Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/2331205X.2021.2015883
K. Alem
Abstract Bacterial pneumonia is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among the HIV-seropositive patients still in the era of combination Antiretroviral Therapy. The actual burden of bacterial pneumonia in HIV-seropositive patients is not well documented in East Africa. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of pneumonia infection in HIV-seropositive patients in the region. Different electronic databases from PubMed, Google scholars, Scopus, Science direct and Web of Science were searched for articles published from 1994 to 2020 that assessed the prevalence of bacterial pneumonia in HIV-seropositive patients in East Africa. Data on the prevalence of bacterial pneumonia in HIV-seropositive patients in East Africa counties are limited. Therefore, only 13 articles about the prevalence of bacterial pneumonia in HIV-seropositive patients in East Africa were reviewed. Tanzania exhibited the highest level of bacterial pneumonia in HIV-seropositive patients at 59.76%, while Rwanda had the lowest level at 5.6%. The different risk factors identified, such as intravenous drugs, cigarette smoke and unvaccinated were associated with the development of bacterial pneumonia in HIV-seropositive patients. Bacterial pneumonia is a major public health problem and it is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-seropositive patients in East Africa. This review will provide information to the scientific community, policymakers and program officers to design pneumonia preventive interventions in HIV-seropositive patients. The author recommended that further studies need to be conducted on the magnitude of bacterial pneumonia in HIV-seropositive patients in the region.
细菌性肺炎是仍处于抗逆转录病毒联合治疗时代的hiv血清阳性患者发病和死亡的重要原因。在东非，艾滋病毒血清阳性患者细菌性肺炎的实际负担没有很好的记录。本研究的目的是评估该地区hiv血清阳性患者肺炎感染的流行情况。从PubMed、Google scholars、Scopus、Science direct和Web of Science的不同电子数据库中检索了1994年至2020年发表的评估东非hiv血清阳性患者细菌性肺炎患病率的文章。关于东非国家艾滋病毒血清阳性患者细菌性肺炎流行率的数据有限。因此，仅对13篇关于东非hiv血清阳性患者细菌性肺炎患病率的文章进行了综述。坦桑尼亚hiv血清阳性患者的细菌性肺炎水平最高，为59.76%，而卢旺达最低，为5.6%。所确定的不同风险因素，如静脉注射药物、吸烟和未接种疫苗，与hiv血清阳性患者的细菌性肺炎的发展有关。细菌性肺炎是一个重大的公共卫生问题，是东非艾滋病毒血清阳性患者发病和死亡的主要原因。本综述将为科学界、政策制定者和项目官员提供信息，以设计针对hiv血清阳性患者的肺炎预防干预措施。作者建议，需要对该地区hiv血清阳性患者的细菌性肺炎程度进行进一步的研究。
{"title":"Prevalence of bacterial pneumonia among HIV-Seropositive patients in East Africa: Review","authors":"K. Alem","doi":"10.1080/2331205X.2021.2015883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2331205X.2021.2015883","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Bacterial pneumonia is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among the HIV-seropositive patients still in the era of combination Antiretroviral Therapy. The actual burden of bacterial pneumonia in HIV-seropositive patients is not well documented in East Africa. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of pneumonia infection in HIV-seropositive patients in the region. Different electronic databases from PubMed, Google scholars, Scopus, Science direct and Web of Science were searched for articles published from 1994 to 2020 that assessed the prevalence of bacterial pneumonia in HIV-seropositive patients in East Africa. Data on the prevalence of bacterial pneumonia in HIV-seropositive patients in East Africa counties are limited. Therefore, only 13 articles about the prevalence of bacterial pneumonia in HIV-seropositive patients in East Africa were reviewed. Tanzania exhibited the highest level of bacterial pneumonia in HIV-seropositive patients at 59.76%, while Rwanda had the lowest level at 5.6%. The different risk factors identified, such as intravenous drugs, cigarette smoke and unvaccinated were associated with the development of bacterial pneumonia in HIV-seropositive patients. Bacterial pneumonia is a major public health problem and it is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-seropositive patients in East Africa. This review will provide information to the scientific community, policymakers and program officers to design pneumonia preventive interventions in HIV-seropositive patients. The author recommended that further studies need to be conducted on the magnitude of bacterial pneumonia in HIV-seropositive patients in the region.","PeriodicalId":10470,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Medicine","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77634488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/2331205X.2021.1876338
D. Adei, Anthony Acquah Mensah, Williams Agyemang-Duah, Kenneth Kwame KanKam
Abstract The incidence of occupational injuries and diseases among informal welders demands an understanding of a wider perspective that goes beyond the identification of hazards and preventive measures to minimize their effects. The literature on economic cost at the workplace has mainly focused on the formal sector with very little attention to the informal work environment. This paper fills this gap by estimating lost man-days and the economic cost among informal welders. The cross-sectional survey design employing a quantitative approach was used for the study. The data were collected from 220 informal master welders and their apprentices. Musculoskeletal injuries, malaria, hypertension and respiratory diseases were the major injuries and diseases leading to the highest days (35 days and above) lost for masters and apprentices. The master welders spent more days off work than the apprentices because they performed most of the technical work and were exposed to hazards for a longer period. These occupational-related injuries and diseases led to a total economic cost of 7.7% and 9.4% of masters and apprentices’ total earnings, respectively. Environmentally safe working conditions of informal welders would reduce the occurrence of injuries and diseases and give them an opportunity to sustain themselves and their dependents and contribute to national development.
{"title":"Economic Cost of Occupational Injuries and Diseases among Informal Welders in Ghana","authors":"D. Adei, Anthony Acquah Mensah, Williams Agyemang-Duah, Kenneth Kwame KanKam","doi":"10.1080/2331205X.2021.1876338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2331205X.2021.1876338","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The incidence of occupational injuries and diseases among informal welders demands an understanding of a wider perspective that goes beyond the identification of hazards and preventive measures to minimize their effects. The literature on economic cost at the workplace has mainly focused on the formal sector with very little attention to the informal work environment. This paper fills this gap by estimating lost man-days and the economic cost among informal welders. The cross-sectional survey design employing a quantitative approach was used for the study. The data were collected from 220 informal master welders and their apprentices. Musculoskeletal injuries, malaria, hypertension and respiratory diseases were the major injuries and diseases leading to the highest days (35 days and above) lost for masters and apprentices. The master welders spent more days off work than the apprentices because they performed most of the technical work and were exposed to hazards for a longer period. These occupational-related injuries and diseases led to a total economic cost of 7.7% and 9.4% of masters and apprentices’ total earnings, respectively. Environmentally safe working conditions of informal welders would reduce the occurrence of injuries and diseases and give them an opportunity to sustain themselves and their dependents and contribute to national development.","PeriodicalId":10470,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Medicine","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80658282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/2331205X.2021.1943125
G. Mahuro, M. Kimani
Abstract Unintended pregnancy is a common global public health problem associated with significant health risks and social costs with 85 M occurring in 2012. Innumerable health surveys have shown increased contraceptive use and access, despite not meeting demand leading to unmet need for contraception. This paper scrutinizes inequity in unmet need among married women of reproductive age using PMA2020/Kenya survey data. Cross-sectional design with multi-stage cluster random sampling technique involving random selection of nine Counties, 120 enumeration areas and 42 households was adopted. Face-to-face interviews using digital platform was done in seven survey rounds from 2014 to 2018 generating 35,185 interviews. Strongly balanced panel data with 2,154 respondents per wave was analyzed using Stata® Ver 14.2. Unmet need was high amongst pubescents (23.2%), higher parity (22.6%), rural residency (22.6%), informal education (36.0%) and poorest (24.8%). Concentration index was negative (−0.11, SE = 0.01), implying poor households have unmet need unlike rich households. Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratio was estimated to rise by 0.44 (95%CL = 0.35–0.57, p-value < 0.05) and 0.69 times (95%CL = 0.34–1.42, p-value > 0.05) with increased poverty levels. Creating contraceptive uptake demand must reciprocate unfailing supply of inexpensive methods targeting adolescents, higher parity, less educated and poorest. Consider involving spouses when discussing contraceptive methods, associated side effects and individual health concerns.
{"title":"Inequities in unmet need for contraception among married women: Evidence from the PMA2020/ Kenya survey","authors":"G. Mahuro, M. Kimani","doi":"10.1080/2331205X.2021.1943125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2331205X.2021.1943125","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Unintended pregnancy is a common global public health problem associated with significant health risks and social costs with 85 M occurring in 2012. Innumerable health surveys have shown increased contraceptive use and access, despite not meeting demand leading to unmet need for contraception. This paper scrutinizes inequity in unmet need among married women of reproductive age using PMA2020/Kenya survey data. Cross-sectional design with multi-stage cluster random sampling technique involving random selection of nine Counties, 120 enumeration areas and 42 households was adopted. Face-to-face interviews using digital platform was done in seven survey rounds from 2014 to 2018 generating 35,185 interviews. Strongly balanced panel data with 2,154 respondents per wave was analyzed using Stata® Ver 14.2. Unmet need was high amongst pubescents (23.2%), higher parity (22.6%), rural residency (22.6%), informal education (36.0%) and poorest (24.8%). Concentration index was negative (−0.11, SE = 0.01), implying poor households have unmet need unlike rich households. Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratio was estimated to rise by 0.44 (95%CL = 0.35–0.57, p-value < 0.05) and 0.69 times (95%CL = 0.34–1.42, p-value > 0.05) with increased poverty levels. Creating contraceptive uptake demand must reciprocate unfailing supply of inexpensive methods targeting adolescents, higher parity, less educated and poorest. Consider involving spouses when discussing contraceptive methods, associated side effects and individual health concerns.","PeriodicalId":10470,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Medicine","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85812805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/2331205X.2021.2005226
Akwasi Adjei Gyimah, Prince Peprah, Williams Agyemang-Duah, E. Frimpong, Ariel Kwegyir Tsiboe, Mercy Aboagye Darkwa
Abstract The World Health Organization (WHO) promotes Hepatitis B vaccination as the most-effective way of controlling HBV infection. However, knowledge regarding general university students’ population vaccination status remains limited in Ghana. Using data from a survey involving 2712 students from three universities, this study aimed to examine Hepatitis B vaccination status and associated factors among university students in Ghana. Results showed that less than half of the participants (38.2%) have been vaccinated and (57.3%) were yet to complete full vaccination (taken the full three doses of the vaccine). Non-compulsory nature of Hepatitis B vaccination (22.7%), lack of awareness of the vaccination (22.7%), high cost of the vaccination (18.1%), no interest/motivation in the vaccination (16.5%) and availability issues (13.8%) were the common reasons cited for non-vaccination. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, participants who were aged 26 years or above had higher odds of taking Hepatitis B vaccination (AOR: 2.084; CI: 1.530–2.838, p = .001). Also, non-Akans (AOR: 0.746; CI: 0.617–0.902, p = .002), urban residents (AOR: .695; CI: .578-.835, p = .001) and no social support receivers (AOR: .812; CI: .701–1.223, p = .005) had lesser odds of taking Hepatitis B vaccination. This study highlights the urgent need for continued health education on HBV infection and strategies that ensure that students are fully vaccinated. The findings suggest that any interventions design to enhance uptake of Hepatitis B vaccination among students should be sensitive to socio-demographic characteristics especially age, ethnicity, residential status as well as social support.
世界卫生组织(WHO)提倡乙肝疫苗接种是控制HBV感染最有效的方法。然而，在加纳，关于普通大学生人群疫苗接种状况的知识仍然有限。本研究使用来自三所大学的2712名学生的调查数据，旨在检查加纳大学生的乙肝疫苗接种状况及其相关因素。结果显示，不到一半的参与者(38.2%)接种了疫苗，(57.3%)尚未完成完整的疫苗接种(接种了完整的三剂疫苗)。非强制性乙肝疫苗接种(22.7%)、缺乏疫苗接种意识(22.7%)、疫苗接种费用高(18.1%)、对疫苗接种没有兴趣/动机(16.5%)和可获得性问题(13.8%)是不接种疫苗的常见原因。在多因素logistic回归分析中，26岁及以上的参与者接种乙肝疫苗的几率更高(AOR: 2.084;CI: 1.530-2.838, p = .001)。非阿坎人(AOR: 0.746;CI: 0.617-0.902, p = 0.002)，城镇居民(AOR: 0.695;置信区间:.578 -。835, p = .001)，无社会支持接受者(AOR: .812;CI: .701 - 1.223, p = .005)接种乙肝疫苗的几率较低。这项研究强调了继续开展乙型肝炎病毒感染健康教育和确保学生充分接种疫苗的战略的迫切需要。研究结果表明，任何旨在提高学生乙肝疫苗接种率的干预措施都应考虑到社会人口特征，尤其是年龄、种族、居住状况以及社会支持。
{"title":"Hepatitis B vaccination status and associated factors among university students in Ghana: A cross-sectional survey","authors":"Akwasi Adjei Gyimah, Prince Peprah, Williams Agyemang-Duah, E. Frimpong, Ariel Kwegyir Tsiboe, Mercy Aboagye Darkwa","doi":"10.1080/2331205X.2021.2005226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2331205X.2021.2005226","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The World Health Organization (WHO) promotes Hepatitis B vaccination as the most-effective way of controlling HBV infection. However, knowledge regarding general university students’ population vaccination status remains limited in Ghana. Using data from a survey involving 2712 students from three universities, this study aimed to examine Hepatitis B vaccination status and associated factors among university students in Ghana. Results showed that less than half of the participants (38.2%) have been vaccinated and (57.3%) were yet to complete full vaccination (taken the full three doses of the vaccine). Non-compulsory nature of Hepatitis B vaccination (22.7%), lack of awareness of the vaccination (22.7%), high cost of the vaccination (18.1%), no interest/motivation in the vaccination (16.5%) and availability issues (13.8%) were the common reasons cited for non-vaccination. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, participants who were aged 26 years or above had higher odds of taking Hepatitis B vaccination (AOR: 2.084; CI: 1.530–2.838, p = .001). Also, non-Akans (AOR: 0.746; CI: 0.617–0.902, p = .002), urban residents (AOR: .695; CI: .578-.835, p = .001) and no social support receivers (AOR: .812; CI: .701–1.223, p = .005) had lesser odds of taking Hepatitis B vaccination. This study highlights the urgent need for continued health education on HBV infection and strategies that ensure that students are fully vaccinated. The findings suggest that any interventions design to enhance uptake of Hepatitis B vaccination among students should be sensitive to socio-demographic characteristics especially age, ethnicity, residential status as well as social support.","PeriodicalId":10470,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Medicine","volume":"62 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91467513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/2331205X.2021.2012888
Houneida Sakly, Mourad Said, M. Tagina
Abstract The healthcare supply chain begins with the production of medical products. Different stages of supply chain flow may have their own objectives. The healthcare supply chain management process can be inefficient and fragmented because supply chain goals are not always matched within the medical requirements. To choose a certain product, healthcare organizations must consider a variety of demands and perspectives. The MRI team contributes a wealth of knowledge to the essential task of improving our clients’ supply chain and logistics performance. MRI is considered the most efficient medical device for the acquisition and treatment of medical imaging. Medical devices and manufacturing are classified as crucial factors for the supply chain in radiology. The objective of this paper is to present an approach that consists of modeling in 3D a segment of a stenosing aorta with a parallel treatment in order to determine the cost and the time of treatment for the reporting, which can be considered a promoter element to optimize the course of supply chain from manufacture to medical industry. Acceleration has sought to reduce the imaging speed in parallel architecture convergence for cardiac MRI. The image computation time is comparatively long owing to the iterative reconstruction process of 3D models. The aim of this paper is to suggest a CPU-GPU parallel architecture based on multicore to increase the speed of mesh generation in a 3D model of a stenosis aorta. A retrospective cardiac MRI scan with 74 series and 3057 images for a 10-year-old patient with congenital valve and valvular aortic stenosis on close MRI and coarctation (operated and dilated) in the sense of shone syndrome. The 3D mesh model was generated in Standard Tessellation Language (STL), as well as the libraries used to operate with Pymesh and Panda, and the time spent in tracing, decomposing, and finalizing the mesh crucially depends on the number of nuclei used in the parallel processing and the mesh quality chosen. A parallel processing based on four processors are required for the 3D shape refinement.To improve the efficiency of image processing algorithms and medical applications acquired in real-time analysis and control, a hybrid architecture (GPU/GPU) was proposed. The response time of parallel processing based on the CPU-GPU architecture used at the mesh level to achieve a 3D model is critically dependent on the number of kernels required.
{"title":"Healthcare supply chain management: Towards 3D MRI aorta model with CPU-GPU parallel architecture for medical manufacture","authors":"Houneida Sakly, Mourad Said, M. Tagina","doi":"10.1080/2331205X.2021.2012888","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2331205X.2021.2012888","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The healthcare supply chain begins with the production of medical products. Different stages of supply chain flow may have their own objectives. The healthcare supply chain management process can be inefficient and fragmented because supply chain goals are not always matched within the medical requirements. To choose a certain product, healthcare organizations must consider a variety of demands and perspectives. The MRI team contributes a wealth of knowledge to the essential task of improving our clients’ supply chain and logistics performance. MRI is considered the most efficient medical device for the acquisition and treatment of medical imaging. Medical devices and manufacturing are classified as crucial factors for the supply chain in radiology. The objective of this paper is to present an approach that consists of modeling in 3D a segment of a stenosing aorta with a parallel treatment in order to determine the cost and the time of treatment for the reporting, which can be considered a promoter element to optimize the course of supply chain from manufacture to medical industry. Acceleration has sought to reduce the imaging speed in parallel architecture convergence for cardiac MRI. The image computation time is comparatively long owing to the iterative reconstruction process of 3D models. The aim of this paper is to suggest a CPU-GPU parallel architecture based on multicore to increase the speed of mesh generation in a 3D model of a stenosis aorta. A retrospective cardiac MRI scan with 74 series and 3057 images for a 10-year-old patient with congenital valve and valvular aortic stenosis on close MRI and coarctation (operated and dilated) in the sense of shone syndrome. The 3D mesh model was generated in Standard Tessellation Language (STL), as well as the libraries used to operate with Pymesh and Panda, and the time spent in tracing, decomposing, and finalizing the mesh crucially depends on the number of nuclei used in the parallel processing and the mesh quality chosen. A parallel processing based on four processors are required for the 3D shape refinement.To improve the efficiency of image processing algorithms and medical applications acquired in real-time analysis and control, a hybrid architecture (GPU/GPU) was proposed. The response time of parallel processing based on the CPU-GPU architecture used at the mesh level to achieve a 3D model is critically dependent on the number of kernels required.","PeriodicalId":10470,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Medicine","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88164787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/2331205X.2021.1894688
M. Sterclova, V. Kremláčková, Veronika Mottlová, Magdalena Brůžová, P. Sojka, M. Vašáková
Abstract Abstract: Assessment of humoral response to inhalation antigens is currently the most frequently used method to confirm exposure. It may be useful in extrinsic allergic alveolitis (EAA) patients, especially in cases that are unaware of the source of exposure. However, commercially available test may not include relevant antigens, which may lead to false negativity of the test. We proposed that testing patient serological responses to antigens from respectively environments might be useful in showing the relevance of these exposures. Ten patients diagnosed with EAA were included in the case-control study. Samples from potentially harmful environments were collected, and antigenic extracts were prepared and used for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) to investigate serological responses to suspected antigens. Plasma samples of unexposed volunteers were used as controls. The results were interpreted in the context of other clinical findings when known (e.g., radiologic patterns, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid findings, histology results) and patient history. We suggest that environmental sampling may provide more information than previous history assessment and commercially available specific IgGs tests and helps to either reveal hidden exposures or find relevant exposure in cases with multiple potential sources. The results of these tests must be interpreted carefully in the context of other clinical data.
{"title":"Quantitative assessment of specific serum IgGs may verify source of environmental exposure in extrinsic allergic alveolitis (EAA)","authors":"M. Sterclova, V. Kremláčková, Veronika Mottlová, Magdalena Brůžová, P. Sojka, M. Vašáková","doi":"10.1080/2331205X.2021.1894688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2331205X.2021.1894688","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Abstract: Assessment of humoral response to inhalation antigens is currently the most frequently used method to confirm exposure. It may be useful in extrinsic allergic alveolitis (EAA) patients, especially in cases that are unaware of the source of exposure. However, commercially available test may not include relevant antigens, which may lead to false negativity of the test. We proposed that testing patient serological responses to antigens from respectively environments might be useful in showing the relevance of these exposures. Ten patients diagnosed with EAA were included in the case-control study. Samples from potentially harmful environments were collected, and antigenic extracts were prepared and used for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) to investigate serological responses to suspected antigens. Plasma samples of unexposed volunteers were used as controls. The results were interpreted in the context of other clinical findings when known (e.g., radiologic patterns, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid findings, histology results) and patient history. We suggest that environmental sampling may provide more information than previous history assessment and commercially available specific IgGs tests and helps to either reveal hidden exposures or find relevant exposure in cases with multiple potential sources. The results of these tests must be interpreted carefully in the context of other clinical data.","PeriodicalId":10470,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Medicine","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73434464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/2331205X.2021.1940639
A. Orok, O. Ajibaye, O. Aina, G. Iboma, Sunday Adagyo Oboshi, B. Iwalokun
Abstract Abstract: Malaria transmission and prevalence involves a triangular web of interactions between man, vector, and the environment. Any meaningful effort in malaria control, elimination and or eradication should target weakening and or breaking the forces of interactions within the triangle. In sub-Saharan Africa, effective malaria control programme is encumbered by myriad of challenges. The unabated burden of malaria could be ascribed to efficient malaria vectors with strong niche for ecological expression that maintain high levels of transmission at all seasons. Parasite genotypic heterogeneity, multiple expressions of traits of adaptations to parasitism and unpredictable behavioural changes are the smart ways the infectious agent thrives, persists and expresses ecological niche with scaring symphony. Environmental factors and climatic changes, population movement, deteriorated socioeconomic situation, lack of access to effective and timely antimalarial treatment, use of sub-standard and or fake anti-malarial drugs, self medication and non-compliance to drug dosage are the galvanizing factors to poor intervention outcomes. Above all, for ages, in most settings and communities, there is lack of knowledge regarding the causative agent of malaria. Diversionary factors and misconceptions such as eating too much palm oil, standing in the sun, drinking too much of alcohol, jinxing and witchcraft attacks are brands of porous perceptions on causes and risk factors of malaria. And if a thousand and one sophisticated strategies are put in place to eliminate malaria in sub-Saharan Africa where indigenous and factorial perceptions with rhetorical contrast of ideas hold sway, then, a predictable defeated performance is the expected result. For the sustenance of the gains already recorded in the fight against malaria in sub-Saharan Africa, the role of the community as a strong partnership for change cannot be underestimated.
{"title":"Malaria interventions and control programes in Sub-Saharan Africa: A narrative review","authors":"A. Orok, O. Ajibaye, O. Aina, G. Iboma, Sunday Adagyo Oboshi, B. Iwalokun","doi":"10.1080/2331205X.2021.1940639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2331205X.2021.1940639","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Abstract: Malaria transmission and prevalence involves a triangular web of interactions between man, vector, and the environment. Any meaningful effort in malaria control, elimination and or eradication should target weakening and or breaking the forces of interactions within the triangle. In sub-Saharan Africa, effective malaria control programme is encumbered by myriad of challenges. The unabated burden of malaria could be ascribed to efficient malaria vectors with strong niche for ecological expression that maintain high levels of transmission at all seasons. Parasite genotypic heterogeneity, multiple expressions of traits of adaptations to parasitism and unpredictable behavioural changes are the smart ways the infectious agent thrives, persists and expresses ecological niche with scaring symphony. Environmental factors and climatic changes, population movement, deteriorated socioeconomic situation, lack of access to effective and timely antimalarial treatment, use of sub-standard and or fake anti-malarial drugs, self medication and non-compliance to drug dosage are the galvanizing factors to poor intervention outcomes. Above all, for ages, in most settings and communities, there is lack of knowledge regarding the causative agent of malaria. Diversionary factors and misconceptions such as eating too much palm oil, standing in the sun, drinking too much of alcohol, jinxing and witchcraft attacks are brands of porous perceptions on causes and risk factors of malaria. And if a thousand and one sophisticated strategies are put in place to eliminate malaria in sub-Saharan Africa where indigenous and factorial perceptions with rhetorical contrast of ideas hold sway, then, a predictable defeated performance is the expected result. For the sustenance of the gains already recorded in the fight against malaria in sub-Saharan Africa, the role of the community as a strong partnership for change cannot be underestimated.","PeriodicalId":10470,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Medicine","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73352799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/2331205X.2021.1893422
Musa Alharbi, G. Isouard, B. Tolchard
Abstract Abstract: This paper offers an historical overview of international mortality/healthcare classification systems, covering developments from the International List of Causes of Death (ILCD) through to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). The ICD is a global data system established to classify diseases and mortality causes. The past few decades have seen a dramatic increase in use of the ICD, paralleling its improved efficiency and integration into the health information management (HIM) arena. The ICD, published by the World Health Organization (WHO) since 1984, is the successor to ICLD-5 and assigns codes to every health diagnosis. The 10th revision of the WHO International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10-CM) is the latest version, and the 11th is currently under development. A clinical classification and coding schedule is essential for improving and refining clinical data systems in numerous ways, including treatment selection, cause-of-death reporting, eligibility selection, the facilitation of health insurance claims, data storage, health service evaluation, health policy, the management of epidemiological diseases, resource allocation and the reduction of potential costs. All these contribute to proper development and planning within healthcare services. ICD has become the universal standard.
{"title":"Historical development of the statistical classification of causes of death and diseases","authors":"Musa Alharbi, G. Isouard, B. Tolchard","doi":"10.1080/2331205X.2021.1893422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2331205X.2021.1893422","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Abstract: This paper offers an historical overview of international mortality/healthcare classification systems, covering developments from the International List of Causes of Death (ILCD) through to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). The ICD is a global data system established to classify diseases and mortality causes. The past few decades have seen a dramatic increase in use of the ICD, paralleling its improved efficiency and integration into the health information management (HIM) arena. The ICD, published by the World Health Organization (WHO) since 1984, is the successor to ICLD-5 and assigns codes to every health diagnosis. The 10th revision of the WHO International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10-CM) is the latest version, and the 11th is currently under development. A clinical classification and coding schedule is essential for improving and refining clinical data systems in numerous ways, including treatment selection, cause-of-death reporting, eligibility selection, the facilitation of health insurance claims, data storage, health service evaluation, health policy, the management of epidemiological diseases, resource allocation and the reduction of potential costs. All these contribute to proper development and planning within healthcare services. ICD has become the universal standard.","PeriodicalId":10470,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Medicine","volume":"360 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86801823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/2331205X.2021.1908648
Bsrat Tesfay, T. Getinet, E. A. Derso
Abstract Breast cancer is a foremost cause of death worldwide, ranks fifth among causes of death from all types of cancers; this is the most common cause of cancer death in women among both developing and developed countries. Breast cancer ranks first among the most frequent cancers in women of Ethiopia. In spite of the high incidence, mortality rate, and survival status among breast cancer patients was not determined in Ethiopia. The purpose of this study was to identify factors affecting the time to death among breast cancer patients attending anti-cancer treatment from September 2015 till December 2018 at Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital. Methods: Hospital-based retrospective cohort study was conducted among breast cancer patients. Kaplan-Meier survival curve together with log-rank test was deployed to test for variations in the survival among predictor variables. Cox regression was used at a 5% level of significance to determine the net effect of each independent variable on the time to death of breast cancer clients. Results: From the Cox proportional model, patients with age, educational status, residence, Baseline Tumor size &Pathology type (LIC) were found to be a statistically significant effect (p < 0.05) on the risk of mortality due to breast cancer and the median survival time of breast cancer patient was 34.50 months. Conclusion: the finding of this study showed that age, educational status, residence, Baseline Tumor size &Pathology type (LIC) were influential affecting time to death of breast cancer patient at the Hospital. It is recommended to make interventions based on these risk factors.
{"title":"Survival analysis of Time to Death of Breast Cancer Patients: in case of Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital Tigray, Ethiopia.","authors":"Bsrat Tesfay, T. Getinet, E. A. Derso","doi":"10.1080/2331205X.2021.1908648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2331205X.2021.1908648","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Breast cancer is a foremost cause of death worldwide, ranks fifth among causes of death from all types of cancers; this is the most common cause of cancer death in women among both developing and developed countries. Breast cancer ranks first among the most frequent cancers in women of Ethiopia. In spite of the high incidence, mortality rate, and survival status among breast cancer patients was not determined in Ethiopia. The purpose of this study was to identify factors affecting the time to death among breast cancer patients attending anti-cancer treatment from September 2015 till December 2018 at Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital. Methods: Hospital-based retrospective cohort study was conducted among breast cancer patients. Kaplan-Meier survival curve together with log-rank test was deployed to test for variations in the survival among predictor variables. Cox regression was used at a 5% level of significance to determine the net effect of each independent variable on the time to death of breast cancer clients. Results: From the Cox proportional model, patients with age, educational status, residence, Baseline Tumor size &Pathology type (LIC) were found to be a statistically significant effect (p < 0.05) on the risk of mortality due to breast cancer and the median survival time of breast cancer patient was 34.50 months. Conclusion: the finding of this study showed that age, educational status, residence, Baseline Tumor size &Pathology type (LIC) were influential affecting time to death of breast cancer patient at the Hospital. It is recommended to make interventions based on these risk factors.","PeriodicalId":10470,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Medicine","volume":"30 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91258819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/2331205X.2021.1966179
Fariha Sohil, M. U. Sohail, J. Shabbir
Abstract Abstract: COVID-19 has big health issues which affect worldwide beyond their borders, race, and ethnicity. All the countries faced this pandemic challenge but most of the underdeveloped countries are facing more dangerous situations due to limited financial and health infrastructure to respond against it. Overall, more than 100 million people are affected by the Novel Virus which results in 2.15 million people dying within a small interval of time. The current pandemic has brought unpredicted challenges to societies and also threatened humanity and global resilience. According to the National Command Operation Center, Pakistan, more than 0.534 million people are suffering with COVID-19 with more than 11 thousand deaths across the country. The Government of Pakistan has taken different initiatives like complete and smart lockdown to control the pandemic as much as possible. After the removal of the first lockdown, the high peak was observed across the country and created a panic situation among people and the government again closed all the educational and religious institutions with immediate effect to tackle the second wave of pandemic. Further, the interconnected nature of COVID-19 crises demands an integrated approach and coordination between all stakeholders to handle the pandemic in a significant way. Identifying the best set of policies and guidelines to handle COVID-19 challenges, and align them for the sustainable recovery from pandemic. The basic challenge facing the policy makers of underdeveloped countries is how to utilize limited resources to achieve interconnected goals for managing health recovery, economic crises, and creating environmental sustainability. We present a framework for identifying and prioritizing policy action to address COVID-19 and ensure sustainable recovery. The framework outlines principles and criteria, and shared policy goals, identifying smart strategies, accessing policy compatibility, aligning policy instruments and improving sustainability in short and long term policy decisions. This framework can be helpful for policy makers in the short and long run for mapping policy options and accessing cross-sectoral implementation. This framework is also helpful for policy makers to prioritize policy choice and allocate limited resources in such a way that they are directed toward actions and achieve interconnected solutions of health, economy, and environment.
{"title":"COVID-19 in Pakistan: Challenges and priorities","authors":"Fariha Sohil, M. U. Sohail, J. Shabbir","doi":"10.1080/2331205X.2021.1966179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2331205X.2021.1966179","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Abstract: COVID-19 has big health issues which affect worldwide beyond their borders, race, and ethnicity. All the countries faced this pandemic challenge but most of the underdeveloped countries are facing more dangerous situations due to limited financial and health infrastructure to respond against it. Overall, more than 100 million people are affected by the Novel Virus which results in 2.15 million people dying within a small interval of time. The current pandemic has brought unpredicted challenges to societies and also threatened humanity and global resilience. According to the National Command Operation Center, Pakistan, more than 0.534 million people are suffering with COVID-19 with more than 11 thousand deaths across the country. The Government of Pakistan has taken different initiatives like complete and smart lockdown to control the pandemic as much as possible. After the removal of the first lockdown, the high peak was observed across the country and created a panic situation among people and the government again closed all the educational and religious institutions with immediate effect to tackle the second wave of pandemic. Further, the interconnected nature of COVID-19 crises demands an integrated approach and coordination between all stakeholders to handle the pandemic in a significant way. Identifying the best set of policies and guidelines to handle COVID-19 challenges, and align them for the sustainable recovery from pandemic. The basic challenge facing the policy makers of underdeveloped countries is how to utilize limited resources to achieve interconnected goals for managing health recovery, economic crises, and creating environmental sustainability. We present a framework for identifying and prioritizing policy action to address COVID-19 and ensure sustainable recovery. The framework outlines principles and criteria, and shared policy goals, identifying smart strategies, accessing policy compatibility, aligning policy instruments and improving sustainability in short and long term policy decisions. This framework can be helpful for policy makers in the short and long run for mapping policy options and accessing cross-sectoral implementation. This framework is also helpful for policy makers to prioritize policy choice and allocate limited resources in such a way that they are directed toward actions and achieve interconnected solutions of health, economy, and environment.","PeriodicalId":10470,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Medicine","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88050666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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