Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/2331205X.2021.1920667
T. Katzenstein, Maria Wessman, E. Moseholm, H. Sandholdt, A. Hansen, A. Lebech, N. Jørgensen, N. Weis
Abstract Abstract: Increased prevalence of low bone mineral density (BMD) and fractures among people living with HIV (PLWH) have been reported. The aim of the DANHIV-OSTEO study is to longitudinally monitor BMD among successfully treated PLWH. Here we report the baseline Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) data. Furthermore, we analyze the influence of mode of analysis on BMD results. Well-treated PLWH aged 40–70 (women) and 50–70 years (men) were included. Using T-scores and a newly described Z-score grading we investigated the frequencies of low BMD. Logistic regression models were used to delineate the influence of age, sex, BMI, smoking, exercise, tenofovir (TDF) and protease inhibitor (PI) usage on low BMD (Z/T scores < −1). 226 PLWH had baseline DXA scans. The frequency of low BMD was 57 % (osteopenia and osteoporosis: 44 and 13 %). Higher age, current smoking and male sex were associated with higher risk of low BMD. Higher BMI and exercise were protective. We found an OR suggesting a negative effect of TDF. PI usage was not associated with low BMD. Mode of analysis influenced the findings. Low BMD was highly prevalent among Danish well-treated PLWH. Neither TDF nor PI usage was significantly associated with low BMD. Greater uniformity in the mode of analysis is recommended.
{"title":"Prevalence of low bone mineral density among people living with HIV","authors":"T. Katzenstein, Maria Wessman, E. Moseholm, H. Sandholdt, A. Hansen, A. Lebech, N. Jørgensen, N. Weis","doi":"10.1080/2331205X.2021.1920667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2331205X.2021.1920667","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Abstract: Increased prevalence of low bone mineral density (BMD) and fractures among people living with HIV (PLWH) have been reported. The aim of the DANHIV-OSTEO study is to longitudinally monitor BMD among successfully treated PLWH. Here we report the baseline Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) data. Furthermore, we analyze the influence of mode of analysis on BMD results. Well-treated PLWH aged 40–70 (women) and 50–70 years (men) were included. Using T-scores and a newly described Z-score grading we investigated the frequencies of low BMD. Logistic regression models were used to delineate the influence of age, sex, BMI, smoking, exercise, tenofovir (TDF) and protease inhibitor (PI) usage on low BMD (Z/T scores < −1). 226 PLWH had baseline DXA scans. The frequency of low BMD was 57 % (osteopenia and osteoporosis: 44 and 13 %). Higher age, current smoking and male sex were associated with higher risk of low BMD. Higher BMI and exercise were protective. We found an OR suggesting a negative effect of TDF. PI usage was not associated with low BMD. Mode of analysis influenced the findings. Low BMD was highly prevalent among Danish well-treated PLWH. Neither TDF nor PI usage was significantly associated with low BMD. Greater uniformity in the mode of analysis is recommended.","PeriodicalId":10470,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Medicine","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86030190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/2331205X.2021.1924432
Bright Mukanga, H. T. Nyirenda, Nancy Choka, David Mulenga, V. Daka
Abstract Abstract: Verbal abuse during childbirth constitutes a violation of women’s human rights and indicates poor maternal health care. The aim of the study was to investigate experiences and drivers of verbal abuse among women in Ndola and Kitwe health facilities. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey. Qualitative and quantitative data using questionnaires and focus group interviews were employed. The study was done in the Ndola and Kitwe districts of Zambia. The target population were women attending postnatal services who had a live birth within 28 days of delivery. Twenty clinics were randomly selected and a total of 306 women were recruited using convenient sampling. Eleven percent of the study population experienced verbal abuse during intrapartum care. A 1-year increase in age reduced the odds of experiencing verbal abuse (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] 0.89, 95% CI: 0.80–0.99). Women who consumed alcohol more frequently experienced verbal abuse than women who never consumed alcohol (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 5.91, 99% CI 2.12–16.51), and women with bleached skin color more often experienced verbal abuse than women with natural skin tone (AOR = 3.95, 95% CI 1.13–13.83). Further, women with a medium skin tone were less likely (AOR = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.03–0.84) to experience verbal abuse. Other key drivers of verbal abuse include language barriers, laziness, vomiting, lack of seriousness, crying, lack of cooperation, and moving around during labour. We conclude that women experience various forms of verbal abuse. Therefore, there is a need to implement interventions that tackle the multiplicity of factors that drive verbal abuse at the individual, structural, and policy level. Further, there is a need to enhance training in respectful maternity care among service providers.
摘要摘要:分娩期间的言语虐待构成对妇女人权的侵犯，表明孕产妇保健水平低下。这项研究的目的是调查在恩多拉和基特韦保健机构中妇女遭受言语虐待的经历和原因。这项研究采用了横断面调查。采用问卷调查和焦点小组访谈的定性和定量数据。这项研究是在赞比亚的恩多拉和基特韦地区进行的。目标人群是在分娩后28天内接受产后服务的活产妇女。随机选取20家诊所，采用方便抽样法，共招募306名妇女。11%的研究对象在分娩期间经历过言语虐待。年龄增加1岁，经历言语虐待的几率降低(调整优势比[AOR] 0.89, 95% CI: 0.80-0.99)。饮酒的女性比从不饮酒的女性更常遭受言语虐待(调整后的优势比[AOR] 5.91, 99% CI 2.12-16.51)，而肤色漂白的女性比肤色自然的女性更常遭受言语虐待(AOR = 3.95, 95% CI 1.13-13.83)。此外，中等肤色的女性遭受言语虐待的可能性更小(AOR = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.03-0.84)。言语虐待的其他主要驱动因素包括语言障碍、懒惰、呕吐、不认真、哭泣、缺乏合作以及在分娩过程中四处走动。我们的结论是，女性经历了各种形式的言语虐待。因此，有必要实施干预措施，从个人、结构和政策层面解决导致言语虐待的多种因素。此外，需要加强服务提供者在尊重产妇护理方面的培训。
{"title":"Experiences and drivers of verbal abuse among women during labour and delivery in Ndola and Kitwe districts of Zambia","authors":"Bright Mukanga, H. T. Nyirenda, Nancy Choka, David Mulenga, V. Daka","doi":"10.1080/2331205X.2021.1924432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2331205X.2021.1924432","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Abstract: Verbal abuse during childbirth constitutes a violation of women’s human rights and indicates poor maternal health care. The aim of the study was to investigate experiences and drivers of verbal abuse among women in Ndola and Kitwe health facilities. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey. Qualitative and quantitative data using questionnaires and focus group interviews were employed. The study was done in the Ndola and Kitwe districts of Zambia. The target population were women attending postnatal services who had a live birth within 28 days of delivery. Twenty clinics were randomly selected and a total of 306 women were recruited using convenient sampling. Eleven percent of the study population experienced verbal abuse during intrapartum care. A 1-year increase in age reduced the odds of experiencing verbal abuse (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] 0.89, 95% CI: 0.80–0.99). Women who consumed alcohol more frequently experienced verbal abuse than women who never consumed alcohol (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 5.91, 99% CI 2.12–16.51), and women with bleached skin color more often experienced verbal abuse than women with natural skin tone (AOR = 3.95, 95% CI 1.13–13.83). Further, women with a medium skin tone were less likely (AOR = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.03–0.84) to experience verbal abuse. Other key drivers of verbal abuse include language barriers, laziness, vomiting, lack of seriousness, crying, lack of cooperation, and moving around during labour. We conclude that women experience various forms of verbal abuse. Therefore, there is a need to implement interventions that tackle the multiplicity of factors that drive verbal abuse at the individual, structural, and policy level. Further, there is a need to enhance training in respectful maternity care among service providers.","PeriodicalId":10470,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Medicine","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86253704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/2331205X.2021.1932247
Beate Storløs, K. Roaldsen, H. Soberg, I. Kleffelgaard
Abstract: To describe patient-specific problems in functioning related to dizziness and balance problems in patients with mild to moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI) in a biopsychosocial context. A cross-sectional study where data from the Patient-Specific Functional Scale (PSFS) was linked to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Data from 60 patients were classified into second-level ICF categories, using the ICF linking rules. The 60 patients included 73% women; mean age, 39 (SD 12.9) years with mild to moderate TBI (mean GCS 14.5, SD 1.3). The patients predominantly reported problems representing the activities and participation components of the ICF; mobility-related problems were most frequently reported by 42%. In addition, vestibulo-ocular and hearing problems, attention functions, domestic activities, recreation, leisure and environmental factors were frequently (≥10%) reported as barriers to functioning. The median severity of problems on the PSFS Numeric Rating Scale (0–10 worst to best) was 3 (IQR 1–5) points. The PSFS provided a unique set of problems in functioning most relevant to each patient resulting in a diversity of functional limitations. The patient-specific problems were all represented in the ICF, supporting a biopsychosocial perspective on problems related to dizziness and balance problems after TBI.
{"title":"Patient-specific functioning related to dizziness and balance problems after traumatic brain injury – A cross sectional study using an ICF perspective","authors":"Beate Storløs, K. Roaldsen, H. Soberg, I. Kleffelgaard","doi":"10.1080/2331205X.2021.1932247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2331205X.2021.1932247","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: To describe patient-specific problems in functioning related to dizziness and balance problems in patients with mild to moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI) in a biopsychosocial context. A cross-sectional study where data from the Patient-Specific Functional Scale (PSFS) was linked to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Data from 60 patients were classified into second-level ICF categories, using the ICF linking rules. The 60 patients included 73% women; mean age, 39 (SD 12.9) years with mild to moderate TBI (mean GCS 14.5, SD 1.3). The patients predominantly reported problems representing the activities and participation components of the ICF; mobility-related problems were most frequently reported by 42%. In addition, vestibulo-ocular and hearing problems, attention functions, domestic activities, recreation, leisure and environmental factors were frequently (≥10%) reported as barriers to functioning. The median severity of problems on the PSFS Numeric Rating Scale (0–10 worst to best) was 3 (IQR 1–5) points. The PSFS provided a unique set of problems in functioning most relevant to each patient resulting in a diversity of functional limitations. The patient-specific problems were all represented in the ICF, supporting a biopsychosocial perspective on problems related to dizziness and balance problems after TBI.","PeriodicalId":10470,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Medicine","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84565176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/2331205X.2021.1956034
Evonne Mwangale Kiptinness, John-Bell S. Okoye
Abstract Abstract: This study uses the framing theory to analyse dimensions being conveyed in the coverage of COVID-19 in Kenya and Tanzania between February 2020 and April 2020. A quantitative analysis of the Daily Nation and Citizen newspapers showed different patterns of framing of the virus. Specifically, this analysis focuses on multiple frames used by the two newspapers with respect to the following topical categories: context, basic information, preventive information, treatment information, medical research, Social context, Economic context, Political context, personal stories and other. Although the Daily Nation published more stories than the Citizen Newspaper, only the frame personal stories were significantly higher in the Daily Nation compared to Citizen Newspapers.
{"title":"Media coverage of the novel Coronavirus (Covid-19) in Kenya and Tanzania: Content analysis of newspaper articles in East Africa","authors":"Evonne Mwangale Kiptinness, John-Bell S. Okoye","doi":"10.1080/2331205X.2021.1956034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2331205X.2021.1956034","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Abstract: This study uses the framing theory to analyse dimensions being conveyed in the coverage of COVID-19 in Kenya and Tanzania between February 2020 and April 2020. A quantitative analysis of the Daily Nation and Citizen newspapers showed different patterns of framing of the virus. Specifically, this analysis focuses on multiple frames used by the two newspapers with respect to the following topical categories: context, basic information, preventive information, treatment information, medical research, Social context, Economic context, Political context, personal stories and other. Although the Daily Nation published more stories than the Citizen Newspaper, only the frame personal stories were significantly higher in the Daily Nation compared to Citizen Newspapers.","PeriodicalId":10470,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Medicine","volume":"142 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86747003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/2331205X.2021.1896427
O. Kizito, Laban Sabiti, P. Mo
Abstract Community Client Led ART Delivery (CCLAD) model in Uganda refers to self-formed groups of six to eight stable Anti Retro viral Therapy (ART) patients from the same community or area. Members go in turn for medication refill for all members of the group. As this reduces facility visit burden for each patient, this model of care shows greater impact in terms of access and coverage. To identify factors associated with the uptake of CCLAD model at Mulago Adult HIV clinic between May andJune, 2019,descriptive as well as analytical cross-sectional design were used, both quantitative and qualitative in nature. Random sample of 246 patients was used. Questionnaire, focus group discussion guide and interview guide were used for data collection. Uptake of CCLAD model was 10%, which is lower than the national uptake (17%). Uptake was associated with health-care worker and individual-related factors like having no concerns about getting their ARVs from the community (COR = 5.5, AOR = 6.1, p = 0.002) and having the component of CCLAD model in the education talks (COR = 2.1, AOR = 2.1, p = 0.000), among other associated factors. Qualitative interviews affirmed these findings. Implementation of this model requires interventions like health education talks and prompt referrals of clients to the model.
乌干达社区客户主导的ART交付(CCLAD)模式是指来自同一社区或地区的6至8名稳定的抗逆转录病毒治疗(ART)患者自行组成的小组。成员轮流去为所有成员补充药物。由于这减少了每个病人的就诊负担，这种护理模式在获取和覆盖方面显示出更大的影响。为了确定与2019年5月至6月期间Mulago成人艾滋病毒诊所采用CCLAD模型相关的因素，采用了定量和定性的描述性和分析性横断面设计。随机抽取246例患者。采用问卷调查、焦点小组讨论指南和访谈指南进行数据收集。CCLAD模式的采用率为10%，低于全国的17%。吸收与卫生保健工作者和个人相关因素有关，如不担心从社区获得抗逆转录病毒药物(COR = 5.5, AOR = 6.1, p = 0.002)，以及在教育讲座中使用CCLAD模式的组成部分(COR = 2.1, AOR = 2.1, p = 0.000)，以及其他相关因素。定性访谈证实了这些发现。这一模式的实施需要健康教育讲座等干预措施，并及时将客户转介到该模式。
{"title":"Factors associated with uptake of community client-led ART delivery model at Mulago adult HIV clinic _ Mulago National Referral Hospital","authors":"O. Kizito, Laban Sabiti, P. Mo","doi":"10.1080/2331205X.2021.1896427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2331205X.2021.1896427","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Community Client Led ART Delivery (CCLAD) model in Uganda refers to self-formed groups of six to eight stable Anti Retro viral Therapy (ART) patients from the same community or area. Members go in turn for medication refill for all members of the group. As this reduces facility visit burden for each patient, this model of care shows greater impact in terms of access and coverage. To identify factors associated with the uptake of CCLAD model at Mulago Adult HIV clinic between May andJune, 2019,descriptive as well as analytical cross-sectional design were used, both quantitative and qualitative in nature. Random sample of 246 patients was used. Questionnaire, focus group discussion guide and interview guide were used for data collection. Uptake of CCLAD model was 10%, which is lower than the national uptake (17%). Uptake was associated with health-care worker and individual-related factors like having no concerns about getting their ARVs from the community (COR = 5.5, AOR = 6.1, p = 0.002) and having the component of CCLAD model in the education talks (COR = 2.1, AOR = 2.1, p = 0.000), among other associated factors. Qualitative interviews affirmed these findings. Implementation of this model requires interventions like health education talks and prompt referrals of clients to the model.","PeriodicalId":10470,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Medicine","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72993022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/2331205X.2021.1923614
Seun Osundolire
Abstract Abstract: Obesity (BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2) is always a trending public health problem and different studies have linked it to the development of heart diseases. However, overweight (BMI between 25.0 kg/m2 and less than 30.0 kg/m2) has very few studies linking it to the development of heart diseases, coupled with the overweight/obesity paradox phenomena which still causes controversy. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to determine the relationship between overweight and congestive heart failure/coronary heart diseases in the United States. To determine this relationship, the 2011–2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) dataset, which surveyed 9756 individuals in the United States was utilized. The dataset was analyzed using Software for Statistics and Data Software (STATA) and Pearson’s chi-squared test. The p-value using the t-test command in STATA for all these variables was <0.001, which indicated that there is a significant relationship between overweight and congestive heart failure/coronary heart disease across gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Although the development of congestive heart failure/coronary heart disease in overweight individuals was confirmed with this study, it is surprising to realize that the socioeconomic status of an individual also plays a role. Further research is necessary to determine how a lower or higher socioeconomic status causes overweight leading to heart diseases.
{"title":"The prevalence of overweight and its association with heart disease in the U.S population","authors":"Seun Osundolire","doi":"10.1080/2331205X.2021.1923614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2331205X.2021.1923614","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Abstract: Obesity (BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2) is always a trending public health problem and different studies have linked it to the development of heart diseases. However, overweight (BMI between 25.0 kg/m2 and less than 30.0 kg/m2) has very few studies linking it to the development of heart diseases, coupled with the overweight/obesity paradox phenomena which still causes controversy. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to determine the relationship between overweight and congestive heart failure/coronary heart diseases in the United States. To determine this relationship, the 2011–2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) dataset, which surveyed 9756 individuals in the United States was utilized. The dataset was analyzed using Software for Statistics and Data Software (STATA) and Pearson’s chi-squared test. The p-value using the t-test command in STATA for all these variables was <0.001, which indicated that there is a significant relationship between overweight and congestive heart failure/coronary heart disease across gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Although the development of congestive heart failure/coronary heart disease in overweight individuals was confirmed with this study, it is surprising to realize that the socioeconomic status of an individual also plays a role. Further research is necessary to determine how a lower or higher socioeconomic status causes overweight leading to heart diseases.","PeriodicalId":10470,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Medicine","volume":"7 7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86339761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/2331205X.2021.1907894
H. Danya, Y. Yonekura, K. Nakayama
Abstract Abstract: The purpose of this study was to identify the method of presentation (text, bar graphs, or pictographs) that best enhances the understanding of medical risk information among Japanese adults. We also investigated the effect of graphic format on understanding by differences in numeracy. This is the first study conducted in Japan to clarify understanding the risks and benefits of treatment. Participants were randomized to receive numerical information about the risks and benefits of a hypothetical medical treatment in one of three formats: text, bar graphs, or pictographs. The main outcome variables were adequate verbatim and adequate gist understanding. In total, 1062 individuals (text, 354; bar graphs, 358; and pictographs 350) were included in the analysis. Pictographs and bar graphs did not show significant differences from text in conferring verbatim information. However, pictographs significantly differed from text in conferring gist information (odds ratio [OR] 1.567, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.097–2.237), but bar graphs did not significantly differ from text (OR 1.390, 95%CI 0.983–1.964). Numeracy was the factor most strongly associated with adequate verbatim and gist understanding. Our results suggest that although pictographs appear to be an effective option, their effectiveness is limited to people with higher numeracy and people with lower numeracy may have little benefit from pictographs.
{"title":"Effects of graphic presentation on understanding medical risks and benefits among Japanese adults","authors":"H. Danya, Y. Yonekura, K. Nakayama","doi":"10.1080/2331205X.2021.1907894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2331205X.2021.1907894","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Abstract: The purpose of this study was to identify the method of presentation (text, bar graphs, or pictographs) that best enhances the understanding of medical risk information among Japanese adults. We also investigated the effect of graphic format on understanding by differences in numeracy. This is the first study conducted in Japan to clarify understanding the risks and benefits of treatment. Participants were randomized to receive numerical information about the risks and benefits of a hypothetical medical treatment in one of three formats: text, bar graphs, or pictographs. The main outcome variables were adequate verbatim and adequate gist understanding. In total, 1062 individuals (text, 354; bar graphs, 358; and pictographs 350) were included in the analysis. Pictographs and bar graphs did not show significant differences from text in conferring verbatim information. However, pictographs significantly differed from text in conferring gist information (odds ratio [OR] 1.567, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.097–2.237), but bar graphs did not significantly differ from text (OR 1.390, 95%CI 0.983–1.964). Numeracy was the factor most strongly associated with adequate verbatim and gist understanding. Our results suggest that although pictographs appear to be an effective option, their effectiveness is limited to people with higher numeracy and people with lower numeracy may have little benefit from pictographs.","PeriodicalId":10470,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Medicine","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87319816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/2331205X.2021.1986269
G. Gebrerufael, Z. Asfaw, D. Chekole
Abstarct It is about half a century since the HIV epidemic has been a menace to this world. Since then, several risk factors have been investigated for the prevalence of the disease, and the survival of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) patients. The main purpose of the current study was to examine the current patient status in contrast with baseline facts and investigate the separate and joint effects of body weight and CD4 cell count progression for the survival of HIV/AIDS patients. A retrospective cohort study was conducted among HIV/AIDS patients, who were under Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) follow-up during 11 September 2013—5 September 2016 at Mekelle General Hospital, Ethiopia. A total of 216 HIV/AIDS patients were selected by using a systematic random sampling technique. Based on the complexity of the data and the desired objectives of the study, the authors have considered linear mixed-effects model (LMM) for continuous responses body weight and CD4 count, a Cox proportional hazard model for the survival outcome (time to death) and Joint model of longitudinal and survival outcome. The mean age, hemoglobin level, and body weight of HIV/AIDS patients at the start of ART were 34.8 years, 13.6 g/100 ml, and 49.2 kg, respectively. The average number of baseline CD4 cells count was 311.04 cells per mm3 with a standard deviation of 161 cells per mm3 of blood implying that patients were at a higher risk of getting HIV/AIDS-related illness. Out of 216 HIV/AIDS patients, 134 (62%) were female and 130 (60%) lived in an urban area. Similarly, among the sampled HIV/AIDS patients 23 (10.6%) were with HIV/TB co-infected. The present study has concerned on the comparison of separate and joint modeling. The results clearly demonstrate that the joint modeling of longitudinally CD4 count and weight measurements with survival outcomes fit the current dataset better than those obtained from the separate model, of course the authors realize in some specific cases both separate and joint analysis were consistent. However, the joint models were simpler as compared to the separate models as their effective member of parameters was smaller. In the analysis of joint modeling of longitudinal and log (body-weight) progression with survival time to death of HIV/AIDS patients, considered various sub-models and various significant factors were identified. In the event process the sub-model, Baseline CD4, fair, and good adherence, HIV/Tuberculosis (TB), and sex were significant factors of risk to short survival Time-to-Death on HIV/AIDS patients. In the first longitudinal process sub-model, Baseline CD4, Ambulatory functional status, HIV/TB (yes), Time*Ambulatory functional status, Time*Working functional status, and Time*Baseline CD4 were the significant factors of count progression. Moreover, In the second longitudinal process sub-model, visit time of follow-up, age, sex (male), baseline weight, Time*Ambulatory, and Time*Worki
{"title":"The effect of longitudinal body weight and CD4 cell progression for the survival of HIV/AIDS patients","authors":"G. Gebrerufael, Z. Asfaw, D. Chekole","doi":"10.1080/2331205X.2021.1986269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2331205X.2021.1986269","url":null,"abstract":"Abstarct It is about half a century since the HIV epidemic has been a menace to this world. Since then, several risk factors have been investigated for the prevalence of the disease, and the survival of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) patients. The main purpose of the current study was to examine the current patient status in contrast with baseline facts and investigate the separate and joint effects of body weight and CD4 cell count progression for the survival of HIV/AIDS patients. A retrospective cohort study was conducted among HIV/AIDS patients, who were under Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) follow-up during 11 September 2013—5 September 2016 at Mekelle General Hospital, Ethiopia. A total of 216 HIV/AIDS patients were selected by using a systematic random sampling technique. Based on the complexity of the data and the desired objectives of the study, the authors have considered linear mixed-effects model (LMM) for continuous responses body weight and CD4 count, a Cox proportional hazard model for the survival outcome (time to death) and Joint model of longitudinal and survival outcome. The mean age, hemoglobin level, and body weight of HIV/AIDS patients at the start of ART were 34.8 years, 13.6 g/100 ml, and 49.2 kg, respectively. The average number of baseline CD4 cells count was 311.04 cells per mm3 with a standard deviation of 161 cells per mm3 of blood implying that patients were at a higher risk of getting HIV/AIDS-related illness. Out of 216 HIV/AIDS patients, 134 (62%) were female and 130 (60%) lived in an urban area. Similarly, among the sampled HIV/AIDS patients 23 (10.6%) were with HIV/TB co-infected. The present study has concerned on the comparison of separate and joint modeling. The results clearly demonstrate that the joint modeling of longitudinally CD4 count and weight measurements with survival outcomes fit the current dataset better than those obtained from the separate model, of course the authors realize in some specific cases both separate and joint analysis were consistent. However, the joint models were simpler as compared to the separate models as their effective member of parameters was smaller. In the analysis of joint modeling of longitudinal and log (body-weight) progression with survival time to death of HIV/AIDS patients, considered various sub-models and various significant factors were identified. In the event process the sub-model, Baseline CD4, fair, and good adherence, HIV/Tuberculosis (TB), and sex were significant factors of risk to short survival Time-to-Death on HIV/AIDS patients. In the first longitudinal process sub-model, Baseline CD4, Ambulatory functional status, HIV/TB (yes), Time*Ambulatory functional status, Time*Working functional status, and Time*Baseline CD4 were the significant factors of count progression. Moreover, In the second longitudinal process sub-model, visit time of follow-up, age, sex (male), baseline weight, Time*Ambulatory, and Time*Worki","PeriodicalId":10470,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Medicine","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79767544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/2331205X.2021.1896426
Ingela Jobe, Å. Engström, Birgitta Lindberg
Abstract Abstract: The integration of healthcare and social services has made collaborative care plans an important tool for health and social care professionals and the person involved. The collaborative planning process is challenging, and studies have revealed that its implementation and outcomes are not satisfactory for all participants. The study aimed to explore the collaborative planning process and attributes contributing to making the process work for all participants. The study focused on older adults in need of a collaborative care plan and adopted a grounded theory approach. Several sources were used to collect data from participants. The findings revealed an overarching process and two sub-processes. The overarching process “holding the links together” described the identified core attributes, joint philosophy, everyday practice and planning through partnership. The two sub-processes, “the missing link” and “connecting the links”, described the participants’ perspectives. The conceptual model explained the identified attributes and the connections between the overarching process and the two sub-processes. The study confirmed the complexity of collaboration between actors, professionals, older adults and informal caregivers. When one or more attribute did not function optimally or was missing, it affected the collaborative care planning process and participants involved, with consequences for the older adult. A joint philosophy, an ethic, could facilitate and guide professionals in everyday practice through all steps of the collaborative care planning process and contribute in making the process successful.
{"title":"Exploration of how to make the collaborative planning process work - a grounded theory study","authors":"Ingela Jobe, Å. Engström, Birgitta Lindberg","doi":"10.1080/2331205X.2021.1896426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2331205X.2021.1896426","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Abstract: The integration of healthcare and social services has made collaborative care plans an important tool for health and social care professionals and the person involved. The collaborative planning process is challenging, and studies have revealed that its implementation and outcomes are not satisfactory for all participants. The study aimed to explore the collaborative planning process and attributes contributing to making the process work for all participants. The study focused on older adults in need of a collaborative care plan and adopted a grounded theory approach. Several sources were used to collect data from participants. The findings revealed an overarching process and two sub-processes. The overarching process “holding the links together” described the identified core attributes, joint philosophy, everyday practice and planning through partnership. The two sub-processes, “the missing link” and “connecting the links”, described the participants’ perspectives. The conceptual model explained the identified attributes and the connections between the overarching process and the two sub-processes. The study confirmed the complexity of collaboration between actors, professionals, older adults and informal caregivers. When one or more attribute did not function optimally or was missing, it affected the collaborative care planning process and participants involved, with consequences for the older adult. A joint philosophy, an ethic, could facilitate and guide professionals in everyday practice through all steps of the collaborative care planning process and contribute in making the process successful.","PeriodicalId":10470,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Medicine","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75321548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/2331205X.2021.1950305
Nan Shang
Abstract Abstract: Severe outbreaks of COVID-19 have changed America’s landscape substantially. What’s more astonishing is wearing a mask or not used to be a question for many Americans when this virus was exponentially spreading in the U.S. The present study conducted thematic analysis of mask-related news comments from six American mainstream media. The analysis indicated five major themes. These were: (1) Debates on mask effectiveness; (2) Care vs. not care about others; (3) Controversies over personal rights and freedom; (4) Masks are politicized; and (5) Mask-related anti-science phenomenon. Each theme was further discussed using relevant theoretical evidence (e.g., trust in public health measures; altruism in crises; autonomy; individualism/collectivism; trust in science) in the literary. Despite the observed selfish behaviors, divisions and increasing anti-science trends in the U.S., people should still hold deep belief in science, altruism and solidarity.
{"title":"“Wearing a mask or not” goes beyond a public health issue in the U.S.","authors":"Nan Shang","doi":"10.1080/2331205X.2021.1950305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2331205X.2021.1950305","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Abstract: Severe outbreaks of COVID-19 have changed America’s landscape substantially. What’s more astonishing is wearing a mask or not used to be a question for many Americans when this virus was exponentially spreading in the U.S. The present study conducted thematic analysis of mask-related news comments from six American mainstream media. The analysis indicated five major themes. These were: (1) Debates on mask effectiveness; (2) Care vs. not care about others; (3) Controversies over personal rights and freedom; (4) Masks are politicized; and (5) Mask-related anti-science phenomenon. Each theme was further discussed using relevant theoretical evidence (e.g., trust in public health measures; altruism in crises; autonomy; individualism/collectivism; trust in science) in the literary. Despite the observed selfish behaviors, divisions and increasing anti-science trends in the U.S., people should still hold deep belief in science, altruism and solidarity.","PeriodicalId":10470,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Medicine","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75530449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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