{"title":"Influence of weather and climate on disease in the Australian Imperial Force during the First World War","authors":"CJ Davis, EG Hanna, P. Kokic","doi":"10.3354/cr01706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01706","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10438,"journal":{"name":"Climate Research","volume":"378 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87826994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tornado climatology and potentially severe convective environments in Mexico","authors":"JF León-Cruz, LF Pineda-Martínez, N. Carbajal","doi":"10.3354/cr01692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01692","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10438,"journal":{"name":"Climate Research","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84573264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Factors preventing smallholder farmers from adapting to climate variability in South Africa: lessons from Capricorn and uMshwati municipalities","authors":"HB Tantoh, TM Mokotjomela, EE Ebhuoma, FK Donkor","doi":"10.3354/cr01693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01693","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10438,"journal":{"name":"Climate Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91336323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Spatiotemporal characterization of meteorological drought: a global approach using the Drought Exceedance Probablity Index","authors":"NL Rodríguez, JV Molina, PP Salgado","doi":"10.3354/cr01703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01703","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10438,"journal":{"name":"Climate Research","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89449676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A new version of the reconnaissance drought index, N-RDI","authors":"MM Ghasemi, A. Zarei, M. Mokarram","doi":"10.3354/cr01705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01705","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10438,"journal":{"name":"Climate Research","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75595257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Long term change in relative humidity across China from 1961 to 2018","authors":"J. Guo, S. Chen","doi":"10.3354/cr01691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01691","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10438,"journal":{"name":"Climate Research","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82662215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Ajay, Binita Pathak, P. Bhuyan, F. Solmon, F. Giorgi
Over the last few decades, there have been substantial changes in sectoral anthropogenic emissions over India, modifying the region’s air quality and radiation budget. However, these sectoral contributions are still poorly understood. This study attempts to estimate the anthropogenic aerosols and SO2 emissions from different sectors over the Indian subcontinent and their implications for regional climate and human health using the RegCM4.4 regional climate model and the Greenhouse Gas-Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies (GAINS) global model. We consider current emissions as well as emissions with a mitigation scenario for the year 2030. The RegCM simulations with ECLIPSE v5a as emissions inventory for 2000 and 2015 show high SO2 emissions from the energy sector, substantially contributing to anthropogenic aerosol optical depth (AODanthro) and climate forcing. The residential and transport sectors’ imprint on climate forcing is increased in 2015 compared to 2000. Higher AODanthro (0.35-0.45) occurrence days substantially decrease under a mitigation scenario by 5-10% over the Indo-Gangetic Plain. In particular, over 5�megacities (Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai, and Bangalore) of India, the concentrations of black carbon, organic carbon, and particulate matter ≤2.5 µm in diameter (PM2.5) are substantially reduced under the mitigation scenario; however, SO2 is increased. The reduction of pollutants contributes to significantly reducing life expectancy loss in all cities. This study advocates the need for future emission control policies with a synergy between air quality and climate change.
{"title":"Sectoral emissions contributions to anthropogenic aerosol scenarios over the Indian subcontinent and effects of mitigation on air quality, climate, and health","authors":"P. Ajay, Binita Pathak, P. Bhuyan, F. Solmon, F. Giorgi","doi":"10.3354/cr01671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01671","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last few decades, there have been substantial changes in sectoral anthropogenic emissions over India, modifying the region’s air quality and radiation budget. However, these sectoral contributions are still poorly understood. This study attempts to estimate the anthropogenic aerosols and SO2 emissions from different sectors over the Indian subcontinent and their implications for regional climate and human health using the RegCM4.4 regional climate model and the Greenhouse Gas-Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies (GAINS) global model. We consider current emissions as well as emissions with a mitigation scenario for the year 2030. The RegCM simulations with ECLIPSE v5a as emissions inventory for 2000 and 2015 show high SO2 emissions from the energy sector, substantially contributing to anthropogenic aerosol optical depth (AODanthro) and climate forcing. The residential and transport sectors’ imprint on climate forcing is increased in 2015 compared to 2000. Higher AODanthro (0.35-0.45) occurrence days substantially decrease under a mitigation scenario by 5-10% over the Indo-Gangetic Plain. In particular, over 5�megacities (Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai, and Bangalore) of India, the concentrations of black carbon, organic carbon, and particulate matter ≤2.5 µm in diameter (PM2.5) are substantially reduced under the mitigation scenario; however, SO2 is increased. The reduction of pollutants contributes to significantly reducing life expectancy loss in all cities. This study advocates the need for future emission control policies with a synergy between air quality and climate change.","PeriodicalId":10438,"journal":{"name":"Climate Research","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76566406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Choosing the right harvesting strategy is crucial for sustainable utilization of biological resources but is challenging in real systems with fluctuating environments. This challenge is expected to become even greater with global warming, as environmental variability is predicted to increase. Additionally, harvesting strategies based on single-species models have been shown to carry a severe risk of species extinctions when species interactions are ignored, particularly in systems with more than one harvested species. As the climate continues to warm, we therefore need new reference points for harvesting in an ecosystem context with environmental fluctuations. In this paper, we discuss the development of harvesting strategies and suggest that a proportional threshold harvesting framework could be a useful starting point for developing such reference points and tackling the challenge of sustainable harvesting in the future.
{"title":"Optimal harvesting in a changing climate","authors":"A. Lee, B. Sæther","doi":"10.3354/CR01658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3354/CR01658","url":null,"abstract":"Choosing the right harvesting strategy is crucial for sustainable utilization of biological resources but is challenging in real systems with fluctuating environments. This challenge is expected to become even greater with global warming, as environmental variability is predicted to increase. Additionally, harvesting strategies based on single-species models have been shown to carry a severe risk of species extinctions when species interactions are ignored, particularly in systems with more than one harvested species. As the climate continues to warm, we therefore need new reference points for harvesting in an ecosystem context with environmental fluctuations. In this paper, we discuss the development of harvesting strategies and suggest that a proportional threshold harvesting framework could be a useful starting point for developing such reference points and tackling the challenge of sustainable harvesting in the future.","PeriodicalId":10438,"journal":{"name":"Climate Research","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88106357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Herfindal, A. Lee, S. Hamel, E. Solberg, B. Sæther
Harvesting can have a substantial impact on population dynamics and individual performance in wild populations. While the direct consequences of harvest on individual survival and population growth rate are often apparent, harvesting can also have indirect and more subtle demographic consequences. Disentangling these consequences, however, requires in-depth knowledge of individual life histories of both females and males in the population. Here, we summarise demographic research on a population where such data exist: the Vega moose population in northern Norway. In this population, vital rates vary considerably among both females and males, and harvesting increases this variation by generating positive covariation between reproductive performance and survival. The skewed age and sex structure, which is typical of many harvested populations, also has demographic consequences: it reduces the ratio of effective to total population size and influences variation in vital rates in males and females. The moose harvest at Vega is structured by age- and sex-specific quotas, but it is not intentionally selective regarding size or other phenotypic characteristics. Still, harvest selection for earlier birth rates and larger calves was apparent, likely due to habitat-performance relationships and habitat-specific harvest mortality. Together, the bulk of research on this population shows that harvesting impacts population demography through many different pathways, with some being more subtle than others. These complex pathways influence the demographic variance and affect stochastic processes such as population growth, genetic drift, and rates of evolutionary change, and they must therefore be acknowledged in management plans to achieve sustainable harvesting.
{"title":"Demographic consequences of harvesting: a case study from a small and isolated moose population","authors":"I. Herfindal, A. Lee, S. Hamel, E. Solberg, B. Sæther","doi":"10.3354/CR01650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3354/CR01650","url":null,"abstract":"Harvesting can have a substantial impact on population dynamics and individual performance in wild populations. While the direct consequences of harvest on individual survival and population growth rate are often apparent, harvesting can also have indirect and more subtle demographic consequences. Disentangling these consequences, however, requires in-depth knowledge of individual life histories of both females and males in the population. Here, we summarise demographic research on a population where such data exist: the Vega moose population in northern Norway. In this population, vital rates vary considerably among both females and males, and harvesting increases this variation by generating positive covariation between reproductive performance and survival. The skewed age and sex structure, which is typical of many harvested populations, also has demographic consequences: it reduces the ratio of effective to total population size and influences variation in vital rates in males and females. The moose harvest at Vega is structured by age- and sex-specific quotas, but it is not intentionally selective regarding size or other phenotypic characteristics. Still, harvest selection for earlier birth rates and larger calves was apparent, likely due to habitat-performance relationships and habitat-specific harvest mortality. Together, the bulk of research on this population shows that harvesting impacts population demography through many different pathways, with some being more subtle than others. These complex pathways influence the demographic variance and affect stochastic processes such as population growth, genetic drift, and rates of evolutionary change, and they must therefore be acknowledged in management plans to achieve sustainable harvesting.","PeriodicalId":10438,"journal":{"name":"Climate Research","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84573034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. J. Moe, Anders Hobæk, Jonas Persson, B. Skjelbred, J. Løvik
Lake surface temperatures have increased globally in recent decades. Climate change can affect lake biota directly via enhanced water temperatures, shorter ice cover duration and prolonged stratification, and indirectly via changes in species interactions. Changes in the seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton and zooplankton can further affect whole lake ecosystems. However, separating the effects of climate change from the more direct and dominating effects of nutrients is a challenge. Our aim was to explore the ecological effects of climate change while accounting for the effects of re-oligotrophication in Lake Mjøsa, the largest lake in Norway. While restoration measures since the 1970s have resulted in strongly reduced nutrient levels, the surface water temperature has increased by almost 0.4°C decade-1 during the same period. We analysed long-term trends and abrupt changes in environmental and biological time series as well as changes in the seasonal dynamics of individual plankton taxa. The general long-term trends in phenology were diverging for phytoplankton (later peaks) vs. zooplankton (earlier peaks). However, individual taxa of both phytoplankton and zooplankton displayed earlier peaks. Earlier peaks of the phytoplankton group Cryptophyceae can be explained by increased spring temperature or other climate-related changes. Earlier onset of population growth of certain zooplankton species (Limnocalanus macrurus and Holopedium gibberum) can also be explained by climatic change, either directly (earlier temperature increase) or more indirectly (earlier availability of Cryptophyceae as a food source). In the long run, climate-related changes in both phytoplankton and zooplankton phenology may have implications for the fish communities of this lake.
{"title":"Shifted dynamics of plankton communities in a restored lake: exploring the effects of climate change on phenology through four decades","authors":"S. J. Moe, Anders Hobæk, Jonas Persson, B. Skjelbred, J. Løvik","doi":"10.3354/CR01654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3354/CR01654","url":null,"abstract":"Lake surface temperatures have increased globally in recent decades. Climate change can affect lake biota directly via enhanced water temperatures, shorter ice cover duration and prolonged stratification, and indirectly via changes in species interactions. Changes in the seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton and zooplankton can further affect whole lake ecosystems. However, separating the effects of climate change from the more direct and dominating effects of nutrients is a challenge. Our aim was to explore the ecological effects of climate change while accounting for the effects of re-oligotrophication in Lake Mjøsa, the largest lake in Norway. While restoration measures since the 1970s have resulted in strongly reduced nutrient levels, the surface water temperature has increased by almost 0.4°C decade-1 during the same period. We analysed long-term trends and abrupt changes in environmental and biological time series as well as changes in the seasonal dynamics of individual plankton taxa. The general long-term trends in phenology were diverging for phytoplankton (later peaks) vs. zooplankton (earlier peaks). However, individual taxa of both phytoplankton and zooplankton displayed earlier peaks. Earlier peaks of the phytoplankton group Cryptophyceae can be explained by increased spring temperature or other climate-related changes. Earlier onset of population growth of certain zooplankton species (Limnocalanus macrurus and Holopedium gibberum) can also be explained by climatic change, either directly (earlier temperature increase) or more indirectly (earlier availability of Cryptophyceae as a food source). In the long run, climate-related changes in both phytoplankton and zooplankton phenology may have implications for the fish communities of this lake.","PeriodicalId":10438,"journal":{"name":"Climate Research","volume":"194 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74746489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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