Pub Date : 2024-06-13Epub Date: 2024-03-11DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00121-23
Christopher A Mullally, Marhami Fahriani, Shakeel Mowlaboccus, Geoffrey W Coombs
SUMMARYEnterococci are a diverse group of Gram-positive bacteria that are typically found as commensals in humans, animals, and the environment. Occasionally, they may cause clinically relevant diseases such as endocarditis, septicemia, urinary tract infections, and wound infections. The majority of clinical infections in humans are caused by two species: Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis. However, there is an increasing number of clinical infections caused by non-faecium non-faecalis (NFF) enterococci. Although NFF enterococcal species are often overlooked, studies have shown that they may harbor antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and virulence factors that are found in E. faecium and E. faecalis. In this review, we present an overview of the NFF enterococci with a particular focus on human clinical manifestations, epidemiology, virulence genes, and AMR genes.
摘要 肠球菌是一类多种多样的革兰氏阳性细菌,通常作为共生菌存在于人类、动物和环境中。它们偶尔会引起临床相关疾病,如心内膜炎、败血症、尿路感染和伤口感染。人类的大多数临床感染是由两个菌种引起的:粪肠球菌和粪肠球菌。不过,由非粪肠球菌(NFF)引起的临床感染也越来越多。虽然 NFF 肠球菌常常被忽视,但研究表明,它们可能蕴藏着抗菌药耐药性 (AMR) 基因和毒力因子,而这些基因和因子在粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌中都能找到。在本综述中,我们将概述 NFF 肠球菌,并特别关注人类临床表现、流行病学、毒力基因和 AMR 基因。
{"title":"Non-<i>faecium</i> non-<i>faecalis</i> enterococci: a review of clinical manifestations, virulence factors, and antimicrobial resistance.","authors":"Christopher A Mullally, Marhami Fahriani, Shakeel Mowlaboccus, Geoffrey W Coombs","doi":"10.1128/cmr.00121-23","DOIUrl":"10.1128/cmr.00121-23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SUMMARYEnterococci are a diverse group of Gram-positive bacteria that are typically found as commensals in humans, animals, and the environment. Occasionally, they may cause clinically relevant diseases such as endocarditis, septicemia, urinary tract infections, and wound infections. The majority of clinical infections in humans are caused by two species: <i>Enterococcus faecium</i> and <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>. However, there is an increasing number of clinical infections caused by non-<i>faecium</i> non-<i>faecalis</i> (NFF) enterococci. Although NFF enterococcal species are often overlooked, studies have shown that they may harbor antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and virulence factors that are found in <i>E. faecium</i> and <i>E. faecalis</i>. In this review, we present an overview of the NFF enterococci with a particular focus on human clinical manifestations, epidemiology, virulence genes, and AMR genes.</p>","PeriodicalId":10378,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e0012123"},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11237509/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140093523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-13Epub Date: 2024-03-20DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00104-23
Marisa Ann Azad, Robin Patel
SUMMARYImplant-associated infections (IAIs) pose serious threats to patients and can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. These infections may be difficult to diagnose due, in part, to biofilm formation on device surfaces, and because even when microbes are found, their clinical significance may be unclear. Despite recent advances in laboratory testing, IAIs remain a diagnostic challenge. From a therapeutic standpoint, many IAIs currently require device removal and prolonged courses of antimicrobial therapy to effect a cure. Therefore, making an accurate diagnosis, defining both the presence of infection and the involved microorganisms, is paramount. The sensitivity of standard microbial culture for IAI diagnosis varies depending on the type of IAI, the specimen analyzed, and the culture technique(s) used. Although IAI-specific culture-based diagnostics have been described, the challenge of culture-negative IAIs remains. Given this, molecular assays, including both nucleic acid amplification tests and next-generation sequencing-based assays, have been used. In this review, an overview of these challenging infections is presented, as well as an approach to their diagnosis from a microbiologic perspective.
{"title":"Practical Guidance for Clinical Microbiology Laboratories: Microbiologic diagnosis of implant-associated infections.","authors":"Marisa Ann Azad, Robin Patel","doi":"10.1128/cmr.00104-23","DOIUrl":"10.1128/cmr.00104-23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SUMMARYImplant-associated infections (IAIs) pose serious threats to patients and can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. These infections may be difficult to diagnose due, in part, to biofilm formation on device surfaces, and because even when microbes are found, their clinical significance may be unclear. Despite recent advances in laboratory testing, IAIs remain a diagnostic challenge. From a therapeutic standpoint, many IAIs currently require device removal and prolonged courses of antimicrobial therapy to effect a cure. Therefore, making an accurate diagnosis, defining both the presence of infection and the involved microorganisms, is paramount. The sensitivity of standard microbial culture for IAI diagnosis varies depending on the type of IAI, the specimen analyzed, and the culture technique(s) used. Although IAI-specific culture-based diagnostics have been described, the challenge of culture-negative IAIs remains. Given this, molecular assays, including both nucleic acid amplification tests and next-generation sequencing-based assays, have been used. In this review, an overview of these challenging infections is presented, as well as an approach to their diagnosis from a microbiologic perspective.</p>","PeriodicalId":10378,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e0010423"},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11237642/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140174011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SUMMARYIn 2023, the World Health Organization designated eumycetoma causative agents as high-priority pathogens on its list of fungal priority pathogens. Despite this recognition, a comprehensive understanding of these causative agents is lacking, and ...
{"title":"An updated list of eumycetoma causative agents and their differences in grain formation and treatment response","authors":"Wendy W. J. van de Sande, Ahmed H. Fahal","doi":"10.1128/cmr.00034-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00034-23","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARYIn 2023, the World Health Organization designated eumycetoma causative agents as high-priority\u0000pathogens on its list of fungal priority pathogens. Despite this recognition, a comprehensive\u0000understanding of these causative agents is lacking, and ...","PeriodicalId":10378,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":36.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140819522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sharana Mahomed1Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, Graeme N. Forrest
Clinical Microbiology Reviews, Ahead of Print.
临床微生物学评论》,提前出版。
{"title":"Broadly neutralizing antibodies for HIV prevention: a comprehensive review and future perspectives","authors":"Sharana Mahomed1Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, Graeme N. Forrest","doi":"10.1128/cmr.00152-22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00152-22","url":null,"abstract":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews, Ahead of Print. <br/>","PeriodicalId":10378,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":36.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140817783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kazutoyo MiuraYevel Flores-GarciaCarole A. LongFidel Zavala1Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA2Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Malaria Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, Louisa A. Messenger, Gordon A. AwandareKwadwo Asamoah Kusi
Clinical Microbiology Reviews, Ahead of Print.
临床微生物学评论》,提前出版。
{"title":"Vaccines and monoclonal antibodies: new tools for malaria control","authors":"Kazutoyo MiuraYevel Flores-GarciaCarole A. LongFidel Zavala1Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA2Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Malaria Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, Louisa A. Messenger, Gordon A. AwandareKwadwo Asamoah Kusi","doi":"10.1128/cmr.00071-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00071-23","url":null,"abstract":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews, Ahead of Print. <br/>","PeriodicalId":10378,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":36.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140642268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yingying YangShiyu XieFangjing HeYindi XuZhifang WangAwais IhsanXu Wang1National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China2MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China3MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China4Institute of Animal Husbandry Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China5Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal campus, Islamabad, Pakistan, Graeme N. Forrest
Clinical Microbiology Reviews, Ahead of Print.
临床微生物学评论》,提前出版。
{"title":"Recent development and fighting strategies for lincosamide antibiotic resistance","authors":"Yingying YangShiyu XieFangjing HeYindi XuZhifang WangAwais IhsanXu Wang1National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China2MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China3MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China4Institute of Animal Husbandry Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China5Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal campus, Islamabad, Pakistan, Graeme N. Forrest","doi":"10.1128/cmr.00161-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00161-23","url":null,"abstract":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews, Ahead of Print. <br/>","PeriodicalId":10378,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":36.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140620208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Martin HoeniglAmir ArastehfarMaiken Cavling ArendrupRoger BrüggemannAgostinho CarvalhoTom ChillerSharon ChenMatthias EggerSimon FeysJean-Pierre GangneuxJeremy A. W. GoldAndreas H. GrollJannes HeylenJeffrey D. JenksRobert KrauseKatrien LagrouFrédéric LamothJuergen PrattesSarah SedikJoost WautersNathan P. WiederholdGeorge R. Thompson1Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, ECMM Excellence Center for Medical Mycology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria2BiotechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria3Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA4Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA5Unit of Mycology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark6Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark7Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark8Department of Pharmacy and Radboudumc Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboud University ..
Clinical Microbiology Reviews, Ahead of Print.
临床微生物学评论》,提前出版。
{"title":"Novel antifungals and treatment approaches to tackle resistance and improve outcomes of invasive fungal disease","authors":"Martin HoeniglAmir ArastehfarMaiken Cavling ArendrupRoger BrüggemannAgostinho CarvalhoTom ChillerSharon ChenMatthias EggerSimon FeysJean-Pierre GangneuxJeremy A. W. GoldAndreas H. GrollJannes HeylenJeffrey D. JenksRobert KrauseKatrien LagrouFrédéric LamothJuergen PrattesSarah SedikJoost WautersNathan P. WiederholdGeorge R. Thompson1Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, ECMM Excellence Center for Medical Mycology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria2BiotechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria3Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA4Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA5Unit of Mycology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark6Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark7Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark8Department of Pharmacy and Radboudumc Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboud University ..","doi":"10.1128/cmr.00074-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00074-23","url":null,"abstract":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews, Ahead of Print. <br/>","PeriodicalId":10378,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":36.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140544690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-14Epub Date: 2024-01-31DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00142-23
Emily Puumala, Sara Fallah, Nicole Robbins, Leah E Cowen
Over recent decades, the global burden of fungal disease has expanded dramatically. It is estimated that fungal disease kills approximately 1.5 million individuals annually; however, the true worldwide burden of fungal infection is thought to be higher due to existing gaps in diagnostics and clinical understanding of mycotic disease. The development of resistance to antifungals across diverse pathogenic fungal genera is an increasingly common and devastating phenomenon due to the dearth of available antifungal classes. These factors necessitate a coordinated response by researchers, clinicians, public health agencies, and the pharmaceutical industry to develop new antifungal strategies, as the burden of fungal disease continues to grow. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the new antifungal therapeutics currently in clinical trials, highlighting their spectra of activity and progress toward clinical implementation. We also profile up-and-coming intracellular proteins and pathways primed for the development of novel antifungals targeting their activity. Ultimately, we aim to emphasize the importance of increased investment into antifungal therapeutics in the current continually evolving landscape of infectious disease.
{"title":"Advancements and challenges in antifungal therapeutic development.","authors":"Emily Puumala, Sara Fallah, Nicole Robbins, Leah E Cowen","doi":"10.1128/cmr.00142-23","DOIUrl":"10.1128/cmr.00142-23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Over recent decades, the global burden of fungal disease has expanded dramatically. It is estimated that fungal disease kills approximately 1.5 million individuals annually; however, the true worldwide burden of fungal infection is thought to be higher due to existing gaps in diagnostics and clinical understanding of mycotic disease. The development of resistance to antifungals across diverse pathogenic fungal genera is an increasingly common and devastating phenomenon due to the dearth of available antifungal classes. These factors necessitate a coordinated response by researchers, clinicians, public health agencies, and the pharmaceutical industry to develop new antifungal strategies, as the burden of fungal disease continues to grow. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the new antifungal therapeutics currently in clinical trials, highlighting their spectra of activity and progress toward clinical implementation. We also profile up-and-coming intracellular proteins and pathways primed for the development of novel antifungals targeting their activity. Ultimately, we aim to emphasize the importance of increased investment into antifungal therapeutics in the current continually evolving landscape of infectious disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":10378,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e0014223"},"PeriodicalIF":36.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10938895/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139641673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-14Epub Date: 2024-02-01DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00098-22
Ilana Nazari, Matthew J Feinstein
People with HIV (PWH) are at elevated risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including myocardial infarction, heart failure, and sudden cardiac death, among other CVD manifestations. Chronic immune dysregulation resulting in persistent inflammation is common among PWH, particularly those with sustained viremia and impaired CD4+ T cell recovery. This inflammatory milieu is a major contributor to CVDs among PWH, in concert with common comorbidities (such as dyslipidemia and smoking) and, to a lesser extent, off-target effects of antiretroviral therapy. In this review, we discuss the clinical and mechanistic evidence surrounding heightened CVD risks among PWH, implications for specific CVD manifestations, and practical guidance for management in the setting of evolving data.
摘要艾滋病病毒感染者(PWH)罹患心血管疾病(CVDs)的风险较高,包括心肌梗死、心力衰竭、心脏性猝死以及其他心血管疾病表现。导致持续炎症的慢性免疫失调在艾滋病病毒感染者中很常见,尤其是那些病毒血症持续存在且 CD4+ T 细胞恢复受损的艾滋病病毒感染者。这种炎症环境与常见的合并症(如血脂异常和吸烟)以及在较小程度上与抗逆转录病毒疗法的脱靶效应一起,是导致 PWH 患者心血管疾病的主要因素。在这篇综述中,我们将讨论有关增加 PWH 心血管疾病风险的临床和机理证据、对特定心血管疾病表现的影响以及在数据不断变化的情况下进行管理的实用指南。
{"title":"Evolving mechanisms and presentations of cardiovascular disease in people with HIV: implications for management.","authors":"Ilana Nazari, Matthew J Feinstein","doi":"10.1128/cmr.00098-22","DOIUrl":"10.1128/cmr.00098-22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>People with HIV (PWH) are at elevated risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including myocardial infarction, heart failure, and sudden cardiac death, among other CVD manifestations. Chronic immune dysregulation resulting in persistent inflammation is common among PWH, particularly those with sustained viremia and impaired CD4+ T cell recovery. This inflammatory milieu is a major contributor to CVDs among PWH, in concert with common comorbidities (such as dyslipidemia and smoking) and, to a lesser extent, off-target effects of antiretroviral therapy. In this review, we discuss the clinical and mechanistic evidence surrounding heightened CVD risks among PWH, implications for specific CVD manifestations, and practical guidance for management in the setting of evolving data.</p>","PeriodicalId":10378,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e0009822"},"PeriodicalIF":36.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10938901/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139650375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by the helminth Schistosoma spp. and has the second highest global impact of all parasites. Schistosoma are transmitted through contact with contaminated fresh water predominantly in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and South America. Due to the widespread prevalence of Schistosoma, co-infection with other infectious agents is common but often poorly described. Herein, we review recent literature describing the impact of Schistosoma co-infection between species and Schistosoma co-infection with blood-borne protozoa, soil-transmitted helminths, various intestinal protozoa, Mycobacterium, Salmonella, various urinary tract infection-causing agents, and viral pathogens. In each case, disease severity and, of particular interest, the immune landscape, are altered as a consequence of co-infection. Understanding the impact of schistosomiasis co-infections will be important when considering treatment strategies and vaccine development moving forward.
{"title":"Beyond schistosomiasis: unraveling co-infections and altered immunity.","authors":"Dilhan J Perera, Cal Koger-Pease, Kayla Paulini, Mohamed Daoudi, Momar Ndao","doi":"10.1128/cmr.00098-23","DOIUrl":"10.1128/cmr.00098-23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by the helminth <i>Schistosoma</i> spp. and has the second highest global impact of all parasites. <i>Schistosoma</i> are transmitted through contact with contaminated fresh water predominantly in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and South America. Due to the widespread prevalence of <i>Schistosoma</i>, co-infection with other infectious agents is common but often poorly described. Herein, we review recent literature describing the impact of <i>Schistosoma</i> co-infection between species and <i>Schistosoma</i> co-infection with blood-borne protozoa, soil-transmitted helminths, various intestinal protozoa, <i>Mycobacterium</i>, <i>Salmonella</i>, various urinary tract infection-causing agents, and viral pathogens. In each case, disease severity and, of particular interest, the immune landscape, are altered as a consequence of co-infection. Understanding the impact of schistosomiasis co-infections will be important when considering treatment strategies and vaccine development moving forward.</p>","PeriodicalId":10378,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e0009823"},"PeriodicalIF":36.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10938899/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139691401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}