Silvia-Juliana Jerez-Mogollón, Laura-Viviana Rueda-Quiñonez, Laura-Yulexi Alfonso-Velazco, A. Barajas-Solano, C. Barajas-Ferreira, V. Kafarov
This work studied the improvement of biomass and carbohydrate (glucose and xylose) lab.scale productivity in Chlorella vulgaris UTEX 1803 through the use of the carbon/nitrogen ratio. In order to do so, mixotrophic cultures were made by the modification of initial concentration of CH3COONa (5, 10 and 20 mM) and NaNO3 (0.97, 1.94 and 2.94 mM). All treatments were maintained at 23 1oC, with light/dark cycles of 12h : 12h for 5 days. It was found that in addition to the carbon/nitrogen ratio, time also influences the concentration of biomass and carbohydrates. The treatment containing 10 mM acetate: 1.94 mM nitrate, reached a concentration of 0.79 g/L of biomass, 76.9 Eg/mL of xylose and 73.7 Eg/mL of glucose in the fifth day. However, the treatment containing 20 mM acetate: 0.97 mM nitrate produced 1.04 g/L of biomass, 78.9 Eg/mL of xylose and 77.2 Eg/mL of glucose in the third day, while in the same day the treatment containing 0 mM acetate: 2.94 mM nitrate, produced 0.55 g/L of biomass, 40.2 Eg/mL of xylose and 31.3 Eg/mL of glucose. The use of carbon/nitrogen ratios improved biomass productivity (from 0.55 to 1.04 g/L) as well as xylose (from 40.2 to 78.9 Eg/mL) and glucose (from 31.3 to 77.2 Eg/mL) concentration, representing an improvement of up to two times the production of both biomass and carbohydrates in only 3 days of culture.
{"title":"IMPROVEMENT OF LAB-SCALE PRODUCTION OF MICROALGAL CARBOHYDRATES FOR BIOFUEL PRODUCTION","authors":"Silvia-Juliana Jerez-Mogollón, Laura-Viviana Rueda-Quiñonez, Laura-Yulexi Alfonso-Velazco, A. Barajas-Solano, C. Barajas-Ferreira, V. Kafarov","doi":"10.29047/01225383.209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.209","url":null,"abstract":"This work studied the improvement of biomass and carbohydrate (glucose and xylose) lab.scale productivity \u0000in Chlorella vulgaris UTEX 1803 through the use of the carbon/nitrogen ratio. In order to do \u0000so, mixotrophic cultures were made by the modification of initial concentration of CH3COONa (5, \u000010 and 20 mM) and NaNO3 (0.97, 1.94 and 2.94 mM). All treatments were maintained at 23 1oC, with \u0000light/dark cycles of 12h : 12h for 5 days. \u0000It was found that in addition to the carbon/nitrogen ratio, time also influences the concentration of biomass \u0000and carbohydrates. The treatment containing 10 mM acetate: 1.94 mM nitrate, reached a concentration of \u00000.79 g/L of biomass, 76.9 Eg/mL of xylose and 73.7 Eg/mL of glucose in the fifth day. However, the treatment \u0000containing 20 mM acetate: 0.97 mM nitrate produced 1.04 g/L of biomass, 78.9 Eg/mL of xylose and \u000077.2 Eg/mL of glucose in the third day, while in the same day the treatment containing 0 mM acetate: 2.94 \u0000mM nitrate, produced 0.55 g/L of biomass, 40.2 Eg/mL of xylose and 31.3 Eg/mL of glucose. \u0000The use of carbon/nitrogen ratios improved biomass productivity (from 0.55 to 1.04 g/L) as well as xylose \u0000(from 40.2 to 78.9 Eg/mL) and glucose (from 31.3 to 77.2 Eg/mL) concentration, representing an improvement \u0000of up to two times the production of both biomass and carbohydrates in only 3 days of culture.","PeriodicalId":10235,"journal":{"name":"Ciencia Tecnologia y Futuro","volume":"42 1","pages":"103-116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86736443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biodiesels are promoted as alternative fuels due to their potential to reduce dependency on fossil fuels and carbon emissions. Research in this field has focused on the study of the emissions of light duty vehicles. However, particle matter and gaseous emissions emitted from heavy-duty diesel engines fueled by Jatropha Oil Biodiesel (JOB) and Ultra-Low Sulphur Diesel (ULSD) has not been studied. The objective of this study is to explore the performance and emission levels of a Cummins 4-stroke, 4.8 liter, 4-cylinder diesel engine with common rail fuel injection, equipped with a cooled Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR). There was a substantial reduction by the use of JOB in unburned hydrocarbons (- 45%), carbon monoxide (- 75%), and particulate matter (- 25%) compared to emission from diesel fuel. At mid and high loads, NOx emissions were higher for JOB compared to ULSD. Most of the particles (64%) for ULSD were in a range of between 40 and 560 nm. On the other hand, most of the particles (94%) for JCB mode were between 6 and 40 nm. In the range between 6 and 40 nm, mass mean diameters in ULSD were 34.4, 34.7 and 33.3 nm while for JOB they were 21.3, 18.2 and 20.1 nm for 100, 50 for a 10% load, respectively.
{"title":"PARTICLE MATTER FROM A DIESEL ENGINE FUELED WITH JATROPHA CURCAS OIL BIODIESEL AND ULTRA-LOW SULPHUR DIESEL","authors":"Helmer-Rodolfo Acevedo-Gamboa, E. Flórez-Serrano","doi":"10.29047/01225383.211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.211","url":null,"abstract":"Biodiesels are promoted as alternative fuels due to their potential to reduce dependency on fossil fuels and carbon emissions. Research in this field has focused on the study of the emissions of light duty vehicles. However, particle matter and gaseous emissions emitted from heavy-duty diesel engines fueled by Jatropha Oil Biodiesel (JOB) and Ultra-Low Sulphur Diesel (ULSD) has not been studied. The objective of this study is to explore the performance and emission levels of a Cummins 4-stroke, 4.8 liter, 4-cylinder diesel engine with common rail fuel injection, equipped with a cooled Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR). There was a substantial reduction by the use of JOB in unburned hydrocarbons (- 45%), carbon monoxide (- 75%), and particulate matter (- 25%) compared to emission from diesel fuel. At mid and high loads, NOx emissions were higher for JOB compared to ULSD. Most of the particles (64%) for ULSD were in a range of between 40 and 560 nm. On the other hand, most of the particles (94%) for JCB mode were between 6 and 40 nm. In the range between 6 and 40 nm, mass mean diameters in ULSD were 34.4, 34.7 and 33.3 nm while for JOB they were 21.3, 18.2 and 20.1 nm for 100, 50 for a 10% load, respectively.","PeriodicalId":10235,"journal":{"name":"Ciencia Tecnologia y Futuro","volume":"16 1","pages":"83-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78244201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diana-Carolina Cruz-Forero, Oscar-Andrés González-Ruiz, L. López-Giraldo
^len^aABSTRACT This paper validates and implements an Extended Constituent Fragments methodology (ECF) for the calculation of thermophysical properties of vegetable oils considering the latter as triglyceride (TAG's) mixtures, both homogeneous and heterogeneous. For this purpose, three different vegetables oils were chosen (soybean oil, canola and olive) and their TAG's profiles were estimated using the ECN 42 generalized method. The ECF methodology estimates the properties of TAG's from their fragment composition and specific parameters of each property, which are adjusted using experimental information available in literature. The average relative errors of calculated properties were between 1 and 32% depending on the oil and the property. These errors were significantly lower than those obtained using the Aspen HYSYS commercial software, which oscillates between 70 and 100%. Additionally, by extrapolating the constituent fragments methodology a method for calculating boiling temperatures of TAG's with average relative errors of ∼1% was proposed. The calculations of properties for the ECF method were performed using the OIL-CALPROP software developed specifically for this purpose.^les^aRESUMEN En este trabajo se valida e implementa la metodologia de Fragmentos Constituyentes Extendida (FCE) al calculo de propiedades termofisicas de aceites vegetales considerando a estos ultimos como mezclas de trigliceridos (TAG's) tanto homogeneos como heterogeneos. Para tal fin, se seleccionan tres aceites modelo (aceite de soja, canola y oliva) a los cuales se les estimaron los perfiles en TAG's, a partir de su perfil en acidos grasos empleando el metodo ECN 42 generalizado. Con el metodo de FCE se estiman las propiedades de los TAG's a partir de la composicion en fragmentos y parametros especificos de cada propiedad, los cuales son ajustados empleando informacion experimental disponible en la literatura. Los errores relativos promedio de las propiedades calculadas fluctuan entre el 1 y el 32% dependiendo del aceite y la propiedad. Estos errores son significativamente menores que los obtenidos empleando el software comercial Aspen HYSYS los cuales oscilan entre 70 y 100%.Adicionalmente, extrapolando la metodologia de fragmentos constituyentes, se propuso un metodo que permite el calculo de temperaturas de ebullicion de TAG's con errores relativos promedio de ∼1%. Los calculos de propiedades para el metodo FCE se realizaron usando el software OIL-CALPROP desarrollado especificamente para este proposito.^lpt^aRESUMO Neste trabalho se valida e implementa a metodologia de Fragmentos Constituintes Estendida (FCE) ao calculo de propriedades termofisicas de oleos vegetais considerando a estes ultimos como misturas de triglicerideos (TAG's) tanto homogeneos como heterogeneos. Para tal fim, selecionam-se tres oleos modelo (oleo de soja, canola e oliva) aos quais foram estimados os perfis em TAG's, a partir do seu perfil em acidos grassos empregando o metodo ECN 42 ge
{"title":"CALCULATION OF THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF OILS AND TRIACYLGLYCEROLS USING AN EXTENDED CONSTITUENT FRAGMENTS APPROACH","authors":"Diana-Carolina Cruz-Forero, Oscar-Andrés González-Ruiz, L. López-Giraldo","doi":"10.29047/01225383.212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.212","url":null,"abstract":"^len^aABSTRACT This paper validates and implements an Extended Constituent Fragments methodology (ECF) for the calculation of thermophysical properties of vegetable oils considering the latter as triglyceride (TAG's) mixtures, both homogeneous and heterogeneous. For this purpose, three different vegetables oils were chosen (soybean oil, canola and olive) and their TAG's profiles were estimated using the ECN 42 generalized method. The ECF methodology estimates the properties of TAG's from their fragment composition and specific parameters of each property, which are adjusted using experimental information available in literature. The average relative errors of calculated properties were between 1 and 32% depending on the oil and the property. These errors were significantly lower than those obtained using the Aspen HYSYS commercial software, which oscillates between 70 and 100%. Additionally, by extrapolating the constituent fragments methodology a method for calculating boiling temperatures of TAG's with average relative errors of ∼1% was proposed. The calculations of properties for the ECF method were performed using the OIL-CALPROP software developed specifically for this purpose.^les^aRESUMEN En este trabajo se valida e implementa la metodologia de Fragmentos Constituyentes Extendida (FCE) al calculo de propiedades termofisicas de aceites vegetales considerando a estos ultimos como mezclas de trigliceridos (TAG's) tanto homogeneos como heterogeneos. Para tal fin, se seleccionan tres aceites modelo (aceite de soja, canola y oliva) a los cuales se les estimaron los perfiles en TAG's, a partir de su perfil en acidos grasos empleando el metodo ECN 42 generalizado. Con el metodo de FCE se estiman las propiedades de los TAG's a partir de la composicion en fragmentos y parametros especificos de cada propiedad, los cuales son ajustados empleando informacion experimental disponible en la literatura. Los errores relativos promedio de las propiedades calculadas fluctuan entre el 1 y el 32% dependiendo del aceite y la propiedad. Estos errores son significativamente menores que los obtenidos empleando el software comercial Aspen HYSYS los cuales oscilan entre 70 y 100%.Adicionalmente, extrapolando la metodologia de fragmentos constituyentes, se propuso un metodo que permite el calculo de temperaturas de ebullicion de TAG's con errores relativos promedio de ∼1%. Los calculos de propiedades para el metodo FCE se realizaron usando el software OIL-CALPROP desarrollado especificamente para este proposito.^lpt^aRESUMO Neste trabalho se valida e implementa a metodologia de Fragmentos Constituintes Estendida (FCE) ao calculo de propriedades termofisicas de oleos vegetais considerando a estes ultimos como misturas de triglicerideos (TAG's) tanto homogeneos como heterogeneos. Para tal fim, selecionam-se tres oleos modelo (oleo de soja, canola e oliva) aos quais foram estimados os perfis em TAG's, a partir do seu perfil em acidos grassos empregando o metodo ECN 42 ge","PeriodicalId":10235,"journal":{"name":"Ciencia Tecnologia y Futuro","volume":"39 1","pages":"67-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74056823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Flor A. Vivas-Mejía, Herling González-Alvarez, L. E. Jaimes-Osorio, Nancy Espindola-López
Amplitude preservation in Pre-Stack Depth Migration (PSDM) processes that use wave field extrapolation must be ensured – first, in the operators used to continue the wavefield in time or depth, and second, in the imaging condition used to estimate the reflectivity function. In the later point, the conventional correlation-type imaging condition must be replaced by a deconvolution-type imaging condition. Migration performed in common-shot profile domain obtains the final migrated image as the superposition of images resulting of migrate each shot separately. The amplitude obtained in a point of the migrated image corresponds to the sum of the reflectivities for each shot which has illuminated such point, along the angles determined by the velocity model and the positions of the source and the receiver. The deeper the reflector, the lower the amplitude of the illumination field will be. As result, the correlation-type imaging condition produces images with an unbalanced amplitude decrease with depth. A deconvolution-type imaging condition scales the amplitudes through a correlation, using the weighting function dependent on the spectral density or the illumination of the downgoing wave field. In this article, two possible scaling functions have been used in the case of a single shot. In the case of data with multiple shots, five scaling possibilities are presented with the spectral density or the illumination function. The results of applying these imaging conditions to synthetic data with multiple shots show that the values of the amplitude in the migrated images are influenced by the coverage of the common midpoint, compensating this effect only in one of the imaging conditions described. Numerical experiments with synthetic data generated using Seismic Unix and the Sigsbee2a data are presented, highlighting that in velocity fields with strong vertical and lateral velocity variations, the balance of the amplitudes of the deep reflectors relative to the shallow reflectors is strongly influenced by the imaging condition applied.
{"title":"DECONVOLUTION-TYPE IMAGING CONDITION EFFECTS ON SHOT-PROFILE MIGRATION AMPLITUDES","authors":"Flor A. Vivas-Mejía, Herling González-Alvarez, L. E. Jaimes-Osorio, Nancy Espindola-López","doi":"10.29047/01225383.217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.217","url":null,"abstract":"Amplitude preservation in Pre-Stack Depth Migration (PSDM) processes that use wave field extrapolation must be ensured – first, in the operators used to continue the wavefield in time or depth, and second, in the imaging condition used to estimate the reflectivity function. In the later point, the conventional correlation-type imaging condition must be replaced by a deconvolution-type imaging condition. Migration performed in common-shot profile domain obtains the final migrated image as the superposition of images resulting of migrate each shot separately. The amplitude obtained in a point of the migrated image corresponds to the sum of the reflectivities for each shot which has illuminated such point, along the angles determined by the velocity model and the positions of the source and the receiver. The deeper the reflector, the lower the amplitude of the illumination field will be. As result, the correlation-type imaging condition produces images with an unbalanced amplitude decrease with depth. A deconvolution-type imaging condition scales the amplitudes through a correlation, using the weighting function dependent on the spectral density or the illumination of the downgoing wave field. In this article, two possible scaling functions have been used in the case of a single shot. In the case of data with multiple shots, five scaling possibilities are presented with the spectral density or the illumination function. The results of applying these imaging conditions to synthetic data with multiple shots show that the values of the amplitude in the migrated images are influenced by the coverage of the common midpoint, compensating this effect only in one of the imaging conditions described. Numerical experiments with synthetic data generated using Seismic Unix and the Sigsbee2a data are presented, highlighting that in velocity fields with strong vertical and lateral velocity variations, the balance of the amplitudes of the deep reflectors relative to the shallow reflectors is strongly influenced by the imaging condition applied.","PeriodicalId":10235,"journal":{"name":"Ciencia Tecnologia y Futuro","volume":"6 1","pages":"5-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91038802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since conventional oil is almost depleted, oil companies are focusing their efforts on exploiting heavy oil reserves. A modern and practical technique using the pressure and pressure derivative, log-log plot for estimating the well-drainage area in closed and constant-pressure reservoirs, drained by a vertical well is presented by considering a non-Newtonian flow model for describing the fluid behavior. Several synthetic examples were presented for demonstration and verification purposes. Such fluids as heavy oil, fracturing fluids, some fluids used for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) and drilling muds can behave as either Power-law or Bingham, usually referred to as the non-Newtonian fluids. Currently, there is no way to estimate the well-drainage area from conventional well test analysis when a non-Newtonian fluid is dealt with; therefore, none of the commercial well test interpretation package can estimate this parameter (drainage area).
{"title":"DETERMINATION OF WELL-DRAINAGE AREA FOR POWER-LAW FLUIDS BY TRANSIENT PRESSURE ANALYSIS","authors":"F. Escobar, Laura-Jimena Vega, L. Bonilla","doi":"10.29047/01225383.214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.214","url":null,"abstract":"Since conventional oil is almost depleted, oil companies are focusing their efforts on exploiting heavy oil reserves. A modern and practical technique using the pressure and pressure derivative, log-log plot for estimating the well-drainage area in closed and constant-pressure reservoirs, drained by a vertical well is presented by considering a non-Newtonian flow model for describing the fluid behavior. Several synthetic examples were presented for demonstration and verification purposes. Such fluids as heavy oil, fracturing fluids, some fluids used for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) and drilling muds can behave as either Power-law or Bingham, usually referred to as the non-Newtonian fluids. Currently, there is no way to estimate the well-drainage area from conventional well test analysis when a non-Newtonian fluid is dealt with; therefore, none of the commercial well test interpretation package can estimate this parameter (drainage area).","PeriodicalId":10235,"journal":{"name":"Ciencia Tecnologia y Futuro","volume":"61 1","pages":"45-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78045854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yessica Prada Palomo, Marly Romero Vanegas, Pedro Miguel Diaz Ruiz, Daniel Molina Velasco, Carolina Guzmán Luna
Lactic Acid (LA) is a versatile compound with extensive industrial usage. Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) are renowned for their capacity to ferment carbohydrates to LA. In the biodiesel industry, bioconversion of residual glycerol to monomers of biopolymers, such as LA, is an alternative for usage of this waste as raw material to produce a high value added biotechnological compound. This research evaluates LA production through fermentation processes using a Lactobacillus sp. native strain and raw glycerol from the biodiesel industry. Native strain was isolated from the processing of dairy, fruit, and vegetable products and through cultures in Man, Rogosa & Sharpe agar (MRS). After an adaptation phase, the fermentative capability of the strain was evaluated through chemical quantification of metabolites using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR); fermentative potential was compared with a Lactobacillus sp. reference strain (ATCC 7469). The native strain Lactobacillus sp. CYP4 showed a higher bioconversion potential (LA concentration: 39.41 mM, conversion percentage: 39.27%, at 24 h, volumetric productivity: 1.28 g.L-1.h-1, yield: 0.71 g·g-1) from raw glycerol, when compared to the reference strain.
乳酸(LA)是一种具有广泛工业用途的多功能化合物。乳酸菌(LAB)以其将碳水化合物发酵成乳酸的能力而闻名。在生物柴油工业中，将残甘油转化为生物聚合物单体，如LA，是利用这些废物作为原料生产高附加值生物技术化合物的另一种选择。本研究评估了乳酸生产通过发酵过程使用乳酸杆菌sp.本地菌株和生甘油从生物柴油工业。本地菌株是从乳制品、水果和蔬菜产品的加工中分离出来的，并通过Man、Rogosa和Sharpe琼脂(MRS)培养。经过一段适应期后，利用核磁共振(1H-NMR)对菌株的代谢物进行化学定量分析，评估菌株的发酵能力;并与一株乳酸杆菌参考菌株ATCC 7469进行了比较。与参比菌株相比，天然菌株CYP4对生甘油具有更高的生物转化潜力(24 h时LA浓度为39.41 mM，转化率为39.27%，体积产率为1.28 g. l -1 -1，产量为0.71 g·g-1)。
{"title":"Lactic acid production by Lactobacillus sp. from biodiesel derived raw glycerol","authors":"Yessica Prada Palomo, Marly Romero Vanegas, Pedro Miguel Diaz Ruiz, Daniel Molina Velasco, Carolina Guzmán Luna","doi":"10.29047/01225383.213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.213","url":null,"abstract":"Lactic Acid (LA) is a versatile compound with extensive industrial usage. Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) are\u0000renowned for their capacity to ferment carbohydrates to LA. In the biodiesel industry, bioconversion\u0000of residual glycerol to monomers of biopolymers, such as LA, is an alternative for usage of this waste\u0000as raw material to produce a high value added biotechnological compound. This research evaluates LA\u0000production through fermentation processes using a Lactobacillus sp. native strain and raw glycerol from the\u0000biodiesel industry. Native strain was isolated from the processing of dairy, fruit, and vegetable products and\u0000through cultures in Man, Rogosa & Sharpe agar (MRS). After an adaptation phase, the fermentative capability\u0000of the strain was evaluated through chemical quantification of metabolites using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance\u0000(1H-NMR); fermentative potential was compared with a Lactobacillus sp. reference strain (ATCC 7469). The\u0000native strain Lactobacillus sp. CYP4 showed a higher bioconversion potential (LA concentration: 39.41 mM,\u0000conversion percentage: 39.27%, at 24 h, volumetric productivity: 1.28 g.L-1.h-1, yield: 0.71 g·g-1) from raw\u0000glycerol, when compared to the reference strain.","PeriodicalId":10235,"journal":{"name":"Ciencia Tecnologia y Futuro","volume":"22 1","pages":"57-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80023082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Los crudo pesados son considerados actualmente como una clase de yacimientos no convencional de mayor interes para la industria petrolera. Algunos de ellos muestran un comportamiento no Newtoniano pseudoplastico cuyo modelo matematico difiere del caso convencional y por ende, los regimenes de flujo presentan algunos comportamientos particulares. Los fluidos de fracturamiento, las espumas, algunos fluidos usados en recobro mejorado y los lodos de perforacion tambien caen en esta categoria. El flujo esferico/hemisferico causado por completamiento/penetracion parcial merece un tratamiento especial para flujo pseudoplastico. Se encontro para este caso una sola investigacion en la literatura que solo introduce el modelo matematico. En este trabajo se estudia el comportamiento de la presion y la derivada de presion para flujo esferico/hemisferico de un fluido ligeramente compresible, no Newtoniano ley de potencia (pseudoplastico) y se extienden la metodologias convencional y Tiab´s Direct Synthesis (TDS) para propositos interpretativos de pruebas de pozos. En flujo esferico/hemisferico pseudoplastico, la pendiente de la curva de la derivada ya no es de -½, es mas cambia con el valor del indice de comportamiento de flujo n, lo que indica que la interpretacion de datos de presion para los sistemas en cuestion usando metodos tradicionales no seria exacto. Se introducen nuevas ecuaciones para estimar la permeabilidad esferica/hemisferica y el factor de dano esferico/hemisferico para tales sistemas. Las ecuaciones se verificaron satisfactoriamente con casos simulados.
{"title":"TRANSIENT PRESSURE ANALYSIS FOR VERTICAL WELLS WITH SPHERICAL POWER-LAW FLOW","authors":"F. Escobar, J. Martínez, L. Bonilla","doi":"10.29047/01225383.216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.216","url":null,"abstract":"Los crudo pesados son considerados actualmente como una clase de yacimientos no convencional de \u0000mayor interes para la industria petrolera. Algunos de ellos muestran un comportamiento no Newtoniano \u0000pseudoplastico cuyo modelo matematico difiere del caso convencional y por ende, los regimenes de \u0000flujo presentan algunos comportamientos particulares. Los fluidos de fracturamiento, las espumas, algunos \u0000fluidos usados en recobro mejorado y los lodos de perforacion tambien caen en esta categoria. El flujo \u0000esferico/hemisferico causado por completamiento/penetracion parcial merece un tratamiento especial para \u0000flujo pseudoplastico. Se encontro para este caso una sola investigacion en la literatura que solo introduce \u0000el modelo matematico. \u0000En este trabajo se estudia el comportamiento de la presion y la derivada de presion para flujo esferico/hemisferico \u0000de un fluido ligeramente compresible, no Newtoniano ley de potencia (pseudoplastico) y se extienden \u0000la metodologias convencional y Tiab´s Direct Synthesis (TDS) para propositos interpretativos de pruebas de \u0000pozos. En flujo esferico/hemisferico pseudoplastico, la pendiente de la curva de la derivada ya no es de -½, \u0000es mas cambia con el valor del indice de comportamiento de flujo n, lo que indica que la interpretacion de \u0000datos de presion para los sistemas en cuestion usando metodos tradicionales no seria exacto. Se introducen \u0000nuevas ecuaciones para estimar la permeabilidad esferica/hemisferica y el factor de dano esferico/hemisferico \u0000para tales sistemas. Las ecuaciones se verificaron satisfactoriamente con casos simulados.","PeriodicalId":10235,"journal":{"name":"Ciencia Tecnologia y Futuro","volume":"49 1","pages":"19-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89150939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gustavo-Adolfo Maya-Toro, R. Castro-García, Z. Pachón-Contreras, José-Francisco Zapata-Arango
^len^aABSTRACT Oil recovery by water injection is the most extended technology in the world for additional recovery, however, formation heterogeneity can turn it into highly inefficient and expensive by channeling injected water. This work presents a chemical option that allows controlling the channeling of important amounts of injection water in specific layers, or portions of layers, which is the main explanation for low efficiency in many secondary oil recovery processes. The core of the stages presented here is using partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) cross linked with a metallic ion (Cr+3), which, at high concentrations in the injection water (5000 - 20000 ppm), generates a rigid gel in the reservoir that forces the injected water to enter into the formation through upswept zones. The use of the stages presented here is a process that involves from experimental evaluation for the specific reservoir to the field monitoring, and going through a strict control during the well intervention, being this last step an innovation for this kind of treatments. This paper presents field cases that show positive results, besides the details of design, application and monitoring.^les^aRESUMEN El recobro de hidrocarburos mediante inyeccion de agua es la tecnologia de recobro adicional mas extendida en el mundo, sin embargo, la heterogeneidad del yacimiento puede convertirlo en altamente ineficiente o costoso al provocar la canalizacion del agua. Este trabajo presenta una opcion quimica que, al ser implementada, permite controlar la canalizacion de altos porcentajes de agua inyectada en arenas, o fracciones de arenas especificas; lo cual es una de las principales explicaciones para la baja eficiencia de muchos procesos de recobro secundario. El corazon de los pasos o etapas aqui discutidos es la mezcla de agua con poliacrilamida parcialmente hidrolizada (HPAM), a concentraciones entre 5000 y 20000 ppm, y un ion metalico (Cr+3), mezcla que en el yacimiento forma un gel rigido que desvia el agua inyectada hacia zonas no barridas. Las etapas mencionadas incluyen desde evaluacion experimental hasta monitoreo en campo, pasando por un control estricto de la operacion en el pozo inyector, siendo este ultimo componente completamente innovador para este tipo de tratamientos. Se presentan aqui resultados de campo que demuestran beneficios, al tiempo que se detalla el proceso de diseno, aplicacion y seguimiento.^lpt^aRESUMO Orecobro de hidrocarbonatos mediante injecao de agua e a tecnologia de recobro adicional mais estendida no mundo, entretanto, a heterogeneidade da jazida pode converte-lo em altamente ineficiente ou caro. Este trabalho apresenta uma opcao quimica que, ao serem implementados, permitem controlar a canalizacao de altas porcentagens de agua injetada em areias, ou fracoes de areias, especificas; o qual e uma das principais explicacoes para a baixa eficiencia de muitos processos de recobro secundario. O coracao dos passos ou etapas aqui discutido
注水采油技术是目前世界上应用最广泛的一种提高采收率的技术，然而，地层非均质性会导致注入水的效率极低，成本也很高。这项工作提出了一种化学选择，可以控制特定层或部分层中大量注入水的通道，这是许多二次采油过程效率低的主要原因。这里介绍的阶段的核心是使用部分水解的聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)与金属离子(Cr+3)交联，在注入水中高浓度(5000 - 20000 ppm)，在储层中产生刚性凝胶，迫使注入的水通过上冲层进入地层。本文介绍的阶段的使用过程包括从特定储层的实验评估到现场监测，以及在修井期间的严格控制，这是此类处理的最后一步创新。本文除了介绍了设计、应用和监测等方面的详细情况外，还介绍了取得积极效果的现场实例。les ^ ^ aRESUMEN El recobro de hidrocarburos mediante inyeccion德阿瓜es la tecnologia de recobro时会mas extendida en El mundo组织罪禁运,la heterogeneidad del yacimiento喝水convertirlo en altamente ineficiente o costoso al provocar canalizacion del阿瓜。estabajo提供了一种可选的模式，所有的服务实施，允许控制，对所有的项目进行分析，对所有的项目进行分析，对特定的项目进行分析;在许多情况下，二级重建过程的效率是一个明确的原则。El corazon de los pasos to etapas aqui discutidos as la mezcla de conpoliticamida paralmente hidrolizada (HPAM)，浓度在5000 ~ 20000ppm之间，含离子金属(Cr+3)， mezclon de de conpoliticamida paralmente hidrolizada (HPAM)， mezclon de de conpoliticamida paralmente hidrolizada (HPAM)， mezclon de elaguelinectada hacia zonas no barridas，形成凝胶刚性que desvia El aguelinectada hacia zonas no barridas。主要研究内容包括:油气井设计评价、油气井实验监测、油气井设计控制、油气井设计、油气井设计、油气井设计、油气井设计、油气井设计、油气井设计、油气井设计等。本文提出了一种新的研究方法，即在研究的过程中，在研究的过程中，在研究的过程中，在研究的过程中，在研究的过程中应用。^ 1 ^ 2 ^ 2 ^ 2 ^ 2 ^ 2 ^ 2 ^ 2 ^ 3 ^ 2 ^ 3 ^ 2 ^ 3 ^ 2 ^ 3 ^ 2 ^ 3 ^ 2 ^ 3 ^ 2 ^ 3 ^ 2 ^ 3 ^ 2 ^ 3 ^ 2 ^ 3 ^ 2 ^ 3 ^ 2 ^ 3 ^ 2 ^ 3 ^ 2 ^ 3 ^ 2 ^ 3 ^ 2 ^ 3 ^ 2 ^ 3 ^ 2 ^ 3 ^ 2 ^ 3 ^ 2 ^ 3 ^ 2Este trabalho提出了一种新的操作方法、一种新的执行方法、一种许可控制方法、一种特殊的方法、一种特殊的方法、一种特殊的方法。同样的，我们的原则也明确地说明了在许多过程中效率是次要的。O coracao dos passos ou etapas aqui discutidos a mistura de agua com poliacrilamida paralmente hidrolisada (HPAM)，浓度在5 000至20 000 ppm之间，金属离子(Cr+3);我不知道该怎么做，我不知道该怎么做。作为主要的研究内容，包括设计、实验、监测、控制、操作、处理、完成、处理等方面的研究。在演示过程中，演示过程的结果，演示过程的结果，演示过程的结果，演示过程的结果，演示过程的结果，演示过程的结果。
{"title":"POLYMER GELS FOR CONTROLLING WATER THIEF ZONES IN INJECTION WELLS","authors":"Gustavo-Adolfo Maya-Toro, R. Castro-García, Z. Pachón-Contreras, José-Francisco Zapata-Arango","doi":"10.29047/01225383.215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.215","url":null,"abstract":"^len^aABSTRACT Oil recovery by water injection is the most extended technology in the world for additional recovery, however, formation heterogeneity can turn it into highly inefficient and expensive by channeling injected water. This work presents a chemical option that allows controlling the channeling of important amounts of injection water in specific layers, or portions of layers, which is the main explanation for low efficiency in many secondary oil recovery processes. The core of the stages presented here is using partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) cross linked with a metallic ion (Cr+3), which, at high concentrations in the injection water (5000 - 20000 ppm), generates a rigid gel in the reservoir that forces the injected water to enter into the formation through upswept zones. The use of the stages presented here is a process that involves from experimental evaluation for the specific reservoir to the field monitoring, and going through a strict control during the well intervention, being this last step an innovation for this kind of treatments. This paper presents field cases that show positive results, besides the details of design, application and monitoring.^les^aRESUMEN El recobro de hidrocarburos mediante inyeccion de agua es la tecnologia de recobro adicional mas extendida en el mundo, sin embargo, la heterogeneidad del yacimiento puede convertirlo en altamente ineficiente o costoso al provocar la canalizacion del agua. Este trabajo presenta una opcion quimica que, al ser implementada, permite controlar la canalizacion de altos porcentajes de agua inyectada en arenas, o fracciones de arenas especificas; lo cual es una de las principales explicaciones para la baja eficiencia de muchos procesos de recobro secundario. El corazon de los pasos o etapas aqui discutidos es la mezcla de agua con poliacrilamida parcialmente hidrolizada (HPAM), a concentraciones entre 5000 y 20000 ppm, y un ion metalico (Cr+3), mezcla que en el yacimiento forma un gel rigido que desvia el agua inyectada hacia zonas no barridas. Las etapas mencionadas incluyen desde evaluacion experimental hasta monitoreo en campo, pasando por un control estricto de la operacion en el pozo inyector, siendo este ultimo componente completamente innovador para este tipo de tratamientos. Se presentan aqui resultados de campo que demuestran beneficios, al tiempo que se detalla el proceso de diseno, aplicacion y seguimiento.^lpt^aRESUMO Orecobro de hidrocarbonatos mediante injecao de agua e a tecnologia de recobro adicional mais estendida no mundo, entretanto, a heterogeneidade da jazida pode converte-lo em altamente ineficiente ou caro. Este trabalho apresenta uma opcao quimica que, ao serem implementados, permitem controlar a canalizacao de altas porcentagens de agua injetada em areias, ou fracoes de areias, especificas; o qual e uma das principais explicacoes para a baixa eficiencia de muitos processos de recobro secundario. O coracao dos passos ou etapas aqui discutido","PeriodicalId":10235,"journal":{"name":"Ciencia Tecnologia y Futuro","volume":"5 1","pages":"37-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75309161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Juan-Sebastián Gómez-Meyer, S. Gollahalli, R. Parthasarathy, J. Quiroga
In this article, the flame speed values determined experimentally for laminar premixed flames of the vapors of two biofuels in air are presented. The laminar flame speed is a fundamental thermochemical property of fuels, and is essential for analyzing the flame propagation in practical devices, even those employing turbulent flames. The fuels obtained from transesterification of soy and canola oils are tested. Also, the diesel flames are studied to serve as a baseline for comparison. The experiments are performed with a tubular burner; pre-vaporized fuel is mixed with hot air and is ignited. The flame speed is determined at fuel-equivalence ratios of 1; 1,1 and 1,2 by recording the geometry of the flame. The experimental results show that the flame speed of biofuels is lower by about 15% than that of diesel. Also, the maximum value of flame speed is obtained at an equivalence ratio of approximately 1,1.
{"title":"LAMINAR FLAME SPEED OF SOY AND CANOLA BIOFUELS","authors":"Juan-Sebastián Gómez-Meyer, S. Gollahalli, R. Parthasarathy, J. Quiroga","doi":"10.29047/01225383.223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.223","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, the flame speed values determined experimentally for laminar premixed flames of the vapors of two biofuels in air are presented. The laminar flame speed is a fundamental thermochemical property of fuels, and is essential for analyzing the flame propagation in practical devices, even those employing turbulent flames. The fuels obtained from transesterification of soy and canola oils are tested. Also, the diesel flames are studied to serve as a baseline for comparison. The experiments are performed with a tubular burner; pre-vaporized fuel is mixed with hot air and is ignited. The flame speed is determined at fuel-equivalence ratios of 1; 1,1 and 1,2 by recording the geometry of the flame. The experimental results show that the flame speed of biofuels is lower by about 15% than that of diesel. Also, the maximum value of flame speed is obtained at an equivalence ratio of approximately 1,1.","PeriodicalId":10235,"journal":{"name":"Ciencia Tecnologia y Futuro","volume":"154 1","pages":"75-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85809172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study used two Colombian petroleum pitches (an asphalt and a precipitate) to determine their capacity as precursor of carbonaceous materials. In order to obtain the mesophase, pitches were oxidized at temperature of 350°C and oxidation times of 2; 3 and 5 hours. Oxidized pitches were fractioned with toluene using a ratio of 20 mL Toluene/g of oxidized bitumen. Insoluble material in Toluene (IT) and Tetrahydrofurane (ITHF) were carbonized with nitrogen at 400°C. For the identification of the mesophase, specimens were fabricated with the material obtained from carbonization. For the quantification of the mesophase, a microscope with polarized light filter was used. A total of 500 points were counted. The results showed that the asphalt treated with the longest oxidation time, contained higher concentration of mesophase. By contrast, the precipitate treated with the shortest oxidation time produced higher concentration of mesophase.
{"title":"EFFECT OF PITCH PETROLEUM OXIDATION ON MESOPHASE PRODUCTION","authors":"J. Barraza-Burgos, Juan-Manuel Ospina-Espinosa","doi":"10.29047/01225383.220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.220","url":null,"abstract":"This study used two Colombian petroleum pitches (an asphalt and a precipitate) to determine their capacity as precursor of carbonaceous materials. In order to obtain the mesophase, pitches were oxidized at temperature of 350°C and oxidation times of 2; 3 and 5 hours. Oxidized pitches were fractioned with toluene using a ratio of 20 mL Toluene/g of oxidized bitumen. Insoluble material in Toluene (IT) and Tetrahydrofurane (ITHF) were carbonized with nitrogen at 400°C. For the identification of the mesophase, specimens were fabricated with the material obtained from carbonization. For the quantification of the mesophase, a microscope with polarized light filter was used. A total of 500 points were counted. The results showed that the asphalt treated with the longest oxidation time, contained higher concentration of mesophase. By contrast, the precipitate treated with the shortest oxidation time produced higher concentration of mesophase.","PeriodicalId":10235,"journal":{"name":"Ciencia Tecnologia y Futuro","volume":"36 1","pages":"33-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86432067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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