Pub Date : 2024-09-12Epub Date: 2024-08-13DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00163-22
Sofia Etlin, Julianna Rose, Luca Bielski, Claire Walter, Ashley S Kleinman, Christopher E Mason
SUMMARYThe human microbiota encompasses the diverse communities of microorganisms that reside in, on, and around various parts of the human body, such as the skin, nasal passages, and gastrointestinal tract. Although research is ongoing, it is well established that the microbiota exert a substantial influence on the body through the production and modification of metabolites and small molecules. Disruptions in the composition of the microbiota-dysbiosis-have also been linked to various negative health outcomes. As humans embark upon longer-duration space missions, it is important to understand how the conditions of space travel impact the microbiota and, consequently, astronaut health. This article will first characterize the main taxa of the human gut microbiota and their associated metabolites, before discussing potential dysbiosis and negative health consequences. It will also detail the microbial changes observed in astronauts during spaceflight, focusing on gut microbiota composition and pathogenic virulence and survival. Analysis will then turn to how astronaut health may be protected from adverse microbial changes via diet, exercise, and antibiotics before concluding with a discussion of the microbiota of spacecraft and microbial culturing methods in space. The implications of this review are critical, particularly with NASA's ongoing implementation of the Moon to Mars Architecture, which will include weeks or months of living in space and new habitats.
摘要人体微生物群包括居住在人体各部位(如皮肤、鼻腔和胃肠道)内、上和周围的各种微生物群落。尽管研究仍在继续,但微生物群通过产生和改变代谢物和小分子对人体产生重大影响的观点已得到公认。微生物群组成的紊乱--菌群失调--也与各种不良健康后果有关。随着人类开始执行更长时间的太空任务,了解太空旅行的条件如何影响微生物群,进而影响宇航员的健康非常重要。本文将首先描述人类肠道微生物群的主要分类群及其相关代谢物的特征,然后讨论潜在的菌群失调和对健康的负面影响。文章还将详细介绍宇航员在太空飞行期间观察到的微生物变化,重点是肠道微生物群的组成以及致病菌的毒力和存活率。然后将分析如何通过饮食、运动和抗生素保护宇航员的健康免受不利微生物变化的影响,最后讨论航天器微生物群和太空微生物培养方法。这篇综述的影响至关重要,尤其是美国国家航空航天局正在实施的 "从月球到火星架构"(Moon to Mars Architecture),其中将包括数周或数月的太空生活和新的栖息地。
{"title":"The human microbiome in space: parallels between Earth-based dysbiosis, implications for long-duration spaceflight, and possible mitigation strategies.","authors":"Sofia Etlin, Julianna Rose, Luca Bielski, Claire Walter, Ashley S Kleinman, Christopher E Mason","doi":"10.1128/cmr.00163-22","DOIUrl":"10.1128/cmr.00163-22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SUMMARYThe human microbiota encompasses the diverse communities of microorganisms that reside in, on, and around various parts of the human body, such as the skin, nasal passages, and gastrointestinal tract. Although research is ongoing, it is well established that the microbiota exert a substantial influence on the body through the production and modification of metabolites and small molecules. Disruptions in the composition of the microbiota-dysbiosis-have also been linked to various negative health outcomes. As humans embark upon longer-duration space missions, it is important to understand how the conditions of space travel impact the microbiota and, consequently, astronaut health. This article will first characterize the main taxa of the human gut microbiota and their associated metabolites, before discussing potential dysbiosis and negative health consequences. It will also detail the microbial changes observed in astronauts during spaceflight, focusing on gut microbiota composition and pathogenic virulence and survival. Analysis will then turn to how astronaut health may be protected from adverse microbial changes via diet, exercise, and antibiotics before concluding with a discussion of the microbiota of spacecraft and microbial culturing methods in space. The implications of this review are critical, particularly with NASA's ongoing implementation of the Moon to Mars Architecture, which will include weeks or months of living in space and new habitats.</p>","PeriodicalId":10378,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11391694/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141970798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-12Epub Date: 2024-07-17DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00041-24
Shamim Ahmed, Alon Herschhorn
SUMMARYThe success of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 mRNA vaccines to lessen/prevent severe COVID-19 opened new opportunities to develop RNA vaccines to fight other infectious agents. HIV-1 is a lentivirus that integrates into the host cell genome and persists for the lifetime of infected cells. Multiple mechanisms of immune evasion have posed significant obstacles to the development of an effective HIV-1 vaccine over the last four decades since the identification of HIV-1. Recently, attempts to address some of these challenges have led to multiple studies that manufactured, optimized, and tested, in different animal models, mRNA-based HIV-1 vaccines. Several clinical trials have also been initiated or are planned to start soon. Here, we review the current strategies applied to HIV-1 mRNA vaccines, discuss different targeting approaches, summarize the latest findings, and offer insights into the challenges and future of HIV-1 mRNA vaccines.
{"title":"mRNA-based HIV-1 vaccines.","authors":"Shamim Ahmed, Alon Herschhorn","doi":"10.1128/cmr.00041-24","DOIUrl":"10.1128/cmr.00041-24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SUMMARYThe success of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 mRNA vaccines to lessen/prevent severe COVID-19 opened new opportunities to develop RNA vaccines to fight other infectious agents. HIV-1 is a lentivirus that integrates into the host cell genome and persists for the lifetime of infected cells. Multiple mechanisms of immune evasion have posed significant obstacles to the development of an effective HIV-1 vaccine over the last four decades since the identification of HIV-1. Recently, attempts to address some of these challenges have led to multiple studies that manufactured, optimized, and tested, in different animal models, mRNA-based HIV-1 vaccines. Several clinical trials have also been initiated or are planned to start soon. Here, we review the current strategies applied to HIV-1 mRNA vaccines, discuss different targeting approaches, summarize the latest findings, and offer insights into the challenges and future of HIV-1 mRNA vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":10378,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11391700/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141626134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-12Epub Date: 2024-06-20DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00118-23
Deborah M Crepin, Marie Chavignon, Paul O Verhoeven, Frédéric Laurent, Jérôme Josse, Marine Butin
SUMMARYStaphylococcus capitis is divided into two subspecies, S. capitis subsp. ureolyticus (renamed urealyticus in 1992; ATCC 49326) and S. capitis subsp. capitis (ATCC 27840), and fits with the archetype of clinically relevant coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). S. capitis is a commensal bacterium of the skin in humans, which must be considered an opportunistic pathogen of interest particularly as soon as it is identified in a clinically relevant specimen from an immunocompromised patient. Several studies have highlighted the potential determinants underlying S. capitis pathogenicity, resistance profiles, and virulence factors. In addition, mobile genetic element acquisitions and mutations contribute to S. capitis genome adaptation to its environment. Over the past decades, antibiotic resistance has been identified for S. capitis in almost all the families of the currently available antibiotics and is related to the emergence of multidrug-resistant clones of high clinical significance. The present review summarizes the current knowledge concerning the taxonomic position of S. capitis among staphylococci, the involvement of this species in human colonization and diseases, the virulence factors supporting its pathogenicity, and the phenotypic and genomic antimicrobial resistance profiles of this species.
{"title":"<i>Staphylococcus capitis</i>: insights into epidemiology, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance of a clinically relevant bacterial species.","authors":"Deborah M Crepin, Marie Chavignon, Paul O Verhoeven, Frédéric Laurent, Jérôme Josse, Marine Butin","doi":"10.1128/cmr.00118-23","DOIUrl":"10.1128/cmr.00118-23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SUMMARY<i>Staphylococcus capitis</i> is divided into two subspecies, <i>S. capitis</i> subsp. <i>ureolyticus</i> (renamed <i>urealyticus</i> in 1992; ATCC 49326) and <i>S. capitis</i> subsp. <i>capitis</i> (ATCC 27840), and fits with the archetype of clinically relevant coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). <i>S. capitis</i> is a commensal bacterium of the skin in humans, which must be considered an opportunistic pathogen of interest particularly as soon as it is identified in a clinically relevant specimen from an immunocompromised patient. Several studies have highlighted the potential determinants underlying <i>S. capitis</i> pathogenicity, resistance profiles, and virulence factors. In addition, mobile genetic element acquisitions and mutations contribute to <i>S. capitis</i> genome adaptation to its environment. Over the past decades, antibiotic resistance has been identified for <i>S. capitis</i> in almost all the families of the currently available antibiotics and is related to the emergence of multidrug-resistant clones of high clinical significance. The present review summarizes the current knowledge concerning the taxonomic position of <i>S. capitis</i> among staphylococci, the involvement of this species in human colonization and diseases, the virulence factors supporting its pathogenicity, and the phenotypic and genomic antimicrobial resistance profiles of this species.</p>","PeriodicalId":10378,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11391707/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141426484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-12Epub Date: 2024-08-09DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00160-22
Léo Sauvat, Paul O Verhoeven, Julie Gagnaire, Philippe Berthelot, Stéphane Paul, Elisabeth Botelho-Nevers, Amandine Gagneux-Brunon
SUMMARYHealthcare-associated infections (HAIs) represent a burden for public health with a high prevalence and high death rates associated with them. Pathogens with a high potential for antimicrobial resistance, such as ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species) and Clostridioides difficile, are responsible for most HAIs. Despite the implementation of infection prevention and control intervention, globally, HAIs prevalence is stable and they are mainly due to endogenous pathogens. It is undeniable that complementary to infection prevention and control measures, prophylactic approaches by active or passive immunization are needed. Specific groups at-risk (elderly people, chronic condition as immunocompromised) and also healthcare workers are key targets. Medical procedures and specific interventions are known to be at risk of HAIs, in addition to hospital environmental exposure. Vaccines or monoclonal antibodies can be seen as attractive preventive approaches for HAIs. In this review, we present an overview of the vaccines and monoclonal antibodies in clinical development for prevention of the major bacterial HAIs pathogens. Based on the current state of knowledge, we look at the challenges and future perspectives to improve prevention by these means.
{"title":"Vaccines and monoclonal antibodies to prevent healthcare-associated bacterial infections.","authors":"Léo Sauvat, Paul O Verhoeven, Julie Gagnaire, Philippe Berthelot, Stéphane Paul, Elisabeth Botelho-Nevers, Amandine Gagneux-Brunon","doi":"10.1128/cmr.00160-22","DOIUrl":"10.1128/cmr.00160-22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SUMMARYHealthcare-associated infections (HAIs) represent a burden for public health with a high prevalence and high death rates associated with them. Pathogens with a high potential for antimicrobial resistance, such as ESKAPE pathogens (<i><u>E</u>nterococcus faecium, <u>S</u>taphylococcus aureus, <u>K</u>lebsiella pneumoniae, <u>A</u>cinetobacter baumannii, <u>P</u>seudomonas aeruginosa,</i> and <i><u>E</u>nterobacter species</i>) and <i>Clostridioides difficile</i>, are responsible for most HAIs. Despite the implementation of infection prevention and control intervention, globally, HAIs prevalence is stable and they are mainly due to endogenous pathogens. It is undeniable that complementary to infection prevention and control measures, prophylactic approaches by active or passive immunization are needed. Specific groups at-risk (elderly people, chronic condition as immunocompromised) and also healthcare workers are key targets. Medical procedures and specific interventions are known to be at risk of HAIs, in addition to hospital environmental exposure. Vaccines or monoclonal antibodies can be seen as attractive preventive approaches for HAIs. In this review, we present an overview of the vaccines and monoclonal antibodies in clinical development for prevention of the major bacterial HAIs pathogens. Based on the current state of knowledge, we look at the challenges and future perspectives to improve prevention by these means.</p>","PeriodicalId":10378,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11391692/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141906092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-12Epub Date: 2024-08-19DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00215-21
Lisa Saiman, Valerie Waters, John J LiPuma, Lucas R Hoffman, Kevin Alby, Sean X Zhang, Yvonne C Yau, Damian G Downey, Isabelle Sermet-Gaudelus, Jean-Philippe Bouchara, Timothy J Kidd, Scott C Bell, A Whitney Brown
SUMMARYThis guidance presents recommendations for clinical microbiology laboratories for processing respiratory samples from people with cystic fibrosis (pwCF). Appropriate processing of respiratory samples is crucial to detect bacterial and fungal pathogens, guide treatment, monitor the epidemiology of cystic fibrosis (CF) pathogens, and assess therapeutic interventions. Thanks to CF transmembrane conductance regulator modulator therapy, the health of pwCF has improved, but as a result, fewer pwCF spontaneously expectorate sputum. Thus, the collection of sputum samples has decreased, while the collection of other types of respiratory samples such as oropharyngeal and bronchoalveolar lavage samples has increased. To optimize the detection of microorganisms, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, and Burkholderia cepacia complex; other less common non-lactose fermenting Gram-negative bacilli, e.g., Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Inquilinus, Achromobacter, Ralstonia, and Pandoraea species; and yeasts and filamentous fungi, non-selective and selective culture media are recommended for all types of respiratory samples, including samples obtained from pwCF after lung transplantation. There are no consensus recommendations for laboratory practices to detect, characterize, and report small colony variants (SCVs) of S. aureus, although studies are ongoing to address the potential clinical impact of SCVs. Accurate identification of less common Gram-negative bacilli, e.g., S. maltophilia, Inquilinus, Achromobacter, Ralstonia, and Pandoraea species, as well as yeasts and filamentous fungi, is recommended to understand their epidemiology and clinical importance in pwCF. However, conventional biochemical tests and automated platforms may not accurately identify CF pathogens. MALDI-TOF MS provides excellent genus-level identification, but databases may lack representation of CF pathogens to the species-level. Thus, DNA sequence analysis should be routinely available to laboratories for selected clinical circumstances. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is not recommended for every routine surveillance culture obtained from pwCF, although selective AST may be helpful, e.g., for unusual pathogens or exacerbations unresponsive to initial therapy. While this guidance reflects current care paradigms for pwCF, recommendations will continue to evolve as CF research expands the evidence base for laboratory practices.
{"title":"Practical Guidance for Clinical Microbiology Laboratories: Updated guidance for processing respiratory tract samples from people with cystic fibrosis.","authors":"Lisa Saiman, Valerie Waters, John J LiPuma, Lucas R Hoffman, Kevin Alby, Sean X Zhang, Yvonne C Yau, Damian G Downey, Isabelle Sermet-Gaudelus, Jean-Philippe Bouchara, Timothy J Kidd, Scott C Bell, A Whitney Brown","doi":"10.1128/cmr.00215-21","DOIUrl":"10.1128/cmr.00215-21","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SUMMARYThis guidance presents recommendations for clinical microbiology laboratories for processing respiratory samples from people with cystic fibrosis (pwCF). Appropriate processing of respiratory samples is crucial to detect bacterial and fungal pathogens, guide treatment, monitor the epidemiology of cystic fibrosis (CF) pathogens, and assess therapeutic interventions. Thanks to CF transmembrane conductance regulator modulator therapy, the health of pwCF has improved, but as a result, fewer pwCF spontaneously expectorate sputum. Thus, the collection of sputum samples has decreased, while the collection of other types of respiratory samples such as oropharyngeal and bronchoalveolar lavage samples has increased. To optimize the detection of microorganisms, including <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i>, and <i>Burkholderia cepacia</i> complex; other less common non-lactose fermenting Gram-negative bacilli, e.g., <i>Stenotrophomonas maltophilia</i>, <i>Inquilinus</i>, <i>Achromobacter</i>, <i>Ralstonia</i>, and <i>Pandoraea</i> species; and yeasts and filamentous fungi, non-selective and selective culture media are recommended for all types of respiratory samples, including samples obtained from pwCF after lung transplantation. There are no consensus recommendations for laboratory practices to detect, characterize, and report small colony variants (SCVs) of <i>S. aureus</i>, although studies are ongoing to address the potential clinical impact of SCVs. Accurate identification of less common Gram-negative bacilli, e.g., <i>S. maltophilia</i>, <i>Inquilinus</i>, <i>Achromobacter</i>, <i>Ralstonia</i>, and <i>Pandoraea</i> species, as well as yeasts and filamentous fungi, is recommended to understand their epidemiology and clinical importance in pwCF. However, conventional biochemical tests and automated platforms may not accurately identify CF pathogens. MALDI-TOF MS provides excellent genus-level identification, but databases may lack representation of CF pathogens to the species-level. Thus, DNA sequence analysis should be routinely available to laboratories for selected clinical circumstances. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is not recommended for every routine surveillance culture obtained from pwCF, although selective AST may be helpful, e.g., for unusual pathogens or exacerbations unresponsive to initial therapy. While this guidance reflects current care paradigms for pwCF, recommendations will continue to evolve as CF research expands the evidence base for laboratory practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":10378,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11391703/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141999506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jaclyn A Cusumano, Andreas P Kalogeropoulos, Mathieu Le Provost, Nicolas R Gallo, Steven M Levine, Thomas Inzana, Aikaterini Papamanoli
SUMMARYInfective endocarditis (IE) is a life-threatening infection that has nearly doubled in prevalence over the last two decades due to the increase in implantable cardiac devices. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is currently one of the most common cardiac procedures. TAVI usage continues to exponentially rise, inevitability increasing TAVI-IE. Patients with TAVI are frequently nonsurgical candidates, and TAVI-IE 1-year mortality rates can be as high as 74% without valve or bacterial biofilm removal. Enterococcus faecalis, a historically less common IE pathogen, is the primary cause of TAVI-IE. Treatment options are limited due to enterococcal intrinsic resistance and biofilm formation. Novel approaches are warranted to tackle current therapeutic gaps. We describe the existing challenges in treating TAVI-IE and how available treatment discovery approaches can be combined with an in silico "Living Heart" model to create solutions for the future.
{"title":"The emerging challenge of <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> endocarditis after transcatheter aortic valve implantation: time for innovative treatment approaches.","authors":"Jaclyn A Cusumano, Andreas P Kalogeropoulos, Mathieu Le Provost, Nicolas R Gallo, Steven M Levine, Thomas Inzana, Aikaterini Papamanoli","doi":"10.1128/cmr.00168-23","DOIUrl":"10.1128/cmr.00168-23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SUMMARYInfective endocarditis (IE) is a life-threatening infection that has nearly doubled in prevalence over the last two decades due to the increase in implantable cardiac devices. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is currently one of the most common cardiac procedures. TAVI usage continues to exponentially rise, inevitability increasing TAVI-IE. Patients with TAVI are frequently nonsurgical candidates, and TAVI-IE 1-year mortality rates can be as high as 74% without valve or bacterial biofilm removal. <i>Enterococcus faecalis,</i> a historically less common IE pathogen, is the primary cause of TAVI-IE. Treatment options are limited due to enterococcal intrinsic resistance and biofilm formation. Novel approaches are warranted to tackle current therapeutic gaps. We describe the existing challenges in treating TAVI-IE and how available treatment discovery approaches can be combined with an <i>in silico</i> \"Living Heart\" model to create solutions for the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":10378,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142132040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matthias Van HulAudrey M. NeyrinckAmandine EverardAnne AbotLaure B. BindelsNathalie M. DelzenneClaude KnaufPatrice D. Cani1UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group (MNUT), Brussels, Belgium2Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), WELBIO department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium3NeuroMicrobiota, International Research Program (IRP) INSERM/UCLouvain, France/Belgium4Enterosys SAS, Labège, France5INSERM U1220, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive (IRSD), Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse III, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France6UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Brussels, BelgiumChristopher Staley
Clinical Microbiology Reviews, Ahead of Print.
临床微生物学评论》,提前出版。
{"title":"Role of the intestinal microbiota in contributing to weight disorders and associated comorbidities","authors":"Matthias Van HulAudrey M. NeyrinckAmandine EverardAnne AbotLaure B. BindelsNathalie M. DelzenneClaude KnaufPatrice D. Cani1UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group (MNUT), Brussels, Belgium2Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), WELBIO department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium3NeuroMicrobiota, International Research Program (IRP) INSERM/UCLouvain, France/Belgium4Enterosys SAS, Labège, France5INSERM U1220, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive (IRSD), Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse III, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France6UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Brussels, BelgiumChristopher Staley","doi":"10.1128/cmr.00045-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00045-23","url":null,"abstract":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews, Ahead of Print. <br/>","PeriodicalId":10378,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":36.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141462951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-13Epub Date: 2024-02-29DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00135-23
Stefano Di Bella, Gianfranco Sanson, Jacopo Monticelli, Verena Zerbato, Luigi Principe, Mauro Giuffrè, Giuseppe Pipitone, Roberto Luzzati
SUMMARYClostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is one of the major issues in nosocomial infections. This bacterium is constantly evolving and poses complex challenges for clinicians, often encountered in real-life scenarios. In the face of CDI, we are increasingly equipped with new therapeutic strategies, such as monoclonal antibodies and live biotherapeutic products, which need to be thoroughly understood to fully harness their benefits. Moreover, interesting options are currently under study for the future, including bacteriophages, vaccines, and antibiotic inhibitors. Surveillance and prevention strategies continue to play a pivotal role in limiting the spread of the infection. In this review, we aim to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of epidemiological aspects, predisposing factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tools, and current and future prophylactic and therapeutic options for C. difficile infection.
{"title":"<i>Clostridioides difficile</i> infection: history, epidemiology, risk factors, prevention, clinical manifestations, treatment, and future options.","authors":"Stefano Di Bella, Gianfranco Sanson, Jacopo Monticelli, Verena Zerbato, Luigi Principe, Mauro Giuffrè, Giuseppe Pipitone, Roberto Luzzati","doi":"10.1128/cmr.00135-23","DOIUrl":"10.1128/cmr.00135-23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SUMMARY<i>Clostridioides difficile</i> infection (CDI) is one of the major issues in nosocomial infections. This bacterium is constantly evolving and poses complex challenges for clinicians, often encountered in real-life scenarios. In the face of CDI, we are increasingly equipped with new therapeutic strategies, such as monoclonal antibodies and live biotherapeutic products, which need to be thoroughly understood to fully harness their benefits. Moreover, interesting options are currently under study for the future, including bacteriophages, vaccines, and antibiotic inhibitors. Surveillance and prevention strategies continue to play a pivotal role in limiting the spread of the infection. In this review, we aim to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of epidemiological aspects, predisposing factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tools, and current and future prophylactic and therapeutic options for <i>C. difficile</i> infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":10378,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11324037/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139989401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-13Epub Date: 2024-03-28DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00099-23
Eva H Clark, Louisa A Messenger, Jeffrey D Whitman, Caryn Bern
SUMMARYAs Chagas disease remains prevalent in the Americas, it is important that healthcare professionals and researchers are aware of the screening, diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment recommendations for the populations of patients they care for and study. Management of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in immunocompromised hosts is challenging, particularly because, regardless of antitrypanosomal treatment status, immunocompromised patients with Chagas disease are at risk for T. cruzi reactivation, which can be lethal. Evidence-based practices to prevent and manage T. cruzi reactivation vary depending on the type of immunocompromise. Here, we review available data describing Chagas disease epidemiology, testing, and management practices for various populations of immunocompromised individuals, including people with HIV and patients undergoing solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
摘要随着南美锥虫病在美洲的流行,医疗保健专业人员和研究人员必须了解他们所护理和研究的患者群体的筛查、诊断、监测和治疗建议。对免疫力低下的宿主进行克鲁兹锥虫感染管理具有挑战性,尤其是因为无论是否接受过抗锥虫治疗,免疫力低下的南美锥虫病患者都面临着克鲁兹锥虫再活化的风险,而这种再活化可能是致命的。预防和控制 T. cruzi 再活化的循证实践因免疫力低下的类型而异。在此,我们回顾了现有的数据,描述了恰加斯病的流行病学、检测和不同免疫力低下人群的管理方法,包括艾滋病病毒感染者和接受实体器官及造血干细胞移植的患者。
{"title":"Chagas disease in immunocompromised patients.","authors":"Eva H Clark, Louisa A Messenger, Jeffrey D Whitman, Caryn Bern","doi":"10.1128/cmr.00099-23","DOIUrl":"10.1128/cmr.00099-23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SUMMARYAs Chagas disease remains prevalent in the Americas, it is important that healthcare professionals and researchers are aware of the screening, diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment recommendations for the populations of patients they care for and study. Management of <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> infection in immunocompromised hosts is challenging, particularly because, regardless of antitrypanosomal treatment status, immunocompromised patients with Chagas disease are at risk for <i>T. cruzi</i> reactivation, which can be lethal. Evidence-based practices to prevent and manage <i>T. cruzi</i> reactivation vary depending on the type of immunocompromise. Here, we review available data describing Chagas disease epidemiology, testing, and management practices for various populations of immunocompromised individuals, including people with HIV and patients undergoing solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.</p>","PeriodicalId":10378,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11237761/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140305027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-13Epub Date: 2024-03-29DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00004-23
Chin Fen Neoh, Sharon C-A Chen, Fanny Lanternier, Shio Yen Tio, Catriona L Halliday, Sarah E Kidd, David C M Kong, Wieland Meyer, Martin Hoenigl, Monica A Slavin
SUMMARYAlthough Scedosporium species and Lomentospora prolificans are uncommon causes of invasive fungal diseases (IFDs), these infections are associated with high mortality and are costly to treat with a limited armamentarium of antifungal drugs. In light of recent advances, including in the area of new antifungals, the present review provides a timely and updated overview of these IFDs, with a focus on the taxonomy, clinical epidemiology, pathogenesis and host immune response, disease manifestations, diagnosis, antifungal susceptibility, and treatment. An expansion of hosts at risk for these difficult-to-treat infections has emerged over the last two decades given the increased use of, and broader population treated with, immunomodulatory and targeted molecular agents as well as wider adoption of antifungal prophylaxis. Clinical presentations differ not only between genera but also across the different Scedosporium species. L. prolificans is intrinsically resistant to most currently available antifungal agents, and the prognosis of immunocompromised patients with lomentosporiosis is poor. Development of, and improved access to, diagnostic modalities for early detection of these rare mold infections is paramount for timely targeted antifungal therapy and surgery if indicated. New antifungal agents (e.g., olorofim, fosmanogepix) with novel mechanisms of action and less cross-resistance to existing classes, availability of formulations for oral administration, and fewer drug-drug interactions are now in late-stage clinical trials, and soon, could extend options to treat scedosporiosis/lomentosporiosis. Much work remains to increase our understanding of these infections, especially in the pediatric setting. Knowledge gaps for future research are highlighted in the review.
{"title":"Scedosporiosis and lomentosporiosis: modern perspectives on these difficult-to-treat rare mold infections.","authors":"Chin Fen Neoh, Sharon C-A Chen, Fanny Lanternier, Shio Yen Tio, Catriona L Halliday, Sarah E Kidd, David C M Kong, Wieland Meyer, Martin Hoenigl, Monica A Slavin","doi":"10.1128/cmr.00004-23","DOIUrl":"10.1128/cmr.00004-23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SUMMARYAlthough <i>Scedosporium</i> species and <i>Lomentospora prolificans</i> are uncommon causes of invasive fungal diseases (IFDs), these infections are associated with high mortality and are costly to treat with a limited armamentarium of antifungal drugs. In light of recent advances, including in the area of new antifungals, the present review provides a timely and updated overview of these IFDs, with a focus on the taxonomy, clinical epidemiology, pathogenesis and host immune response, disease manifestations, diagnosis, antifungal susceptibility, and treatment. An expansion of hosts at risk for these difficult-to-treat infections has emerged over the last two decades given the increased use of, and broader population treated with, immunomodulatory and targeted molecular agents as well as wider adoption of antifungal prophylaxis. Clinical presentations differ not only between genera but also across the different <i>Scedosporium</i> species. <i>L. prolificans</i> is intrinsically resistant to most currently available antifungal agents, and the prognosis of immunocompromised patients with lomentosporiosis is poor. Development of, and improved access to, diagnostic modalities for early detection of these rare mold infections is paramount for timely targeted antifungal therapy and surgery if indicated. New antifungal agents (e.g., olorofim, fosmanogepix) with novel mechanisms of action and less cross-resistance to existing classes, availability of formulations for oral administration, and fewer drug-drug interactions are now in late-stage clinical trials, and soon, could extend options to treat scedosporiosis/lomentosporiosis. Much work remains to increase our understanding of these infections, especially in the pediatric setting. Knowledge gaps for future research are highlighted in the review.</p>","PeriodicalId":10378,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11237582/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140317920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}