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Non-faecium non-faecalis enterococci: a review of clinical manifestations, virulence factors, and antimicrobial resistance. 非肠球菌:临床表现、致病因素和抗菌药耐药性综述。
IF 19 1区 医学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-13 Epub Date: 2024-03-11 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00121-23
Christopher A Mullally, Marhami Fahriani, Shakeel Mowlaboccus, Geoffrey W Coombs

SUMMARYEnterococci are a diverse group of Gram-positive bacteria that are typically found as commensals in humans, animals, and the environment. Occasionally, they may cause clinically relevant diseases such as endocarditis, septicemia, urinary tract infections, and wound infections. The majority of clinical infections in humans are caused by two species: Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis. However, there is an increasing number of clinical infections caused by non-faecium non-faecalis (NFF) enterococci. Although NFF enterococcal species are often overlooked, studies have shown that they may harbor antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and virulence factors that are found in E. faecium and E. faecalis. In this review, we present an overview of the NFF enterococci with a particular focus on human clinical manifestations, epidemiology, virulence genes, and AMR genes.

摘要 肠球菌是一类多种多样的革兰氏阳性细菌,通常作为共生菌存在于人类、动物和环境中。它们偶尔会引起临床相关疾病,如心内膜炎、败血症、尿路感染和伤口感染。人类的大多数临床感染是由两个菌种引起的:粪肠球菌和粪肠球菌。不过,由非粪肠球菌(NFF)引起的临床感染也越来越多。虽然 NFF 肠球菌常常被忽视,但研究表明,它们可能蕴藏着抗菌药耐药性 (AMR) 基因和毒力因子,而这些基因和因子在粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌中都能找到。在本综述中,我们将概述 NFF 肠球菌,并特别关注人类临床表现、流行病学、毒力基因和 AMR 基因。
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引用次数: 0
Practical Guidance for Clinical Microbiology Laboratories: Microbiologic diagnosis of implant-associated infections. 临床微生物实验室实用指南》:种植相关感染的微生物学诊断。
IF 19 1区 医学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-13 Epub Date: 2024-03-20 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00104-23
Marisa Ann Azad, Robin Patel

SUMMARYImplant-associated infections (IAIs) pose serious threats to patients and can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. These infections may be difficult to diagnose due, in part, to biofilm formation on device surfaces, and because even when microbes are found, their clinical significance may be unclear. Despite recent advances in laboratory testing, IAIs remain a diagnostic challenge. From a therapeutic standpoint, many IAIs currently require device removal and prolonged courses of antimicrobial therapy to effect a cure. Therefore, making an accurate diagnosis, defining both the presence of infection and the involved microorganisms, is paramount. The sensitivity of standard microbial culture for IAI diagnosis varies depending on the type of IAI, the specimen analyzed, and the culture technique(s) used. Although IAI-specific culture-based diagnostics have been described, the challenge of culture-negative IAIs remains. Given this, molecular assays, including both nucleic acid amplification tests and next-generation sequencing-based assays, have been used. In this review, an overview of these challenging infections is presented, as well as an approach to their diagnosis from a microbiologic perspective.

摘要 种植体相关感染(IAIs)对患者构成严重威胁,并可能导致严重的发病率和死亡率。这些感染可能难以诊断,部分原因是装置表面形成了生物膜,而且即使发现了微生物,其临床意义也可能不明确。尽管最近实验室检测取得了进步,但侵入性感染仍然是诊断方面的难题。从治疗的角度来看,许多 IAI 目前需要移除设备和长时间的抗菌治疗才能治愈。因此,准确诊断、确定是否存在感染和涉及的微生物至关重要。用于 IAI 诊断的标准微生物培养的灵敏度因 IAI 类型、分析的标本和使用的培养技术而异。尽管已经描述了基于培养的 IAI 特异性诊断方法,但培养阴性 IAI 的挑战依然存在。有鉴于此,分子检测方法(包括核酸扩增检测和基于新一代测序的检测方法)得到了应用。本综述概述了这些具有挑战性的感染,以及从微生物学角度诊断这些感染的方法。
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引用次数: 0
An updated list of eumycetoma causative agents and their differences in grain formation and treatment response 瘤致病因子最新清单及其在颗粒形成和治疗反应方面的差异
IF 36.8 1区 医学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00034-23
Wendy W. J. van de Sande, Ahmed H. Fahal
SUMMARYIn 2023, the World Health Organization designated eumycetoma causative agents as high-prioritypathogens on its list of fungal priority pathogens. Despite this recognition, a comprehensiveunderstanding of these causative agents is lacking, and ...
摘要 2023 年,世界卫生组织在其真菌优先病原体清单中将真菌瘤致病菌指定为高度优先病原体。尽管得到了这一认可,但对这些致病菌还缺乏全面的了解,而且...
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引用次数: 0
Broadly neutralizing antibodies for HIV prevention: a comprehensive review and future perspectives 用于预防艾滋病毒的广谱中和抗体:全面回顾与未来展望
IF 36.8 1区 医学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-30 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00152-22
Sharana Mahomed1Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, Graeme N. Forrest
Clinical Microbiology Reviews, Ahead of Print.
临床微生物学评论》,提前出版。
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引用次数: 0
Vaccines and monoclonal antibodies: new tools for malaria control 疫苗和单克隆抗体:控制疟疾的新工具
IF 36.8 1区 医学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-24 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00071-23
Kazutoyo MiuraYevel Flores-GarciaCarole A. LongFidel Zavala1Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA2Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Malaria Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, Louisa A. Messenger, Gordon A. AwandareKwadwo Asamoah Kusi
Clinical Microbiology Reviews, Ahead of Print.
临床微生物学评论》,提前出版。
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引用次数: 0
Recent development and fighting strategies for lincosamide antibiotic resistance 林可酰胺类抗生素耐药性的最新发展和应对策略
IF 36.8 1区 医学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-18 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00161-23
Yingying YangShiyu XieFangjing HeYindi XuZhifang WangAwais IhsanXu Wang1National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China2MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China3MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China4Institute of Animal Husbandry Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China5Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal campus, Islamabad, Pakistan, Graeme N. Forrest
Clinical Microbiology Reviews, Ahead of Print.
临床微生物学评论》,提前出版。
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引用次数: 0
Novel antifungals and treatment approaches to tackle resistance and improve outcomes of invasive fungal disease 新型抗真菌药物和治疗方法,解决抗药性问题,改善侵袭性真菌病的治疗效果
IF 36.8 1区 医学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-11 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00074-23
Martin HoeniglAmir ArastehfarMaiken Cavling ArendrupRoger BrüggemannAgostinho CarvalhoTom ChillerSharon ChenMatthias EggerSimon FeysJean-Pierre GangneuxJeremy A. W. GoldAndreas H. GrollJannes HeylenJeffrey D. JenksRobert KrauseKatrien LagrouFrédéric LamothJuergen PrattesSarah SedikJoost WautersNathan P. WiederholdGeorge R. Thompson1Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, ECMM Excellence Center for Medical Mycology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria2BiotechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria3Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA4Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA5Unit of Mycology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark6Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark7Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark8Department of Pharmacy and Radboudumc Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboud University ..
Clinical Microbiology Reviews, Ahead of Print.
临床微生物学评论》,提前出版。
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引用次数: 0
Advancements and challenges in antifungal therapeutic development. 抗真菌疗法开发的进展与挑战。
IF 36.8 1区 医学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-14 Epub Date: 2024-01-31 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00142-23
Emily Puumala, Sara Fallah, Nicole Robbins, Leah E Cowen

Over recent decades, the global burden of fungal disease has expanded dramatically. It is estimated that fungal disease kills approximately 1.5 million individuals annually; however, the true worldwide burden of fungal infection is thought to be higher due to existing gaps in diagnostics and clinical understanding of mycotic disease. The development of resistance to antifungals across diverse pathogenic fungal genera is an increasingly common and devastating phenomenon due to the dearth of available antifungal classes. These factors necessitate a coordinated response by researchers, clinicians, public health agencies, and the pharmaceutical industry to develop new antifungal strategies, as the burden of fungal disease continues to grow. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the new antifungal therapeutics currently in clinical trials, highlighting their spectra of activity and progress toward clinical implementation. We also profile up-and-coming intracellular proteins and pathways primed for the development of novel antifungals targeting their activity. Ultimately, we aim to emphasize the importance of increased investment into antifungal therapeutics in the current continually evolving landscape of infectious disease.

摘要近几十年来,全球真菌疾病的负担急剧加重。据估计,每年约有 150 万人死于真菌疾病;然而,由于目前在诊断和临床上对真菌疾病的认识存在差距,人们认为真菌感染造成的真正全球负担可能更高。由于可用的抗真菌药物种类匮乏,各种致病真菌属对抗真菌药物产生抗药性的现象越来越普遍,而且破坏性越来越大。随着真菌疾病负担的不断加重,研究人员、临床医生、公共卫生机构和制药业必须协调应对这些因素,开发新的抗真菌策略。本综述全面概述了目前正在进行临床试验的新型抗真菌治疗药物,重点介绍了这些药物的活性和临床应用进展。我们还介绍了新出现的细胞内蛋白和通路,这些蛋白和通路的活性为新型抗真菌药物的开发奠定了基础。最终,我们希望强调在当前不断演变的传染病形势下,增加对抗真菌疗法投资的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Evolving mechanisms and presentations of cardiovascular disease in people with HIV: implications for management. 艾滋病病毒感染者心血管疾病不断演变的机制和表现:对管理的影响。
IF 36.8 1区 医学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-14 Epub Date: 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00098-22
Ilana Nazari, Matthew J Feinstein

People with HIV (PWH) are at elevated risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including myocardial infarction, heart failure, and sudden cardiac death, among other CVD manifestations. Chronic immune dysregulation resulting in persistent inflammation is common among PWH, particularly those with sustained viremia and impaired CD4+ T cell recovery. This inflammatory milieu is a major contributor to CVDs among PWH, in concert with common comorbidities (such as dyslipidemia and smoking) and, to a lesser extent, off-target effects of antiretroviral therapy. In this review, we discuss the clinical and mechanistic evidence surrounding heightened CVD risks among PWH, implications for specific CVD manifestations, and practical guidance for management in the setting of evolving data.

摘要艾滋病病毒感染者(PWH)罹患心血管疾病(CVDs)的风险较高,包括心肌梗死、心力衰竭、心脏性猝死以及其他心血管疾病表现。导致持续炎症的慢性免疫失调在艾滋病病毒感染者中很常见,尤其是那些病毒血症持续存在且 CD4+ T 细胞恢复受损的艾滋病病毒感染者。这种炎症环境与常见的合并症(如血脂异常和吸烟)以及在较小程度上与抗逆转录病毒疗法的脱靶效应一起,是导致 PWH 患者心血管疾病的主要因素。在这篇综述中,我们将讨论有关增加 PWH 心血管疾病风险的临床和机理证据、对特定心血管疾病表现的影响以及在数据不断变化的情况下进行管理的实用指南。
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引用次数: 0
Beyond schistosomiasis: unraveling co-infections and altered immunity. 血吸虫病之外:揭示合并感染和免疫力改变。
IF 36.8 1区 医学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-14 Epub Date: 2024-02-06 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00098-23
Dilhan J Perera, Cal Koger-Pease, Kayla Paulini, Mohamed Daoudi, Momar Ndao

Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by the helminth Schistosoma spp. and has the second highest global impact of all parasites. Schistosoma are transmitted through contact with contaminated fresh water predominantly in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and South America. Due to the widespread prevalence of Schistosoma, co-infection with other infectious agents is common but often poorly described. Herein, we review recent literature describing the impact of Schistosoma co-infection between species and Schistosoma co-infection with blood-borne protozoa, soil-transmitted helminths, various intestinal protozoa, Mycobacterium, Salmonella, various urinary tract infection-causing agents, and viral pathogens. In each case, disease severity and, of particular interest, the immune landscape, are altered as a consequence of co-infection. Understanding the impact of schistosomiasis co-infections will be important when considering treatment strategies and vaccine development moving forward.

摘要血吸虫病是一种被忽视的热带疾病,由螺旋体血吸虫引起,对全球的影响在所有寄生虫中位居第二。血吸虫主要在非洲、亚洲、中东和南美洲通过接触被污染的淡水传播。由于血吸虫广泛流行,与其他传染源合并感染的情况很常见,但往往描述不清。在此,我们回顾了最近的文献,这些文献描述了血吸虫在不同物种间合并感染以及血吸虫与血液原虫、土壤传播蠕虫、各种肠道原虫、分枝杆菌、沙门氏菌、各种尿路感染致病因子和病毒病原体合并感染的影响。在每种情况下,疾病的严重程度,尤其是免疫状况,都会因合并感染而发生改变。了解血吸虫病合并感染的影响对于今后考虑治疗策略和疫苗开发非常重要。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Clinical Microbiology Reviews
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