Haydée Quiroga-Becerra, Carlos Mejía-Miranda, D. A. Laverde-Cataño, M. Hernández-López, Mauricio Gómez-Sánchez
This article presents the kinetic study of the esterification reaction of naphthenic acids from a Colombian heavy crude oil, with a Total Acid Number (TAN) of 7,33 mgKOH/g, in a batch type reactor. Temperature was changed between 150 - 250°C while the ratio moles of methanol per mole of carboxylic groups, remained constant in 20:1. The reaction time was varied from 0 - 600 minutes. Reduction in the concentration of naphthenic acids in the reactor is determined by the measurement of Number Total Acid (TAN), ASTM D 664. Naphthenic acids were extracted from the crude and structurally characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC).
以总酸值为7.33 mgKOH/g的哥伦比亚重质原油为原料，在间歇式反应器中进行了环烷酸酯化反应动力学研究。温度在150 ~ 250℃之间变化，而甲醇摩尔数与羧基摩尔数之比保持在20:1不变。反应时间从0 ~ 600分钟不等。反应器中环烷酸浓度的降低是通过测量总酸数(TAN)， ASTM D 664来确定的。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、核磁共振(NMR)和凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)对其结构进行了表征。
{"title":"A KINETIC STUDY OF ESTERIFICATION OF NAPHTHENIC ACIDS FROM A COLOMBIAN HEAVY CRUDE OIL","authors":"Haydée Quiroga-Becerra, Carlos Mejía-Miranda, D. A. Laverde-Cataño, M. Hernández-López, Mauricio Gómez-Sánchez","doi":"10.29047/01225383.219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.219","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the kinetic study of the esterification reaction of naphthenic acids from a Colombian heavy crude oil, with a Total Acid Number (TAN) of 7,33 mgKOH/g, in a batch type reactor. Temperature was changed between 150 - 250°C while the ratio moles of methanol per mole of carboxylic groups, remained constant in 20:1. The reaction time was varied from 0 - 600 minutes. Reduction in the concentration of naphthenic acids in the reactor is determined by the measurement of Number Total Acid (TAN), ASTM D 664. Naphthenic acids were extracted from the crude and structurally characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC).","PeriodicalId":10235,"journal":{"name":"Ciencia Tecnologia y Futuro","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84599908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The main objective of this paper is the experimental investigation of the energy indexes of a cogeneration plant with Gas Turbines (GT) and Heat Recuperator Steam Generators (HRSGs) while changing its operational load. The energy indicators were determined using the following International Standards and Codes: ASME PTC1, ASME PTC 22 and ASME PTC 4.4. The results of energy calculations indexes are in the form of curves. The mathematical equations of the curves corresponding to the real energy indexes are obtained applying multivariate regression. The main research results correspond to a process plant with nominal capacity of 4800 kW. The range of lower energy consumption values obtained for the HR of the turbine are around 13000 kJ/kW·h, while for the Heat Rate of the plant is 7000 kJ/kW·h. For these values of the Heat Rate (HR), the electrical output remains in the environment of 3500 kW. It was found that the thermal efficiency of HRSGs varies from 50 to 60% with very high values of sensible heat losses in flue gases due to the operation with high excess air and high temperatures of the gases at the outlet of HRSGs. The contributions of this research are used in operational management in order to reduce fuel consumption and environmental impact on the generation of electricity and heat cogeneration plant evaluated. The results of this research in the plant have been implemented to monitor the transaction on the basis of the variation in real-time energy indexes evaluated, besides the traditional control of the parameters only, which is more effective.
{"title":"Research on energy indexes of cogenerated plants with gas turbines and heat recuperator steam generators","authors":"Luis F. Bermúdez-Valencia, B. SarriaLopez","doi":"10.29047/01225383.224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.224","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of this paper is the experimental investigation of the energy indexes of a cogeneration plant with Gas Turbines (GT) and Heat Recuperator Steam Generators (HRSGs) while changing its operational load. The energy indicators were determined using the following International Standards and Codes: ASME PTC1, ASME PTC 22 and ASME PTC 4.4. The results of energy calculations indexes are in the form of curves. The mathematical equations of the curves corresponding to the real energy indexes are obtained applying multivariate regression. The main research results correspond to a process plant with nominal capacity of 4800 kW. The range of lower energy consumption values obtained for the HR of the turbine are around 13000 kJ/kW·h, while for the Heat Rate of the plant is 7000 kJ/kW·h. For these values of the Heat Rate (HR), the electrical output remains in the environment of 3500 kW. It was found that the thermal efficiency of HRSGs varies from 50 to 60% with very high values of sensible heat losses in flue gases due to the operation with high excess air and high temperatures of the gases at the outlet of HRSGs. The contributions of this research are used in operational management in order to reduce fuel consumption and environmental impact on the generation of electricity and heat cogeneration plant evaluated. The results of this research in the plant have been implemented to monitor the transaction on the basis of the variation in real-time energy indexes evaluated, besides the traditional control of the parameters only, which is more effective.","PeriodicalId":10235,"journal":{"name":"Ciencia Tecnologia y Futuro","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77697012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Carbognani, L. Díaz-Gómez, T. Oldenburg, P. Pereira-Almao
Determination of Molecular Mass (MM) for petroleum distillates is explored for selected samples via High Temperature Simulated Distillation (HTSD). MM is determined as a by-product from routine HTSD carried out using open wall capillary columns coated with apolar stationary phases. No sample pre-separation into hydrocarbon group-types is required. Determined MM values were validated with results achieved via correlations based on specific gravity and refractive index. Furthermore, determined MM with the former methodologies were found to match mass spectrometric determinations carried out for the basic polar components present within the studied samples. Moreover, HTSD analyzed petroleum distillates are proposed as more representative calibration standards for size exclusion chromatographic separations, thus opening the feasibility of extrapolating MM determination for non volatile petroleum residua.
{"title":"DETERMINATION OF MOLECULAR MASSES FOR PETROLEUM DISTILLATES BY SIMULATED DISTILLATION","authors":"L. Carbognani, L. Díaz-Gómez, T. Oldenburg, P. Pereira-Almao","doi":"10.29047/01225383.221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.221","url":null,"abstract":"Determination of Molecular Mass (MM) for petroleum distillates is explored for selected samples via High Temperature Simulated Distillation (HTSD). MM is determined as a by-product from routine HTSD carried out using open wall capillary columns coated with apolar stationary phases. No sample pre-separation into hydrocarbon group-types is required. Determined MM values were validated with results achieved via correlations based on specific gravity and refractive index. Furthermore, determined MM with the former methodologies were found to match mass spectrometric determinations carried out for the basic polar components present within the studied samples. Moreover, HTSD analyzed petroleum distillates are proposed as more representative calibration standards for size exclusion chromatographic separations, thus opening the feasibility of extrapolating MM determination for non volatile petroleum residua.","PeriodicalId":10235,"journal":{"name":"Ciencia Tecnologia y Futuro","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74208342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Llanos basin is the most prolific of the Colombian basins; however few stratigraphic plays have been explored due to the uncertainty in determining the lithology of the channels. Inside a migrated 2D section, a wide channel was identified inside a prospective sandy unit of the Carbonera Formation, composed by intercalations of sand and shale levels, and considered a main reservoir in this part of the basin. However, the lithology filling the channel was unknown due to the absence of wells. To infer the channel lithology, and diminish the prospective risk a model based pre-stack seismic inversion was proposed. However, without well logs available along the line, the uncertain initial model diminishes reliance on the inversion. To circumvent this impasse, a seismic inversion with a genetic algorithm was proposed. The algorithm was tested on synthetic seismograms and real data from an area of the basin, where well logs were available. The error analysis between the expected and the inverted results, in both scenarios, pointed out a good algorithmic performance. Then, the algorithm was applied to the pre stack data of the 2D line where the channel had been identified. According to the inverted results and rock physics analysis of wells near the seismic line with comparative geology, classified the channel was described as to be filled by silt, shale and probably some levels of shaly sands, increasing the exploratory risk because this lithology has low porosity and permeability, contrary to the producing reservoirs in neighbor fields, characterized by clean sands of high porosity. The algorithm is useful in areas with few or no borehole logs.
{"title":"PRE-STACK SEISMIC INVERSION BASED ON A GENETIC ALGORITHM: A CASE FROM THE LLANOS BASIN (COLOMBIA) IN THE ABSENCE OF WELL INFORMATION","authors":"E. Moncayo, N. Tchegliakova, Luis Montes","doi":"10.29047/01225383.218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.218","url":null,"abstract":"The Llanos basin is the most prolific of the Colombian basins; however few stratigraphic plays have\u0000been explored due to the uncertainty in determining the lithology of the channels. Inside a migrated\u00002D section, a wide channel was identified inside a prospective sandy unit of the Carbonera Formation,\u0000composed by intercalations of sand and shale levels, and considered a main reservoir in this part of\u0000the basin. However, the lithology filling the channel was unknown due to the absence of wells. To infer the\u0000channel lithology, and diminish the prospective risk a model based pre-stack seismic inversion was proposed.\u0000However, without well logs available along the line, the uncertain initial model diminishes reliance on the\u0000inversion. To circumvent this impasse, a seismic inversion with a genetic algorithm was proposed. The algorithm\u0000was tested on synthetic seismograms and real data from an area of the basin, where well logs were\u0000available. The error analysis between the expected and the inverted results, in both scenarios, pointed out a\u0000good algorithmic performance. Then, the algorithm was applied to the pre stack data of the 2D line where\u0000the channel had been identified.\u0000According to the inverted results and rock physics analysis of wells near the seismic line with comparative\u0000geology, classified the channel was described as to be filled by silt, shale and probably some levels of shaly\u0000sands, increasing the exploratory risk because this lithology has low porosity and permeability, contrary to the\u0000producing reservoirs in neighbor fields, characterized by clean sands of high porosity.\u0000The algorithm is useful in areas with few or no borehole logs.","PeriodicalId":10235,"journal":{"name":"Ciencia Tecnologia y Futuro","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82481489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Martínez-González, Oscar-Mauricio Casas-Leuro, Julia-Raquel Acero-Reyes, E. Castillo-Monroy
This paper provides a comparative analysis using the concept of life cycle assessment (LCA), between highsulfur (3 000 ppm) and low-sulfur diesel (500 ppm) diesel. The comparative LCA considers the stages of production, transport and oil refining, as well as the transport of refined products and their respective end use. This last stage of the life cycle is important for the analysis of potential environmental impacts, due to sulfur oxide (SOX) emissions, which contribute to the formation of acid rain, damage air quality and the ecosystem (land and water acidification), causing gradual damage to human health and the environment. Therefore, comparative LCA identifies critical points from the environmental perspective, weighing the contributions of pollutants (NO2, CH4 and CO2) known as greenhouse gases (GHG) and criteria pollutants (CO, SOX, NOXw, VOC's and PM). Simapro 7,2® was used to simulate and evaluate potential environmental impacts generated during the production and use by end consumers of the two fossil fuels. In order to evaluate the impact categories, two methods available in said calculation tool were selected: the first is the IPCC-2007 (GWP-100 years), which estimates the carbon footprint and the contributions of each stage of the production chain to the "Global Warming" effect. The second method of evaluation is the Impact 2002+, which assesses the various contributions to the categories of toxicity to "Human Health", "Ecosystem Quality", "Climate Change" and "Depletion of Natural Resources". Thus, the preliminary results of comparative LCA show a slight increase in the carbon footprint (total emissions of CO2 equivalent in the productive chain) of low-sulfur diesel, approximately 3,8% compared to high-sulfur diesel, as a result of the increased emissions generated by the operation of the hydrogenation plant. However, low-sulfur diesel achieves a significant reduction of about 80% in comparison with high-sulfur diesel, in terms of damage to "Human Health" and "Ecosystem Quality". On the contrary, there was an increase of 2% and 6% in the categories of "Climate Change" and "Depletion of Natural Resources", respectively. Finally, despite the minor increase in the carbon footprint, although with remarkable reductions in "Ecosystem Quality" and "Human Health", the production and use of low-sulfur diesel has a single score of environmental impact equivalent to 0,23 milli points (mPt) compared to the single score obtained by high-sulfur diesel of 1,23 (mPt).
{"title":"COMPARISON OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ON THE PRODUCTION AND USE OF HIGH AND LOW SULFUR REGULAR DIESEL BY LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT","authors":"A. Martínez-González, Oscar-Mauricio Casas-Leuro, Julia-Raquel Acero-Reyes, E. Castillo-Monroy","doi":"10.29047/01225383.233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.233","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides a comparative analysis using the concept of life cycle assessment (LCA), between highsulfur (3 000 ppm) and low-sulfur diesel (500 ppm) diesel. The comparative LCA considers the stages of production, transport and oil refining, as well as the transport of refined products and their respective end use. This last stage of the life cycle is important for the analysis of potential environmental impacts, due to sulfur oxide (SOX) emissions, which contribute to the formation of acid rain, damage air quality and the ecosystem (land and water acidification), causing gradual damage to human health and the environment. Therefore, comparative LCA identifies critical points from the environmental perspective, weighing the contributions of pollutants (NO2, CH4 and CO2) known as greenhouse gases (GHG) and criteria pollutants (CO, SOX, NOXw, VOC's and PM). Simapro 7,2® was used to simulate and evaluate potential environmental impacts generated during the production and use by end consumers of the two fossil fuels. In order to evaluate the impact categories, two methods available in said calculation tool were selected: the first is the IPCC-2007 (GWP-100 years), which estimates the carbon footprint and the contributions of each stage of the production chain to the \"Global Warming\" effect. The second method of evaluation is the Impact 2002+, which assesses the various contributions to the categories of toxicity to \"Human Health\", \"Ecosystem Quality\", \"Climate Change\" and \"Depletion of Natural Resources\". Thus, the preliminary results of comparative LCA show a slight increase in the carbon footprint (total emissions of CO2 equivalent in the productive chain) of low-sulfur diesel, approximately 3,8% compared to high-sulfur diesel, as a result of the increased emissions generated by the operation of the hydrogenation plant. However, low-sulfur diesel achieves a significant reduction of about 80% in comparison with high-sulfur diesel, in terms of damage to \"Human Health\" and \"Ecosystem Quality\". On the contrary, there was an increase of 2% and 6% in the categories of \"Climate Change\" and \"Depletion of Natural Resources\", respectively. Finally, despite the minor increase in the carbon footprint, although with remarkable reductions in \"Ecosystem Quality\" and \"Human Health\", the production and use of low-sulfur diesel has a single score of environmental impact equivalent to 0,23 milli points (mPt) compared to the single score obtained by high-sulfur diesel of 1,23 (mPt).","PeriodicalId":10235,"journal":{"name":"Ciencia Tecnologia y Futuro","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85877785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Juan-Camilo Lezcano-Benítez, Daniel Correa-Restrepo, A. Amell-Arrieta, F. Cadavid-Sierra
Resumen en: In this paper we present the results of a 2D axisymmetric parametric study which simulates an atmospheric premixed burner with flame at high pressure, in...
在本文中，我们给出了一个二维轴对称参数研究的结果，模拟了高压下带火焰的大气预混燃烧器。
{"title":"NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF HIGH PRESSURE BURNER WITH PARTIALLY PREMIXED FLAME","authors":"Juan-Camilo Lezcano-Benítez, Daniel Correa-Restrepo, A. Amell-Arrieta, F. Cadavid-Sierra","doi":"10.29047/01225383.231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.231","url":null,"abstract":"Resumen en: In this paper we present the results of a 2D axisymmetric parametric study which simulates an atmospheric premixed burner with flame at high pressure, in...","PeriodicalId":10235,"journal":{"name":"Ciencia Tecnologia y Futuro","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79890310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biorefining is sustainable biomass processing to obtain energy, biofuels and high value products through processes and equipment for biomass transformation. The biorefinery concept has been identified as the most promising way to create a biomass-based industry. Microalgae are classified as promising candidates in biorefinery processes because they are particularly important for obtaining multiple products. This review article describes the biorefinery concept taking into account its different interpretations and comparing it with the traditional biomass transformation processes. It describes the general characteristics of microalgae, and their potential to be used as a raw material in the biorefinery process. The review focuses on the state of the art of pro-ducts obtained from microalgae for the biofuel industry, mainly for biodiesel production, and the different me-thods to extract oil for biodiesel production as well as other products. Based on this information, several aspects are suggested to be taken into account for the development of a topology for a microalgae-based biorefinery.
{"title":"MICROALGAE BASED BIOREFINERY: ISSUES TO CONSIDER","authors":"Á. González-Delgado, V. Kafarov","doi":"10.29047/01225383.225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.225","url":null,"abstract":"Biorefining is sustainable biomass processing to obtain energy, biofuels and high value products through processes and equipment for biomass transformation. The biorefinery concept has been identified as the most promising way to create a biomass-based industry. Microalgae are classified as promising candidates\u0000in biorefinery processes because they are particularly important for obtaining multiple products. This review article describes the biorefinery concept taking into account its different interpretations and comparing it with the traditional biomass transformation processes. It describes the general characteristics of microalgae, and their potential to be used as a raw material in the biorefinery process. The review focuses on the state of the art of pro-ducts obtained from microalgae for the biofuel industry, mainly for biodiesel production, and the different me-thods to extract oil for biodiesel production as well as other products. Based on this information, several aspects are suggested to be taken into account for the development of a topology for a microalgae-based biorefinery.","PeriodicalId":10235,"journal":{"name":"Ciencia Tecnologia y Futuro","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78258441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jazmín-Vanessa Pérez-Pazos, P. Fernández-Izquierdo
Lipids are biomolecules of great scientific and biotechnological interest due to their extensive applications. Microalgae are potential biological systems used in the synthesis of lipids, particularly Chlorella sp., which is characterized by its high lipid content and for having the right profile for the obtainment of biofuel. Lipid production in microalgae is influenced by several physical and chemical factors. Any modification thereof can cause a stress response represented by changes in synthesized lipid composition, varying from one species to another. This paper evaluates the effect of different light wavelengths, photoperiods and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) supply in lipid synthesis in Chlorella sp. In order to do so, the microalgae was grown in Bold's Basal Medium (BBM) at 20oC with constant aeration and subject to low blue (470 nm) and red (700 nm) light wavelengths, 0,5 g.L -1 and 1,5 g.L -1 concentrations of CaCO3 and 6-hour light, 18-hour darkness (6:18) and 18-hour light, 6-hour darkness (18:6) photoperiods. The results indicate a higher growth rate for microalgae under red light, 0,5 g.L -1 of CaCO3 and a photoperiod of 6:18. On the other hand, lipid production is higher under blue light, 1,5 g.L -1 of CaCO3 and an18:6 photoperiod. Analysis by gas chromatography indicate that the fatty acids in the samples are oleic, linoleic and palmitoleic, which are of recognized importance in the biodiesel industry. This suggests that neutral lipid synthesis can be optimized in two stages: first, by promoting growth and subsequently, by inducing lipid production.
{"title":"SYNTHESIS OF NEUTRAL LIPIDS IN CHLORELLA SP. UNDER DIFFERENT LIGHT AND CARBONATE CONDITIONS","authors":"Jazmín-Vanessa Pérez-Pazos, P. Fernández-Izquierdo","doi":"10.29047/01225383.228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.228","url":null,"abstract":"Lipids are biomolecules of great scientific and biotechnological interest due to their extensive applications. Microalgae are potential biological systems used in the synthesis of lipids, particularly Chlorella sp., which is characterized by its high lipid content and for having the right profile for the obtainment of biofuel. Lipid production in microalgae is influenced by several physical and chemical factors. Any modification thereof can cause a stress response represented by changes in synthesized lipid composition, varying from one species to another. This paper evaluates the effect of different light wavelengths, photoperiods and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) supply in lipid synthesis in Chlorella sp. In order to do so, the microalgae was grown in Bold's Basal Medium (BBM) at 20oC with constant aeration and subject to low blue (470 nm) and red (700 nm) light wavelengths, 0,5 g.L -1 and 1,5 g.L -1 concentrations of CaCO3 and 6-hour light, 18-hour darkness (6:18) and 18-hour light, 6-hour darkness (18:6) photoperiods. The results indicate a higher growth rate for microalgae under red light, 0,5 g.L -1 of CaCO3 and a photoperiod of 6:18. On the other hand, lipid production is higher under blue light, 1,5 g.L -1 of CaCO3 and an18:6 photoperiod. Analysis by gas chromatography indicate that the fatty acids in the samples are oleic, linoleic and palmitoleic, which are of recognized importance in the biodiesel industry. This suggests that neutral lipid synthesis can be optimized in two stages: first, by promoting growth and subsequently, by inducing lipid production.","PeriodicalId":10235,"journal":{"name":"Ciencia Tecnologia y Futuro","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85908215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
^len^aIn this article, the hydrodynamic behavior of a single-phase flow in various solar collectors with diffe-rent cross sections (circular, octagonal, hexagonal and square), with same hydraulic diameter and longitudinal profile was analyzed. Secondary flow, pressure drop and shear stress were evaluated, because the photosynthetic efficiency and microalgae endurance depend on these properties. These parameters were reviewed at six different culture inlet rates in the collector (from 0,25 m/s to 0,5 m/s), emphasizing in the bends regions. A higher speed and agitation was pre-sent in the square solar collector, contrary to what happened to the circular one. Despite this, the circular solar collector remains the best option for the industrial implementation phase. However, the shear stress generated in the culture -as it passes through the 180° bend of the solar collector- affects the microalgae growth, as stated in the literature.^les^aEn este articulo se analizo el comportamiento hidrodinamico de un flujo monofasico en varios colectores solares, con diferentes perfiles transversales (circular, octagonal, hexagonal y cuadrado), de igual diametro hidraulico y perfil longitudinal. Se evaluo el flujo secundario, las caidas de presion y el esfuerzo cortante del fluido, ya que de estos depende la eficiencia fotosintetica y la vitalidad microalgal. Los anteriores parametros se revisaron para seis diferentes velocidades de entrada del cultivo en el colector (entre 0,25 m/s a 0,5 m/s) enfatizandose en la region de los codos, donde se presenta una mayor velocidad y agitacion en el colector solar cuadrado, contrario a lo que sucede con el circular. A pesar de esto, el colector solar circular continua siendo la mejor opcion en la etapa de implementacion industrial. Sin embargo, el esfuerzo cortante que se genera en el cultivo, a medida que atraviesa el codo de 180° del colector solar, afecta el crecimiento de las microalgas, segun lo estipulado en la literatura relacionada.^lpt^aNeste artigo foi analisado o comportamento hidrodinâmico de um fluxo monofasico em varios coletores solares, com diferentes perfis transversais (circular, octogonal, hexagonal e quadrado), de igual diâmetro hidraulico e perfil longitudinal. Foi avaliado o fluxo secundario, as quedas de pressao e o esforco cortante do fluido, ja que destes depende a eficiencia fotossintetica e a vitalidade microalgal. Os anteriores parâmetros foram revisados para seis diferentes velocidades de entrada do cultivo no coletor (entre 0,25 a 0,5 m/s) sendo enfatizado na regiao dos joelhos, onde e apresentada uma maior velocidade e agitacao no coletor solar quadrado, contrario ao que acontece com o circular. Apesar disto, o coletor solar circular continua sendo a melhor opcao na etapa de implantacao industrial. Porem, o esforco cortante que e gerado no cultivo, a medida que atravessa o joelho de 180° do coletor solar, afeta o crescimento das microalgas, segundo o estipulado na literatura relacionada.
本文分析了不同截面(圆形、八角形、六角形和方形)、相同水力直径和纵剖面的太阳能集热器内单相流的水动力特性。由于光合效率和微藻的生存能力取决于二次流、压降和剪切应力，因此对这些特性进行了评价。这些参数在收集器的六种不同的培养物进口速率(从0.25 m/s到0.5 m/s)下进行了审查，重点是在弯曲区域。与圆形太阳能集热器相反，方形太阳能集热器中存在更高的速度和搅拌。尽管如此，圆形太阳能集热器仍然是工业实施阶段的最佳选择。然而，如文献所述，在培养物中产生的剪切应力-当它通过太阳能集热器的180°弯曲时-会影响微藻的生长。^ 5 ^ 1 .在不同的集热器、不同的横向(圆形、八角形、六角形)、不同直径的纵向液压系统中，对不同的液压系统进行分析。微藻的生物活性评价依赖于生物活性微藻的生物活性评价，生物活性微藻的生物活性评价依赖于生物活性微藻的生物活性评价。对不同区域内集热器(中心为0,25 m/s和0,5 m/s)的不同运动速度进行了参数修正，得到了集热器太阳辐射源的不同运动速度，对比了集热器太阳辐射源的不同运动速度。作为一种新型的太阳能集热器，集热器太阳能循环连续装置是实现工业节能减排的主要选择。罪禁运,el esfuerzo cortante, se属en el cultivo atraviesa medida是埃尔科多兽180°del colector太阳能、afecta el crecimiento de las microalgas根据lo estipulado en la literatura relacionada。^lpt^对不同类型的液压系统、不同类型的横向(圆形、八角形、六角形和四角形)、不同类型的横向(圆形、八角形、六角形和四角形)、不同类型的横向(双线型)、不同类型的纵向(双线型)液压系统的性能分析。二级通量的有效利用，就像二级通量的有效利用和二级通量的有效利用一样，二级通量的有效利用也取决于二级通量的有效利用和二级通量的有效利用。对不同的速度(0,25 m/s和0,5 m/s)进行了分析，提出了不同的速度(0,25 m/s和0,5 m/s)，并提出了不同的速度(0,25 m/s和0,5 m/s)，即不同的速度(0,25 m/s和0,5 m/s)。Apesar disto，是一种集热器太阳能圆形连续体，可用于工业生产。Porem，研究了植物与植物之间的关系，研究了植物与植物之间的关系，研究了植物与植物之间的关系，研究了植物与植物之间的关系，以及植物与植物之间的关系。
{"title":"HYDRODYNAMIC COMPUTATIONAL EVALUATION IN SOLAR TUBULAR PHOTOBIOREACTORS BENDS","authors":"J. Ramírez-Duque, Mabel-Angélica Ramos-Lucumi","doi":"10.29047/01225383.229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.229","url":null,"abstract":"^len^aIn this article, the hydrodynamic behavior of a single-phase flow in various solar collectors with diffe-rent cross sections (circular, octagonal, hexagonal and square), with same hydraulic diameter and longitudinal profile was analyzed. Secondary flow, pressure drop and shear stress were evaluated, because the photosynthetic efficiency and microalgae endurance depend on these properties. These parameters were reviewed at six different culture inlet rates in the collector (from 0,25 m/s to 0,5 m/s), emphasizing in the bends regions. A higher speed and agitation was pre-sent in the square solar collector, contrary to what happened to the circular one. Despite this, the circular solar collector remains the best option for the industrial implementation phase. However, the shear stress generated in the culture -as it passes through the 180° bend of the solar collector- affects the microalgae growth, as stated in the literature.^les^aEn este articulo se analizo el comportamiento hidrodinamico de un flujo monofasico en varios colectores solares, con diferentes perfiles transversales (circular, octagonal, hexagonal y cuadrado), de igual diametro hidraulico y perfil longitudinal. Se evaluo el flujo secundario, las caidas de presion y el esfuerzo cortante del fluido, ya que de estos depende la eficiencia fotosintetica y la vitalidad microalgal. Los anteriores parametros se revisaron para seis diferentes velocidades de entrada del cultivo en el colector (entre 0,25 m/s a 0,5 m/s) enfatizandose en la region de los codos, donde se presenta una mayor velocidad y agitacion en el colector solar cuadrado, contrario a lo que sucede con el circular. A pesar de esto, el colector solar circular continua siendo la mejor opcion en la etapa de implementacion industrial. Sin embargo, el esfuerzo cortante que se genera en el cultivo, a medida que atraviesa el codo de 180° del colector solar, afecta el crecimiento de las microalgas, segun lo estipulado en la literatura relacionada.^lpt^aNeste artigo foi analisado o comportamento hidrodinâmico de um fluxo monofasico em varios coletores solares, com diferentes perfis transversais (circular, octogonal, hexagonal e quadrado), de igual diâmetro hidraulico e perfil longitudinal. Foi avaliado o fluxo secundario, as quedas de pressao e o esforco cortante do fluido, ja que destes depende a eficiencia fotossintetica e a vitalidade microalgal. Os anteriores parâmetros foram revisados para seis diferentes velocidades de entrada do cultivo no coletor (entre 0,25 a 0,5 m/s) sendo enfatizado na regiao dos joelhos, onde e apresentada uma maior velocidade e agitacao no coletor solar quadrado, contrario ao que acontece com o circular. Apesar disto, o coletor solar circular continua sendo a melhor opcao na etapa de implantacao industrial. Porem, o esforco cortante que e gerado no cultivo, a medida que atravessa o joelho de 180° do coletor solar, afeta o crescimento das microalgas, segundo o estipulado na literatura relacionada.","PeriodicalId":10235,"journal":{"name":"Ciencia Tecnologia y Futuro","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83180796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Se describen los principales factores ambientales que estructuran la dinamica del fitoplancton en 27 cienagas de la depresion Momposina, ubicadas en el area de influencia del campo petrolero Cicuco-Boquete. De acuerdo con los resultados, los parametros que determinaron las variaciones en la fisica y quimica del agua estan relacionados con la hidrologia de los sistemas, seguida de las variables asociadas con la operacion industrial, especificamente en relacion al contenido de cloruros asi como la mineralizacion natural, que puede ser explicada por la conductividad y la alcalinidad. Los euglenoideos fueron los de mayor ocurrencia a lo largo del estudio, particularmente en los periodos de aguas bajas; las cianobacterias aumentaron en densidad en aguas altas y las diatomeas pennadas proliferaron en los periodos de aguas en ascenso. Los mas bajos promedios de diversidad y riqueza de especies, fueron registrados tanto en los sistemas con mayor impacto domestico e industrial asi como en la cienaga de referencia. Las variaciones en la composicion del fitoplancton no estuvieron relacionadas con los periodos hidrologicos estudiados. El pH, los NO3, la conductividad y carga organica (DBO5), asi como las variables indirectamente relacionadas con la operacion industrial (cloruros y DQO) fueron las variables determinantes. Los hidrocarburos totales no constituyeron una variable significativa en la estructura de la comunidad.
{"title":"FACTORS DETERMINING THE PHYTOPLANKTON VARIABILITY IN THE SWAMPS OF THE MOMPOSINA DEPRESSION (COLOMBIA)","authors":"Yasmín Plata-Díaz, Astrid-Lorely Pimienta-Rueda","doi":"10.29047/01225383.232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.232","url":null,"abstract":"Se describen los principales factores ambientales que estructuran la dinamica del fitoplancton en 27 cienagas de la depresion Momposina, ubicadas en el area de influencia del campo petrolero Cicuco-Boquete. De acuerdo con los resultados, los parametros que determinaron las variaciones en la fisica y quimica del agua estan relacionados con la hidrologia de los sistemas, seguida de las variables asociadas con la operacion industrial, especificamente en relacion al contenido de cloruros asi como la mineralizacion natural, que puede ser explicada por la conductividad y la alcalinidad. Los euglenoideos fueron los de mayor ocurrencia a lo largo del estudio, particularmente en los periodos de aguas bajas; las cianobacterias aumentaron en densidad en aguas altas y las diatomeas pennadas proliferaron en los periodos de aguas en ascenso. Los mas bajos promedios de diversidad y riqueza de especies, fueron registrados tanto en los sistemas con mayor impacto domestico e industrial asi como en la cienaga de referencia. Las variaciones en la composicion del fitoplancton no estuvieron relacionadas con los periodos hidrologicos estudiados. El pH, los NO3, la conductividad y carga organica (DBO5), asi como las variables indirectamente relacionadas con la operacion industrial (cloruros y DQO) fueron las variables determinantes. Los hidrocarburos totales no constituyeron una variable significativa en la estructura de la comunidad.","PeriodicalId":10235,"journal":{"name":"Ciencia Tecnologia y Futuro","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80600415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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