities varies for each type of soil and code. The increase in the 1970 PMI seismic coefficient was < 30% for all soil types, and the highest percentage increase occurred in SC soil types. The increase in seismic coefficient in SKBI 1987, SNI 2002, and SNI 2012 is more dominant in SE soil types. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-01-04 Full Text: PDF
{"title":"Evolution and Implications of Changes in Seismic Load Codes for Earthquake Resistant Structures Design","authors":"Abdul Kadir, A. S. Sukri, N. H. Aswad, .. Masdiana, .. Nasrul","doi":"10.28991/cej-2024-010-01-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2024-010-01-04","url":null,"abstract":"Seismic load is a critical load that can trigger damage or collapse of structures, especially in earthquake-prone areas. The susceptibility of structures to seismic loads is influenced by factors related to soil characteristics and structural behavior. This paper comprehensively examines the development of Indonesian seismic code design parameters and their comparison with the current seismic code. The results of the analysis showed that the design spectral acceleration of short-period AD and long-period A1 SKBI 1987 and SNI 2002 increased with increasing PGA values, with a consistent pattern of SC < SD < SE. Unlike the previous two codes, design spectral acceleration AD and A1 SNI 2012 and SNI 2019 experience fluctuations in all types of soil. The ratio design spectral acceleration of AD and A1 SNI 2019 to KBI 1987 and SNI 2002 varies; there are up, fixed, and down for SC, SD, and SE soil conditions. The ratio of design spectral acceleration AD and A1 SNI 2019 to SNI 2012 designs also varies; this condition is due to changes in site coefficients. There were significant changes to the SKBI 1987 and SNI 2002 structural systems, especially the low and medium seismic levels. The increase in the seismic influence coefficient ratio of some cities varies for each type of soil and code. The increase in the 1970 PMI seismic coefficient was < 30% for all soil types, and the highest percentage increase occurred in SC soil types. The increase in seismic coefficient in SKBI 1987, SNI 2002, and SNI 2012 is more dominant in SE soil types. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-01-04 Full Text: PDF","PeriodicalId":10233,"journal":{"name":"Civil Engineering Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140519312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.28991/cej-2024-010-01-011
Ali Basha, Ahmed Salem, Wael Mostafa, Magda H. Farhan
This paper deals with the establishment of a solid waste-to-energy plant that significantly reduces the volume of solid waste and produces electricity at the same time. Thirteen criteria have been identified to locate the station based on environmental, economic, and social factors to avoid its negative impacts. These criteria were addressed by combining a Multi Criterion Decision Making (MCDM) method based on the GIS software. This study aims to establish a MCDM system based on the classical AHP and validated by the fuzzy AHP method. The findings revealed that using the classical AHP and fuzzy AHP methods, there was no significant difference in decision-making between the two methods. The importance of the criteria under study has been identified based on the judgments of experts; a questionnaire was designed and conducted electronically, which was collected with the help of a weighted overlay GIS model. This technique combines multiple reclassified data in ArcGIS 10.8 software to overlay criteria layers with different weights to create a composite map of suitability categories across the study area. The outcomes revealed that 96.76% of the study area is unsuitable for establishing the station, 1.36% is moderately suitable, and 0.04% is only very suitable for station site selection. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-01-011 Full Text: PDF
{"title":"Application of GIS Models in Determining the Suitable Site for a Solid Waste to Energy Plant in an Urban Area","authors":"Ali Basha, Ahmed Salem, Wael Mostafa, Magda H. Farhan","doi":"10.28991/cej-2024-010-01-011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2024-010-01-011","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with the establishment of a solid waste-to-energy plant that significantly reduces the volume of solid waste and produces electricity at the same time. Thirteen criteria have been identified to locate the station based on environmental, economic, and social factors to avoid its negative impacts. These criteria were addressed by combining a Multi Criterion Decision Making (MCDM) method based on the GIS software. This study aims to establish a MCDM system based on the classical AHP and validated by the fuzzy AHP method. The findings revealed that using the classical AHP and fuzzy AHP methods, there was no significant difference in decision-making between the two methods. The importance of the criteria under study has been identified based on the judgments of experts; a questionnaire was designed and conducted electronically, which was collected with the help of a weighted overlay GIS model. This technique combines multiple reclassified data in ArcGIS 10.8 software to overlay criteria layers with different weights to create a composite map of suitability categories across the study area. The outcomes revealed that 96.76% of the study area is unsuitable for establishing the station, 1.36% is moderately suitable, and 0.04% is only very suitable for station site selection. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-01-011 Full Text: PDF","PeriodicalId":10233,"journal":{"name":"Civil Engineering Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140522342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.28991/cej-2024-010-01-015
Giao Thanh Nguyen, Dan Hoang Truong
University campuses provide a variety of ecosystem services (ES) that play an important role in both physical and mental benefits for students. However, the importance and actual service performance of ES in universities were not clearly perceived in Vietnam. This study was conducted to fill these gaps with the objectives of (1) assessing students' perceptions of the importance of ecosystem services on their university campus and (2) assessing students' satisfaction with these ecosystem services. Using the interview method, the study collected research data from 210 students at Can Tho University (CTU), a large university in Vietnam. The results of the study have confirmed the importance of ecosystem services such as trees, lawns, water bodies, and buildings on CTU's campus. With modern design, buildings play an important role in creating space to organize formal classes, self-study, and group work for students. Green spaces not only improve air temperature and bring high aesthetic value, but they are also habitats for many species of animals and plants. Most students were very satisfied with the ES provided by the CTU's campus. However, the functions of the grass and water bodies ecosystem need to be improved, as the student satisfaction with these ES was significantly lower than the value they expected. The results of analyzing the importance and satisfaction of ES will be a useful basis for making decisions on planning and developing ecosystems. This is a new research direction in Vietnam that needs continued research and application. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-01-015 Full Text: PDF
{"title":"Evaluating the Importance of Ecosystem Services in University Campus","authors":"Giao Thanh Nguyen, Dan Hoang Truong","doi":"10.28991/cej-2024-010-01-015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2024-010-01-015","url":null,"abstract":"University campuses provide a variety of ecosystem services (ES) that play an important role in both physical and mental benefits for students. However, the importance and actual service performance of ES in universities were not clearly perceived in Vietnam. This study was conducted to fill these gaps with the objectives of (1) assessing students' perceptions of the importance of ecosystem services on their university campus and (2) assessing students' satisfaction with these ecosystem services. Using the interview method, the study collected research data from 210 students at Can Tho University (CTU), a large university in Vietnam. The results of the study have confirmed the importance of ecosystem services such as trees, lawns, water bodies, and buildings on CTU's campus. With modern design, buildings play an important role in creating space to organize formal classes, self-study, and group work for students. Green spaces not only improve air temperature and bring high aesthetic value, but they are also habitats for many species of animals and plants. Most students were very satisfied with the ES provided by the CTU's campus. However, the functions of the grass and water bodies ecosystem need to be improved, as the student satisfaction with these ES was significantly lower than the value they expected. The results of analyzing the importance and satisfaction of ES will be a useful basis for making decisions on planning and developing ecosystems. This is a new research direction in Vietnam that needs continued research and application. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-01-015 Full Text: PDF","PeriodicalId":10233,"journal":{"name":"Civil Engineering Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140525020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.28991/cej-2024-010-01-02
A. S. de Medeiros, M. H. Sant’Anna Cardoso, M. A. V. Da Silva
The objective of this research was to assess the mechanical response (resilient and plastic) of soil stabilized with petroleum asphalt concrete using asphalt emulsion under multi-stage loading. To enhance the adhesion of the asphalt film to the soil grains, the stabilized soil underwent air-drying curing for seven days. Dosage was conducted through the indirect tensile strength test using diametral compression. With the optimum content determined in the dosage (2% emulsion), additions and removals of 0.5% asphalt emulsion from this content were performed. Consequently, three specimens were molded with concentrations of 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5% of slow-setting cationic asphalt emulsion. These specimens were then subjected to drained triaxial tests under multi-stage loading, using 5 different stress pairs, totaling 50,000 cycles. Analyzing the regions defined by the total and permanent deformation curves allowed studying the plastic and elastic response, the proportionality between these regions, and the increase in elastic and plastic regions of the soil and stabilized soil in a single test, providing a more accurate interpretation. Regarding the measured deformations, as the deviator stress was increased with each loading cycle, the stabilized samples exhibited an increase in plastic deformations compared to the natural soil (control). It was also observed a proportional increase in the resilient region, indicating that the addition of asphalt made the soil less rigid but provided cohesion that was absent before stabilization. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-01-02 Full Text: PDF
{"title":"Evaluation of the Mechanical Behavior of Soil Stabilized with Asphalt Emulsion Using Multi-Stage Loading","authors":"A. S. de Medeiros, M. H. Sant’Anna Cardoso, M. A. V. Da Silva","doi":"10.28991/cej-2024-010-01-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2024-010-01-02","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this research was to assess the mechanical response (resilient and plastic) of soil stabilized with petroleum asphalt concrete using asphalt emulsion under multi-stage loading. To enhance the adhesion of the asphalt film to the soil grains, the stabilized soil underwent air-drying curing for seven days. Dosage was conducted through the indirect tensile strength test using diametral compression. With the optimum content determined in the dosage (2% emulsion), additions and removals of 0.5% asphalt emulsion from this content were performed. Consequently, three specimens were molded with concentrations of 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5% of slow-setting cationic asphalt emulsion. These specimens were then subjected to drained triaxial tests under multi-stage loading, using 5 different stress pairs, totaling 50,000 cycles. Analyzing the regions defined by the total and permanent deformation curves allowed studying the plastic and elastic response, the proportionality between these regions, and the increase in elastic and plastic regions of the soil and stabilized soil in a single test, providing a more accurate interpretation. Regarding the measured deformations, as the deviator stress was increased with each loading cycle, the stabilized samples exhibited an increase in plastic deformations compared to the natural soil (control). It was also observed a proportional increase in the resilient region, indicating that the addition of asphalt made the soil less rigid but provided cohesion that was absent before stabilization. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-01-02 Full Text: PDF","PeriodicalId":10233,"journal":{"name":"Civil Engineering Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140521217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.28991/cej-2024-010-01-010
Husein A. Alzgool, Ahmad M. Shawashreh, Lujain A. Albtoosh, Basil A. Abusamra
The scarcity of waste in some regions has led to the contemplation of other approaches to providing potable water for human use. In the present research, it is proposed that a portion of the brine wastewater be recycled for potable water purposes through its incorporation into concrete and reinforced concrete compositions. The researchers performed an extensive empirical investigation to examine the impact of incorporating brine wastewater into the concrete mixture on the shear strength, bending stress, and compressive strength of the material. A total of seventy-two beams, each measuring 500 mm in length, 100 mm in width, and 100 mm in depth, were observed. A total of twelve beams were designated as control specimens, while an additional sixty beams were subjected to immersion in brine wastewater at varying concentrations of 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, and 15%. The beams were reinforced using two longitudinal steel bars with a diameter of 8 millimeters in the tension zone and 6 millimeters in the compression zone. The stirrups included in the study were also measured to have a diameter of 4 mm. The samples were examined at intervals of seven, fourteen, twenty-one, and twenty-eight days. Based on the findings of this study and other relevant studies, it was determined that the use of 10% fresh water as a substitute for brine wastewater yielded the most optimal outcomes. The results obtained after a duration of 28 days indicate a notable increase in both the compressive and bending strengths of the concrete samples, with improvements of around 22% and 2.6% seen in comparison to the reference specimens. The impact of brine wastewater on the corrosion of reinforcing steel in reinforced concrete was investigated. The empirical findings indicated that the introduction of brine wastewater at a concentration of 10% to the concrete constituents did not provide any discernible repercussions over a period of 65 days. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-01-010 Full Text: PDF
{"title":"Experimental investigations: Reinforced Concrete Beams Bending Strength with Brine Wastewater in Short Age","authors":"Husein A. Alzgool, Ahmad M. Shawashreh, Lujain A. Albtoosh, Basil A. Abusamra","doi":"10.28991/cej-2024-010-01-010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2024-010-01-010","url":null,"abstract":"The scarcity of waste in some regions has led to the contemplation of other approaches to providing potable water for human use. In the present research, it is proposed that a portion of the brine wastewater be recycled for potable water purposes through its incorporation into concrete and reinforced concrete compositions. The researchers performed an extensive empirical investigation to examine the impact of incorporating brine wastewater into the concrete mixture on the shear strength, bending stress, and compressive strength of the material. A total of seventy-two beams, each measuring 500 mm in length, 100 mm in width, and 100 mm in depth, were observed. A total of twelve beams were designated as control specimens, while an additional sixty beams were subjected to immersion in brine wastewater at varying concentrations of 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, and 15%. The beams were reinforced using two longitudinal steel bars with a diameter of 8 millimeters in the tension zone and 6 millimeters in the compression zone. The stirrups included in the study were also measured to have a diameter of 4 mm. The samples were examined at intervals of seven, fourteen, twenty-one, and twenty-eight days. Based on the findings of this study and other relevant studies, it was determined that the use of 10% fresh water as a substitute for brine wastewater yielded the most optimal outcomes. The results obtained after a duration of 28 days indicate a notable increase in both the compressive and bending strengths of the concrete samples, with improvements of around 22% and 2.6% seen in comparison to the reference specimens. The impact of brine wastewater on the corrosion of reinforcing steel in reinforced concrete was investigated. The empirical findings indicated that the introduction of brine wastewater at a concentration of 10% to the concrete constituents did not provide any discernible repercussions over a period of 65 days. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-01-010 Full Text: PDF","PeriodicalId":10233,"journal":{"name":"Civil Engineering Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140523860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.28991/cej-2024-010-01-08
Achmad Z. Mansur, R. Djamaluddin, H. Parung, R. Irmawaty
Reinforced concrete beams must meet strength and durability standards, but aggressive environmental factors are the main cause of corrosion, which can affect the strength and durability of building structures. Maintenance, retrofitting, and reinforcement of structures are important to ensure safety. It is necessary to take appropriate measures to address corrosion problems in building structures early on. One way to achieve this is by repairing damaged structures using more modern and effective technologies and materials. This study aims to determine the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) beams repaired with Sikagrout-215 material and reinforced with GFRP sheets with different layer configurations. The study used three RC beams as the control group, three RC beams coated with Sikagrout-215 mortar, and six RC beams reinforced with GFRP. All beams were subjected to 4-point bending tests to determine their load capacity, crack response, ductility, and energy absorption capacity. The results showed that repair with grouting decreased the load capacity, while reinforcement with a combination of mortar grouting and GFRP increased the maximum load. Reinforcement of the support region could restore the function of the beam by 9.3%. Among the three types of reinforcement, BGRST significantly improved the first crack response, yield response, and ultimate performance of the RC beams. Beam fracture occurred more frequently with Sikagrout-215 mortar reinforcement, while reinforcement with GFRP composites partially protected the load capacity after fracture. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-01-08 Full Text: PDF
{"title":"Study of Post-Spalling Reinforced Concrete Beam Repair Using Grouting and GFRP Reinforcement","authors":"Achmad Z. Mansur, R. Djamaluddin, H. Parung, R. Irmawaty","doi":"10.28991/cej-2024-010-01-08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2024-010-01-08","url":null,"abstract":"Reinforced concrete beams must meet strength and durability standards, but aggressive environmental factors are the main cause of corrosion, which can affect the strength and durability of building structures. Maintenance, retrofitting, and reinforcement of structures are important to ensure safety. It is necessary to take appropriate measures to address corrosion problems in building structures early on. One way to achieve this is by repairing damaged structures using more modern and effective technologies and materials. This study aims to determine the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) beams repaired with Sikagrout-215 material and reinforced with GFRP sheets with different layer configurations. The study used three RC beams as the control group, three RC beams coated with Sikagrout-215 mortar, and six RC beams reinforced with GFRP. All beams were subjected to 4-point bending tests to determine their load capacity, crack response, ductility, and energy absorption capacity. The results showed that repair with grouting decreased the load capacity, while reinforcement with a combination of mortar grouting and GFRP increased the maximum load. Reinforcement of the support region could restore the function of the beam by 9.3%. Among the three types of reinforcement, BGRST significantly improved the first crack response, yield response, and ultimate performance of the RC beams. Beam fracture occurred more frequently with Sikagrout-215 mortar reinforcement, while reinforcement with GFRP composites partially protected the load capacity after fracture. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-01-08 Full Text: PDF","PeriodicalId":10233,"journal":{"name":"Civil Engineering Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140526197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.28991/cej-2024-010-01-016
Amjad A. Yasin
This study explores how dynamic characteristics of concrete, such as dynamic shear modulus, dynamic modulus of elasticity, and dynamic Poisson's ratio, affect stability and performance in civil engineering applications. Traditional testing procedures, which include the time-consuming and costly process of mixing and casting specimens, are both time-consuming and costly. The primary objective of this research is to improve efficiency by using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and regression analysis to predict the dynamic properties of concrete, providing a machine-learning-based alternative to traditional experimental methodologies. A set of 72 concrete specimens was methodically built and evaluated, with compressive strengths of 50 MPa, aspect ratios ranging from 1 to 2.5, and an average density of 2400 kg/m3. An input dataset and ANN targets were built using these samples. The ANN model, which used cutting-edge deep learning techniques, went through extensive training, validation, and testing, as well as statistical regression analysis. A comparison shows that the predicted dynamic modulus of elasticity and shear modulus using both ANN and regression approaches nearly match the experimental values, with a maximum error of 5%. Despite good forecasts for the dynamic Poisson's ratio, errors of up to 20% were detected on occasion, which were attributed to sample shape variations. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-01-016 Full Text: PDF
本研究探讨了混凝土的动态特性（如动态剪切模量、动态弹性模量和动态泊松比）如何影响土木工程应用中的稳定性和性能。传统的测试程序包括耗时且成本高昂的混合和浇注试样过程。本研究的主要目的是利用人工神经网络（ANN）和回归分析预测混凝土的动态特性，提供一种基于机器学习的方法来替代传统的实验方法，从而提高效率。研究人员有条不紊地制作并评估了一组 72 个混凝土试件，试件的抗压强度为 50 兆帕，长宽比为 1 至 2.5，平均密度为 2400 千克/立方米。利用这些样本建立了输入数据集和 ANN 目标。ANN 模型采用了最先进的深度学习技术，经过了大量的训练、验证和测试以及统计回归分析。比较结果表明，使用 ANN 和回归方法预测的动态弹性模量和剪切模量几乎与实验值相吻合，最大误差为 5%。尽管对动态泊松比的预测良好，但有时也会发现高达 20% 的误差，这归因于样品形状的变化。Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-016 全文：PDF
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Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.28991/cej-2024-010-01-018
S. S. Abdul Rahman, K. S. Satyanarayanan
This study investigated the structural behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) frames infilled with masonry walls and polyurethane (PU) sandwich wall panels at elevated temperatures. This study aims to assess the influence of temperature on the stiffness and load-carrying capacity of infilled frames, optimize the thickness of the sandwich wall panel, and compare the performance of masonry and sandwich infill systems. Analytical investigations were conducted using finite element analysis software (ABAQUS) to simulate the behavior of the frames at elevated temperatures and consider various configurations of skin thickness for PU sandwich panels. Experimental tests were performed to validate the analytical results. The frames were subjected to transient temperature conditions and uniform unit loads to evaluate their response. Experimental tests were conducted on RC frames infilled with masonry and sandwich-wall panels at elevated temperatures. The frames were subjected to static loading, and their deformations and failure modes were observed. The analytical study revealed that an increase in the skin thickness of the sandwich panel improved its temperature resistance, stress-withstanding ability, and displacement. A skin thickness of 0.45 mm was determined to be the optimal choice considering stress levels and economic factors. The infilled frame with the sandwich wall panel exhibited a 19.22% higher initial stiffness than the masonry wall panel in the experimental tests. The ultimate load-carrying capacity decreased by 17.86% in the infilled sandwich wall panel frame compared to the masonry infill system. The study provides valuable insights into the behavior of RC frames infilled with masonry walls and sandwich wall panels under elevated temperatures. The optimized thickness of the PU sandwich panel was determined by balancing the thermal resistance and the structural performance. The infilled frames with sandwich wall panels exhibited enhanced stiffness but slightly reduced ultimate load-carrying capacity compared with the masonry infill. These findings contribute to the understanding of thermal effects on building structures and can aid in the design and construction of more resilient and efficient buildings in the future. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-01-018 Full Text: PDF
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