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Neisseria gonorrhoeae vaccines: a contemporary overview. 淋病奈瑟菌疫苗:当代概览。
IF 36.8 1区 医学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-14 Epub Date: 2024-01-16 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00094-23
Eloise Williams, Kate L Seib, Christopher K Fairley, Georgina L Pollock, Jane S Hocking, James S McCarthy, Deborah A Williamson

Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection is an important public health issue, with an annual global incidence of 87 million. N. gonorrhoeae infection causes significant morbidity and can have serious long-term impacts on reproductive and neonatal health and may rarely cause life-threatening disease. Global rates of N. gonorrhoeae infection have increased over the past 20 years. Importantly, rates of antimicrobial resistance to key antimicrobials also continue to increase, with the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention identifying drug-resistant N. gonorrhoeae as an urgent threat to public health. This review summarizes the current evidence for N. gonorrhoeae vaccines, including historical clinical trials, key N. gonorrhoeae vaccine preclinical studies, and studies of the impact of Neisseria meningitidis vaccines on N. gonorrhoeae infection. A comprehensive survey of potential vaccine antigens, including those identified through traditional vaccine immunogenicity approaches, as well as those identified using more contemporary reverse vaccinology approaches, are also described. Finally, the potential epidemiological impacts of a N. gonorrhoeae vaccine and research priorities for further vaccine development are described.

摘要淋病奈瑟菌感染是一个重要的公共卫生问题,全球每年的发病率高达 8700 万。淋病奈瑟菌感染会导致严重的发病率,并对生殖健康和新生儿健康造成长期严重影响,在极少数情况下还会导致危及生命的疾病。在过去 20 年中,全球淋球菌感染率有所上升。重要的是,主要抗菌药物的耐药率也在持续上升,美国疾病控制和预防中心已将耐药淋球菌确定为对公共卫生的紧急威胁。本综述总结了淋球菌疫苗的现有证据,包括历史临床试验、关键的淋球菌疫苗临床前研究以及脑膜炎奈瑟菌疫苗对淋球菌感染影响的研究。此外还介绍了对潜在疫苗抗原的全面调查,包括通过传统疫苗免疫原性方法确定的抗原,以及通过更现代的反向疫苗学方法确定的抗原。最后,介绍了淋球菌疫苗的潜在流行病学影响以及进一步开发疫苗的研究重点。
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引用次数: 0
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in people living with HIV: a review. 艾滋病毒感染者的肺孢子虫肺炎:综述。
IF 36.8 1区 医学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-14 Epub Date: 2024-01-18 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00101-22
Emily G McDonald, Avideh Afshar, Bander Assiri, Tom Boyles, Jimmy M Hsu, Ninh Khuong, Connor Prosty, Miranda So, Zahra N Sohani, Guillaume Butler-Laporte, Todd C Lee

Pneumocystis jirovecii is a ubiquitous opportunistic fungus that can cause life-threatening pneumonia. People with HIV (PWH) who have low CD4 counts are one of the populations at the greatest risk of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP). While guidelines have approached the diagnosis, prophylaxis, and management of PCP, the numerous studies of PCP in PWH are dominated by the 1980s and 1990s. As such, most studies have included younger male populations, despite PCP affecting both sexes and a broad age range. Many studies have been small and observational in nature, with an overall lack of randomized controlled trials. In many jurisdictions, and especially in low- and middle-income countries, the diagnosis can be challenging due to lack of access to advanced and/or invasive diagnostics. Worldwide, most patients will be treated with 21 days of high-dose trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, although both the dose and the duration are primarily based on historical practice. Whether treatment with a lower dose is as effective and less toxic is gaining interest based on observational studies. Similarly, a 21-day tapering regimen of prednisone is used for patients with more severe disease, yet other doses, other steroids, or shorter durations of treatment with corticosteroids have not been evaluated. Now with the widespread availability of antiretroviral therapy, improved and less invasive PCP diagnostic techniques, and interest in novel treatment strategies, this review consolidates the scientific body of literature on the diagnosis and management of PCP in PWH, as well as identifies areas in need of more study and thoughtfully designed clinical trials.

摘要 浆细胞肺孢子菌是一种无处不在的机会性真菌,可引起危及生命的肺炎。CD4 细胞计数低的艾滋病病毒感染者(PWH)是罹患肺孢子虫肺炎(PCP)风险最高的人群之一。虽然有关 PCP 诊断、预防和管理的指南已经出台,但关于艾滋病感染者 PCP 的大量研究主要集中在 20 世纪 80 年代和 90 年代。因此,尽管五氯苯酚对男女老少都有影响,但大多数研究的对象都是年轻男性。许多研究规模较小,属于观察性质,总体上缺乏随机对照试验。在许多国家,尤其是中低收入国家,由于缺乏先进和/或侵入性诊断手段,诊断可能很困难。在世界范围内,大多数患者将接受为期 21 天的大剂量三甲氧苄氨嘧啶-磺胺甲噁唑治疗,但剂量和疗程主要基于历史实践。根据观察性研究,低剂量治疗是否同样有效,毒性是否更小,正受到越来越多的关注。同样,泼尼松 21 天渐进疗法也用于病情较重的患者,但其他剂量、其他类固醇或更短的皮质类固醇治疗时间尚未进行评估。目前,随着抗逆转录病毒疗法的普及、PCP 诊断技术的改进和侵入性降低,以及人们对新型治疗策略的兴趣,本综述整合了有关 PWH PCP 诊断和管理的科学文献,并确定了需要进行更多研究和精心设计临床试验的领域。
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引用次数: 0
Overcoming barriers and stigma: new frontiers in solid organ transplantation for people with HIV. 克服障碍和耻辱:艾滋病病毒感染者实体器官移植的新领域。
IF 36.8 1区 医学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-14 Epub Date: 2024-01-19 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00111-22
K Storm, C M Durand

There is a growing need for solid organ transplantation (SOT) for people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). With the advent of antiretroviral therapy, people living with HIV are experiencing increased life expectancies and are, therefore, developing more comorbidities, including end-stage organ disease. In cases of advanced organ failure, SOT is often the best therapeutic option to improve quality of life and overall survival. As organ shortages persist, transplantation of organs from donors with HIV to recipients with HIV has become a potential therapeutic option. This article first reviews the current state of organ transplantation from donors without HIV to recipients with HIV (HIV D-/R+) by organ and discusses key lessons learned from these transplant trials, including those about drug-drug interactions, rejection, and opportunistic infections. It then explores transplantation from donors with HIV to recipients with HIV (HIV D+/R+), a new frontier. Finally, it investigates challenges of implementation, including public awareness and regulatory requirements, and explores future directions for SOT in people living with HIV.

摘要人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染者对实体器官移植(SOT)的需求与日俱增。随着抗逆转录病毒疗法的出现,艾滋病病毒感染者的预期寿命延长,因此出现了更多的合并症,包括终末期器官疾病。在晚期器官衰竭的情况下,SOT 通常是改善生活质量和总体存活率的最佳治疗方案。随着器官短缺问题的持续存在,将感染 HIV 的捐赠者的器官移植给感染 HIV 的受者已成为一种潜在的治疗选择。本文首先按器官回顾了从未感染 HIV 的捐献者到感染 HIV 的受者(HIV D-/R+)的器官移植现状,并讨论了从这些移植试验中吸取的主要经验教训,包括有关药物相互作用、排斥反应和机会性感染的经验教训。然后,报告探讨了从感染艾滋病毒的捐献者到感染艾滋病毒的受者(HIV D+/R+)的移植,这是一个新的领域。最后,研究了实施过程中面临的挑战,包括公众意识和监管要求,并探讨了艾滋病毒感染者 SOT 的未来发展方向。
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引用次数: 0
Clonorchiasis and opisthorchiasis: epidemiology, transmission, clinical features, morbidity, diagnosis, treatment, and control. 克隆氏癣菌病和乳头癣菌病:流行病学、传播、临床特征、发病率、诊断、治疗和控制。
IF 36.8 1区 医学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-14 Epub Date: 2024-01-03 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00009-23
Men-Bao Qian, Jennifer Keiser, Jürg Utzinger, Xiao-Nong Zhou

Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini, and Opisthorchis felineus are important liver flukes that cause a considerable public health burden in eastern Asia, southeastern Asia, and eastern Europe, respectively. The life cycles are complex, involving humans, animal reservoirs, and two kinds of intermediate hosts. An interplay of biological, cultural, ecological, economic, and social factors drives transmission. Chronic infections are associated with liver and biliary complications, most importantly cholangiocarcinoma. With regard to diagnosis, stool microscopy is widely used in epidemiologic surveys and for individual diagnosis. Immunologic techniques are employed for screening purposes, and molecular techniques facilitate species differentiation in reference laboratories. The mainstay of control is preventive chemotherapy with praziquantel, usually combined with behavioral change through information, education and communication, and environmental control. Tribendimidine, a drug registered in the People's Republic of China for soil-transmitted helminth infections, shows potential against both C. sinensis and O. viverrini and, hence, warrants further clinical development. Novel control approaches include fish vaccine and biological control. Considerable advances have been made using multi-omics which may trigger the development of new interventions. Pressing research needs include mapping the current distribution, disentangling the transmission, accurately estimating the disease burden, and developing new diagnostic and treatment tools, which would aid to optimize control and elimination measures.

摘要 中华肝吸虫(Clonorchis sinensis)、肝吸虫(Opisthorchis viverrini)和肝吸虫(Opisthorchis felineus)是重要的肝吸虫,分别在亚洲东部、亚洲东南部和欧洲东部造成相当大的公共卫生负担。它们的生命周期非常复杂,涉及人类、动物宿主和两种中间宿主。生物、文化、生态、经济和社会因素相互作用,推动了传播。慢性感染与肝脏和胆道并发症有关,其中最重要的是胆管癌。在诊断方面,粪便显微镜检查被广泛用于流行病学调查和个体诊断。免疫学技术被用于筛查目的,分子技术有助于参考实验室进行物种区分。控制的主要方法是使用吡喹酮进行预防性化疗,通常结合通过信息、教育和交流改变行为以及环境控制。Tribendimidine 是一种在中华人民共和国注册的治疗土壤传播蠕虫感染的药物,对中华鳋和大菱鲆都有潜在的防治作用,因此值得进一步临床开发。新的控制方法包括鱼疫苗和生物控制。利用多组学技术已经取得了长足的进步,这可能会促进新干预措施的开发。紧迫的研究需求包括绘制目前的分布图、区分传播途径、准确估计疾病负担以及开发新的诊断和治疗工具,这将有助于优化控制和消除措施。
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引用次数: 0
Viral infections and pathogenesis of glaucoma: a comprehensive review. 青光眼的病毒感染及其发病机制综述。
IF 9.6 1区 医学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-20 Epub Date: 2023-11-15 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00057-23
Faraz Ahmad, Nikhil Deshmukh, Aaron Webel, Sandra Johnson, Ayman Suleiman, Rajiv R Mohan, Frederick Fraunfelder, Pawan Kumar Singh

Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, caused by the gradual degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and their axons. While glaucoma is primarily considered a genetic and age-related disease, some inflammatory conditions, such as uveitis and viral-induced anterior segment inflammation, cause secondary or uveitic glaucoma. Viruses are predominant ocular pathogens and can impose both acute and chronic pathological insults to the human eye. Many viruses, including herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, rubella virus, dengue virus, chikungunya virus, Ebola virus, and, more recently, Zika virus (ZIKV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), have been associated with sequela of either primary or secondary glaucoma. Epidemiological and clinical studies suggest the association between these viruses and subsequent glaucoma development. Despite this, the ocular manifestation and sequela of viral infections are not well understood. In fact, the association of viruses with glaucoma is considered relatively uncommon in part due to underreporting and/or lack of long-term follow-up studies. In recent years, literature on the pathological spectrum of emerging viral infections, such as ZIKV and SARS-CoV-2, has strengthened this proposition and renewed research activity in this area. Clinical studies from endemic regions as well as laboratory and preclinical investigations demonstrate a strong link between an infectious trigger and development of glaucomatous pathology. In this article, we review the current understanding of the field with a particular focus on viruses and their association with the pathogenesis of glaucoma.

青光眼是世界范围内不可逆性失明的主要原因,由视网膜神经节细胞及其轴突的逐渐变性引起。虽然青光眼主要被认为是一种遗传性和年龄相关的疾病,但一些炎症性疾病,如葡萄膜炎和病毒引起的前段炎症,可引起继发性或葡萄膜性青光眼。病毒是主要的眼部病原体,可对人眼造成急性和慢性病理性损害。许多病毒,包括单纯疱疹病毒、水痘带状疱疹病毒、巨细胞病毒、风疹病毒、登革热病毒、基孔肯雅病毒、埃博拉病毒,以及最近的寨卡病毒(ZIKV)和严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒-2 (SARS-CoV-2),都与原发性或继发性青光眼的后遗症有关。流行病学和临床研究表明,这些病毒与随后的青光眼发展之间存在关联。尽管如此,病毒感染的眼部表现和后遗症尚不清楚。事实上,病毒与青光眼的关联被认为相对罕见,部分原因是报告不足和/或缺乏长期随访研究。近年来,关于新发病毒感染病理谱的文献,如ZIKV和SARS-CoV-2,加强了这一主张,并更新了该领域的研究活动。来自流行地区的临床研究以及实验室和临床前调查表明,感染诱因与青光眼病理发展之间存在密切联系。在这篇文章中,我们回顾了目前对该领域的理解,特别关注病毒及其与青光眼发病机制的关系。
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引用次数: 0
Micro-nanoemulsion and nanoparticle-assisted drug delivery against drug-resistant tuberculosis: recent developments. 微纳米乳剂和纳米颗粒辅助给药治疗耐药结核病:最新进展。
IF 36.8 1区 医学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-20 Epub Date: 2023-11-30 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00088-23
Simpal Kumar Suman, Natarajan Chandrasekaran, C George Priya Doss

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global health problem and the second most prevalent infectious killer after COVID-19. It is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and has become increasingly challenging to treat due to drug resistance. The World Health Organization declared TB a global health emergency in 1993. Drug resistance in TB is driven by mutations in the bacterial genome that can be influenced by prolonged drug exposure and poor patient adherence. The development of drug-resistant forms of TB, such as multidrug resistant, extensively drug resistant, and totally drug resistant, poses significant therapeutic challenges. Researchers are exploring new drugs and novel drug delivery systems, such as nanotechnology-based therapies, to combat drug resistance. Nanodrug delivery offers targeted and precise drug delivery, improves treatment efficacy, and reduces adverse effects. Along with nanoscale drug delivery, a new generation of antibiotics with potent therapeutic efficacy, drug repurposing, and new treatment regimens (combinations) that can tackle the problem of drug resistance in a shorter duration could be promising therapies in clinical settings. However, the clinical translation of nanomedicines faces challenges such as safety, large-scale production, regulatory frameworks, and intellectual property issues. In this review, we present the current status, most recent findings, challenges, and limiting barriers to the use of emulsions and nanoparticles against drug-resistant TB.

结核病(TB)是一个主要的全球卫生问题,也是仅次于COVID-19的第二大流行传染病杀手。它是由结核分枝杆菌(Mtb)引起的,由于耐药,治疗变得越来越具有挑战性。1993年,世界卫生组织宣布结核病为全球卫生紧急事件。结核病的耐药性是由细菌基因组的突变驱动的,而这种突变可能受到长期药物暴露和患者依从性差的影响。耐药结核病的发展,如多重耐药、广泛耐药和完全耐药,构成了重大的治疗挑战。科学家们正在探索新的药物和新的药物输送系统,例如基于纳米技术的疗法,以对抗耐药性。纳米给药提供了靶向和精确的给药,提高了治疗效果,减少了不良反应。随着纳米级药物输送,具有有效治疗效果的新一代抗生素、药物再利用以及能够在较短时间内解决耐药性问题的新治疗方案(组合)可能是临床环境中有希望的治疗方法。然而,纳米药物的临床转化面临着诸如安全性、大规模生产、监管框架和知识产权问题等挑战。在这篇综述中,我们介绍了使用乳剂和纳米颗粒治疗耐药结核病的现状、最新发现、挑战和限制障碍。
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引用次数: 0
Human strongyloidiasis: complexities and pathways forward. 人类强直性脊柱炎:复杂性和前进道路。
IF 19 1区 医学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-20 Epub Date: 2023-11-08 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00033-23
Dora Buonfrate, Richard S Bradbury, Matthew R Watts, Zeno Bisoffi

Strongyloidiasis is a World Health Organization neglected tropical disease usually caused by Strongyloides stercoralis, a parasitic worm with a complex life cycle. Globally, 300-600 million people are infected through contact with fecally contaminated soil. An autoinfective component of the life cycle can lead to chronic infection that may be asymptomatic or cause long-term symptoms, including malnourishment in children. Low larval output can limit the sensitivity of detection in stool, with serology being effective but less sensitive in immunocompromise. Host immunosuppression can trigger catastrophic, fatal hyperinfection/dissemination, where large numbers of larvae pierce the bowel wall and disseminate throughout the organs. Stable disease is effectively treated by single-dose ivermectin, with disease in immunocompromised patients treated with multiple doses. Strategies for management include raising awareness, clarifying zoonotic potential, the development and use of effective diagnostic tests for epidemiological studies and individual diagnosis, and the implementation of treatment programs with research into therapeutic alternatives and medication safety.

SUMMARYS圆线虫病是世界卫生组织忽视的一种热带疾病,通常由圆线虫引起,圆线虫是一种具有复杂生命周期的寄生虫。在全球范围内,有3亿至6亿人因接触被粪便污染的土壤而感染。生命周期中的自身感染成分可能导致无症状的慢性感染或导致长期症状,包括儿童营养不良。幼虫产量低会限制粪便检测的灵敏度,血清学有效,但对免疫功能低下的检测灵敏度较低。宿主免疫抑制可引发灾难性的、致命的过度感染/传播,大量幼虫刺穿肠壁并传播到整个器官。稳定的疾病可通过单剂量伊维菌素有效治疗,免疫功能低下患者可通过多剂量治疗。管理策略包括提高认识,阐明人畜共患的潜力,开发和使用有效的诊断测试进行流行病学研究和个人诊断,以及实施治疗方案,研究治疗替代方案和药物安全性。
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引用次数: 0
Wild-type distributions of minimum inhibitory concentrations and epidemiological cut-off values-laboratory and clinical utility. 最小抑制浓度和流行病学临界值的野生型分布-实验室和临床应用。
IF 36.8 1区 医学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-20 Epub Date: 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00100-22
Gunnar Kahlmeter, John Turnidge

The characterization of wild-type minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and zone diameter distributions with the setting of epidemiological cut-off values (ECOFFs or ECVs) provides a reference for the otherwise relative MIC values in the international system for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Distributions of MIC values for a species and an agent follow a log-normal distribution, which in the absence of resistance mechanisms is monomodal and designated wild type (WT). The upper end of the WT distribution, the ECOFF, can be identified with statistical methods. In the presence of phenotypically detectable resistance, the distribution has at least one more mode (the non-WT), but despite this, the WT is most often identifiable using the same methods. The ECOFF provides the most sensitive measure of resistance development in a species against an agent. The WT and non-WT modes are independent of the organism´s response to treatment, but when the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) determines the clinical breakpoints, the committee avoids breakpoints that split WT distributions of target species. This is to avoid the poorer reproducibility of susceptibility categorization when breakpoints split major populations but also because the EUCAST has failed to identify different clinical outcomes for isolates with different MIC values inside the wild-type distribution. In laboratory practice, the ECOFF is used to screen for and exclude resistance and allows the comparison of resistance between systems with different breakpoints from different breakpoint organizations, breakpoints evolving over time, and different breakpoints between human and animal medicine. The EUCAST actively encourages colleagues to question MIC distributions as presented on the website (https://www.eucast.org/mic_and_zone_distributions_and_ecoffs) and to contribute MIC and inhibition zone diameter data.

摘要通过设定流行病学临界值(ecoff或ECVs)对野生型最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和区径分布进行表征,为国际药敏试验体系中相对MIC值提供参考。一个物种和一种病原体的MIC值的分布遵循对数正态分布,在缺乏抗性机制的情况下,这种分布是单峰的,被称为野生型(WT)。WT分布的上端,即ECOFF,可以用统计方法识别。在存在表型可检测的抗性时,分布至少有一种模式(非WT),但尽管如此,WT通常使用相同的方法来识别。ECOFF提供了一个物种对一种药剂产生耐药性的最灵敏的测量方法。WT和非WT模式独立于生物体对治疗的反应,但当欧洲抗微生物药敏试验委员会(EUCAST)确定临床断点时,委员会避免了分裂目标物种WT分布的断点。这是为了避免当断点分裂主要种群时敏感性分类的可重复性较差,也是因为EUCAST未能识别野生型分布中具有不同MIC值的分离株的不同临床结果。在实验室实践中,ECOFF用于筛选和排除耐药性,并允许比较来自不同断点组织的具有不同断点的系统之间的耐药性,断点随着时间的推移而变化,以及人类和动物药物之间的不同断点。EUCAST积极鼓励同事们对网站(https://www.eucast.org/mic_and_zone_distributions_and_ecoffs)上的MIC分布提出质疑,并提供MIC和抑制带直径数据。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental models for HIV latency and molecular tools for reservoir quantification-an update. HIV潜伏期的实验模型和储层定量的分子工具的更新。
IF 9.6 1区 医学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-20 Epub Date: 2023-11-15 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00013-23
Divyadarshini Angamuthu, Sandhya Vivekanandan, Luke Elizabeth Hanna

A major impediment for HIV cure is the ability of the virus to integrate its genome in the form of replication-competent proviral DNA into the cellular genome of the host and remain transcriptionally silent and hidden from the host's immune defense mechanisms in latent reservoir cells. These latent reservoirs are highly heterogeneous, long-lived cells that are capable of reactivating to restore the viremic stage in virally suppressed individuals upon treatment interruption, thus necessitating life-long antiretroviral treatment. Latency reversal has become one of the most explored therapeutic approaches for eliminating HIV reservoirs and effecting HIV cure. Various aspects governing the establishment, maintenance, and reversal of HIV latency continue to be an enigma and warrant further research. Quantifying the size of the latent reservoir pool is also a challenge as these cells are very few in number and cannot be easily differentiated from uninfected cells. This article provides a comprehensive review of the in vitro and in vivo models currently available for studying HIV latency as well as the recently developed molecular tools for detection and quantification of latent viral reservoirs.

HIV治愈的一个主要障碍是该病毒能够以具有复制能力的原病毒DNA的形式将其基因组整合到宿主的细胞基因组中,并在潜伏储存库细胞中保持转录沉默,不受宿主免疫防御机制的影响。这些潜伏的储存库是高度异质性的、长寿命的细胞,在治疗中断时能够在病毒抑制的个体中重新激活以恢复病毒血症阶段,因此需要终身抗逆转录病毒治疗。潜伏逆转已成为消除HIV病毒库和实现HIV治愈的研究热点之一。控制HIV潜伏期的建立、维持和逆转的各个方面仍然是一个谜,需要进一步的研究。由于这些细胞数量很少,并且不易与未感染的细胞区分,因此对潜伏库池的大小进行量化也是一项挑战。本文全面综述了目前用于研究HIV潜伏期的体外和体内模型,以及最近开发的用于检测和定量潜伏病毒库的分子工具。
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引用次数: 0
Invasive fusariosis. 侵袭性镰刀菌病。
IF 19 1区 医学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-20 Epub Date: 2023-11-08 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00159-22
Marcio Nucci, Elias Anaissie

Invasive fusariosis is a serious invasive fungal disease, affecting immunocompetent and, more frequently, immunocompromised patients. Localized disease is the typical clinical form in immunocompetent patients. Immunocompromised hosts at elevated risk of developing invasive fusariosis are patients with acute leukemia receiving chemotherapeutic regimens for remission induction, and those undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant. In this setting, the infection is usually disseminated with positive blood cultures, multiple painful metastatic skin lesions, and lung involvement. Currently available antifungal agents have poor in vitro activity against Fusarium species, but a clear-cut correlation between in vitro activity and clinical effectiveness does not exist. The outcome of invasive fusariosis is largely dependent on the resolution of immunosuppression, especially neutrophil recovery in neutropenic patients.

SUMMARYInvasive镰刀菌病是一种严重的侵袭性真菌疾病,影响免疫功能低下的患者,更常见的是影响免疫功能受损的患者。局限性疾病是免疫功能低下患者的典型临床表现。发生侵袭性镰刀菌病风险较高的免疫受损宿主是接受化疗方案诱导病情缓解的急性白血病患者,以及接受异基因造血细胞移植的患者。在这种情况下,感染通常伴有阳性血液培养、多处疼痛的转移性皮肤病变和肺部受累。目前可用的抗真菌药物对镰刀菌属的体外活性较差,但体外活性和临床有效性之间并不存在明确的相关性。侵袭性镰刀菌病的结果在很大程度上取决于免疫抑制的解决,尤其是中性粒细胞减少患者的中性粒细胞恢复。
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Clinical Microbiology Reviews
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