Sustainable Energy & Fuels最新文献_第2页

Green and sustainable metal–air batteries for powering flexible wearable electronics: current status and future prospects 为柔性可穿戴电子设备供电的绿色可持续金属空气电池：现状与前景

IF 5.6 3区材料科学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Sustainable Energy & Fuels

Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.1039/d4se00555d

Arpana Agrawal, Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain

The use of eco-unfriendly materials in wearable electronic devices poses a serious threat to the environment. It is therefore crucial to develop flexible, wearable devices that are environmentally friendly and safe for human skin. To power such devices, miniaturized power sources are needed, such as metal–air batteries (MABs) that have excellent power density and longevity. However, traditional MABs are built on rigid, non-flexible platforms and use a large amount of electrolyte, which is not sustainable or suitable for flexible electronics. Green wearable MABs can be created by using biocompatible and biodegradable battery components, such as electrolytes, electrodes, and flexible platforms, or by reducing the electrolyte volume. In this review, we critically examine a range of cost-effective, downsized, green, and sustainable wearable MABs that use non-toxic and abundant natural materials and can withstand bending, twisting, stretching, and folding. The various components, their green and sustainable aspects and the synthesis approaches of the key air-cathode have been demonstrated in detail. The electrochemical performance of various green MABs, as well as the obstacles to their commercialization has also been discussed.

在可穿戴电子设备中使用不环保材料对环境构成了严重威胁。因此，开发既环保又对人体皮肤安全的柔性可穿戴设备至关重要。要为这类设备供电，需要微型化的电源，例如具有出色功率密度和使用寿命的金属空气电池（MAB）。然而，传统的金属空气电池建立在刚性、非柔性平台上，并使用大量电解液，不具有可持续性，也不适合柔性电子设备。通过使用生物相容性和可生物降解的电池组件，如电解质、电极和柔性平台，或通过减少电解质的体积，可以制造出绿色可穿戴式 MAB。在这篇综述中，我们将认真研究一系列经济高效、小型化、绿色和可持续的可穿戴式 MABs，这些 MABs 使用无毒和丰富的天然材料，可承受弯曲、扭曲、拉伸和折叠。研究详细展示了各种成分、其绿色和可持续方面以及关键空气阴极的合成方法。此外，还讨论了各种绿色 MAB 的电化学性能及其商业化的障碍。

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引用次数: 0

Migration-mitigated crossover of organic redox anion across proton-exchange membrane 有机氧化还原阴离子在质子交换膜上的迁移诱导交叉

IF 5.6 3区材料科学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Sustainable Energy & Fuels

Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.1039/d4se00682h

Penghui Ding, Mikhail Vagin, Mohammad Javad Jafari, Aleksandar Mehandzhiyski, Viktor Gueskine, tobias abrahamsson, Igor V Zozoulenko, Thomas Ederth, Xavier Crispin

The two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), powered by affordable renewable energy, presents a more promising and sustainable approach to hydrogen peroxide production than traditional methods. In this paper, we introduce a membrane electrolyzer for ORR-to-H2O2 generation. The conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) acts as the cathode that aids the oxygen reduction reaction through a two-electron pathway to H2O2. At the anode, we employ the oxidation of a model organic molecule, 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonic acid disodium salt monohydrate (tiron). This catalyst-free anode process, as an alternative to the sluggish water oxidation reaction commonly used in classical electrolyzers, reduces of voltage loss to release the protons, cross the membrane, and feed the ORR at the cathode. Our study investigates the often-neglected issue of organic crossover during electrolyzer operation and its significant impact on transport behavior. This research could lead to the development of crossover-free flow cells extending the realm of electrochemical devices based on electrolyte fed and the membrane.

与传统方法相比，以负担得起的可再生能源为动力的双电子氧还原反应（ORR）是一种更有前景、更可持续的过氧化氢生产方法。本文介绍了一种将 ORR 转化为过氧化氢的膜电解器。导电聚合物聚（3,4-亚乙二氧基噻吩）：聚（苯乙烯磺酸）（PEDOT:PSS）作为阴极，通过双电子途径帮助氧还原反应生成 H2O2。在阳极，我们采用了一种示范有机分子--4,5-二羟基-1,3-苯二磺酸二钠盐一水合物（铁）--的氧化反应。这种无催化剂阳极过程可替代传统电解槽中常用的缓慢的水氧化反应，减少电压损失，释放质子，穿过膜，并为阴极的 ORR 提供能量。我们的研究调查了电解槽运行过程中经常被忽视的有机物交叉问题及其对传输行为的重大影响。这项研究将有助于开发无交叉流动电池，从而扩展基于电解质馈入和膜的电化学设备领域。

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引用次数: 0

Evaporating Potential in Conical PTFE Membrane with Asymmetric Electrodes 带有不对称电极的锥形聚四氟乙烯膜中的蒸发电位

IF 5.6 3区材料科学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Sustainable Energy & Fuels

Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.1039/d4se00987h

Zheng Liu, Ting Chen, Qingyang Wang, Guohua Liu

Power generation from nature evaporation receives great attention since water evaporation is a ubiquitous process. However, the energy devices may not be the norm geometry that results in different flow and energy conversion behaviors. Here, a conical polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) hydrovoltaics generator with asymmetric electrodes is proposed to study the effect of membrane structures and electrodes matching on power generation. The asymmetric membrane structure optimizes the capillary flow that generate the more effective velocity in the top areas of generator, which induces a higher voltages sign. Meanwhile, the directed asymmetric electrodes synergize interfacial and streaming potentials. As a result, the forward conical structure with C-Cu electrodes obtains the optimal energy conversion performance. Subjecting such device to environmental conditions, it can induce a ~0.4 V open circuit voltage and remains stable for around 20 hours without noticeable fluctuations. The facile structure and electrodes matching optimizes the power generation, providing valuable insights to sustainable energy harvesting.

由于水蒸发是一个无处不在的过程，因此利用自然蒸发发电受到了极大关注。然而，能源装置的几何形状可能不尽相同，从而导致不同的流动和能量转换行为。在此，我们提出了一种具有非对称电极的锥形聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）水力涡轮发电机，以研究膜结构和电极匹配对发电的影响。非对称膜结构优化了毛细管流，使其在发电机顶部区域产生更大的有效流速，从而产生更高的电压信号。同时，定向非对称电极协同了界面电位和流电位。因此，带有 C-Cu 电极的正向锥形结构获得了最佳的能量转换性能。将这种装置置于环境条件下，它能产生约 0.4 V 的开路电压，并能保持稳定约 20 小时而无明显波动。简便的结构和电极匹配优化了发电效果，为可持续能源采集提供了宝贵的启示。

引用次数: 0

Selective optimisation of catalytic activity by tuning the structural composition in nanoparticulate CuFe2O4 通过调整纳米颗粒 CuFe2O4 的结构组成选择性地优化催化活性

IF 5.6 3区材料科学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Sustainable Energy & Fuels

Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.1039/d4se00968a

Judith Zander, Michael F. Fink, Mina Attia, Christina Roth, Roland Marschall

The tailored development of highly active and selective electrocatalysts based on abundant and non-toxic elements will be key to the rigorous implementation of sustainable processes in industry. In this context, spinel-type CuFe2O4 is regarded as a promising candidate. We synthesised CuFe2O4 nanoparticles with various Cu:Fe ratios via a microwave-assisted solvothermal route. The compositional effect on the material properties and performance in multiple electrochemical reactions, including HER, OER, ORR and CO2RR, is investigated, in order to obtain valuable insights about those parameters that drive the improvement of catalytic activities. An increase in lattice strain and surface area is observed for compositions deviating from the ideal 1:2 stoichiometry, which goes in hand with an improved performance in alkaline water splitting. For the CO2RR on the other hand, the Cu-content is determined to be the most important factor, with a Cu-excess being highly beneficial. The suitability of CuFe2O4 as a bifunctional water splitting catalyst was demonstrated by full cell measurements using the spinel catalyst at both the anode and cathode side at the same time. Moreover, we showed the applicability of CuFe2O4 in bifunctional gas-diffusion electrodes for rechargeable Zn-air batteries.

以丰富且无毒的元素为基础，量身定制开发高活性、高选择性的电催化剂，将是在工业中严格实施可持续工艺的关键。在这方面，尖晶石型 CuFe2O4 被认为是一种很有前途的候选材料。我们通过微波辅助溶热路线合成了不同铜：铁比例的 CuFe2O4 纳米颗粒。我们研究了组成对材料特性和在多种电化学反应（包括 HER、OER、ORR 和 CO2RR）中性能的影响，从而获得了有关驱动催化活性改善的参数的宝贵见解。在偏离理想的 1:2 化学计量的成分中，观察到晶格应变和表面积的增加，这与碱性水分离性能的提高是相辅相成的。另一方面，对于 CO2RR 而言，铜含量被确定为最重要的因素，过量的铜对其非常有益。通过同时在阳极和阴极使用尖晶石催化剂进行全电池测量，证明了 CuFe2O4 作为双功能水分离催化剂的适用性。此外，我们还证明了 CuFe2O4 在可充电锌-空气电池的双功能气体扩散电极中的适用性。

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引用次数: 0

Multilayer Ti3C2Tx MXene Electrode Decorated with Polypyridine for Efficient Symmetric Supercapacitor 聚吡啶装饰的多层 Ti3C2Tx MXene 电极用于高效对称超级电容器

IF 5.6 3区材料科学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Sustainable Energy & Fuels

Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1039/d4se00892h

Peng Lin, Sibo Wang, Ailing Liu, Ting Yi, Hui Wang, Song Xue, Xueping Zong

MXene, being a unique two-dimensional nanomaterial, has the advantage of large spacing and conductive layered structures, providing great potential for enhancing the electrochemical properties of supercapacitors. However, the van der Waals forces may cause the re-stacking of sheets in MXene, which further reduces the specific surface area and restricts the transport of ions/electrolytes within the electrode, resulting in anticipated unfavorable electrochemical performance. In this experiment, heteropoly acids were used as dopants to oxidize pyridine for preparing the conductive polypyridine (PPY). By doping MXene with PPY, the resulting MXene/PPY composite exhibits significant advantages in averting the self-stacking of MXene nanosheets induced by van der Waals forces, promoting electron migration, and improving specific capacitances. Under the synergistic effect of highly conductive MXene and electrochemically active PPY, the symmetric supercapacitor fabricated with MXene/PPY attains an energy density of 8.77 Wh kg-1 at a power density of 750 W kg-1. More importantly, it maintains a capacity retention rate of 75% after 4000 cycles of continuous charging and discharging. The favorable energy density and power density, along with excellent electrochemical stability, suggest that the fabricated MXene/PPY composite has considerable potential for practical applications.

MXene 是一种独特的二维纳米材料，具有大间距和导电层状结构的优势，为增强超级电容器的电化学性能提供了巨大潜力。然而，范德华力可能会导致 MXene 中的薄片重新堆叠，从而进一步减小比表面积，限制离子/电解质在电极内的传输，导致预期的不利电化学性能。在本实验中，杂多酸被用作掺杂剂来氧化吡啶，以制备导电聚吡啶（PPY）。通过在 MXene 中掺杂 PPY，得到的 MXene/PPY 复合材料在避免范德华力引起的 MXene 纳米片自堆叠、促进电子迁移和提高比电容方面具有显著优势。在高导电性 MXene 和电化学活性 PPY 的协同作用下，用 MXene/PPY 制成的对称超级电容器在功率密度为 750 W kg-1 时的能量密度达到了 8.77 Wh kg-1。更重要的是，在连续充放电 4000 次后，其容量保持率仍高达 75%。良好的能量密度和功率密度以及出色的电化学稳定性表明，制造出的 MXene/PPY 复合材料具有相当大的实际应用潜力。

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引用次数: 0

A heterogeneous CuV2O6@2D-V2CTx MXene nanohybrid as a cathode material for high-capacity and stable aqueous Zn-ion batteries 异质 CuV2O6@2D-V2CTx MXene 纳米杂化物作为高容量、稳定的水性 Zn 离子电池的阴极材料

IF 5 3区材料科学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Sustainable Energy & Fuels

Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1039/D4SE00648H

Lena S, Senthilkumar Ramasamy, Saradh Prasad Rajendra, Mohamad S. AlSalhi, Rajamohan Rajaram and Subramania A.

The development of a high-rate capability and long cycling life cathode material for Zn-ion batteries is significantly limited due to the low electrical conductivity of the cathode material. Herein, we have developed a high-capacity and highly stable promising cathode material for Zn-ion batteries by directly growing CuV₂O₆ nanowires on 2D-V₂CT_x MXene nanosheets. This composite architecture exhibits faster charge diffusion and increased electrical conductivity, which leads to better rate performance and longer cycling life. The CuV₂O₆–V₂CT_x nanohybrid displays a high specific capacity of 410 mA h g⁻¹ at 0.1C rate and a long cycle stability of 1000 cycles at 0.5C rate with a capacity retention of 88% when compared to the pristine CuV₂O₆ nanowires (329 mA h g⁻¹ at 0.1C rate). In addition, the cathode material exhibits a high energy density of 302 W h kg⁻¹ at a power density of 173 W g⁻¹. This work provides new views and findings for the development of superior cathode materials for aqueous Zn-ion batteries.

由于阴极材料的导电率较低，用于 Zn 离子电池的高倍率能力和长循环寿命阴极材料的开发受到很大限制。在此，我们通过在二维-V2CTx MXene 纳米片上直接生长 CuV2O6 纳米线，开发出了一种高容量、高稳定性的 Zn 离子电池阴极材料。这种复合结构具有更快的电荷扩散速度和更高的导电性，因而具有更好的速率性能和更长的循环寿命。与原始 CuV2O6 纳米线（0.1C 速率下为 329 mA h g-1）相比，CuV2O6-V2CTx 纳米杂化材料在 0.1C 速率下具有 410 mA h g-1 的高比容量，在 0.5C 速率下具有 1000 次循环的长循环稳定性，容量保持率高达 88%。此外，在功率密度为 173 W g-1 时，该阴极材料显示出 302 W h kg-1 的高能量密度。这项研究为开发水性 Zn 离子电池的优质阴极材料提供了新的观点和发现。

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引用次数: 0

Potentials and limitations of microwave-assisted chemical recycling of fiber-reinforced composites from wind blades 微波辅助化学回收风力叶片纤维增强复合材料的潜力和局限性

IF 5.6 3区材料科学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Sustainable Energy & Fuels

Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1039/d4se00242c

Alejandro Fresneda Cruz, Cecilia Chaine, Monique B. Figueirêdo, Gonzalo Murillo-Ciordia, Andrés Sanz-Martinez, Ignacio Antonio Julian Burillo

Wind power will meet near 20% of global demand by 2050 . However, both the forecasted inc rease of wind power capacity and the proximate end of lifespan ( of existing infrastructure will pose several challenges soon. Whilst the volumes of wind blade composite waste materials are expected to increase rapidly, there are no circular solutions available in the market to address this issue and unlock new valuechains for wind blade composite recyclates. This perspective aims at a two fold synthesis discussing the strategies reported in literature for chemical recycling of fiber reinforced composites and its limitations for upscaled demonstrations, whilst offering a new vision about novel technologies that could bridge the existing gap enhancing the viability of the processes at industrial scale. This Perspective paper is structuredas follows: First, the current issue s associated to the increasing flow of dismantled end of life wind turbine blade composite materials (W BCM) is introduced, providing an overview of the state of the art within the regulatory framework, the forecasted increase on recycling methods for wind turbine blades, the most common types of structural composite materials and their main recyclability challenges. Secondly the main available recycling technologies for WBCM (mechanical and especially, chemical recycling) are evaluated as reported in recent literature between 2020 2023 discussing the value of recycled products, new value added applications , and their circularity and sustainability aspects. It summarizes and rationalize s recent trends in the literature for chemical recycling of WBCM . Then , the current barriers for industrialization are present e d and serve as an introduction to the concept of microwave technology as an alternative and complementary technology for enhancing chemical recycling processes Lastly, main findings and limitations of chemical recycling of WBCM using microwave assisted technologies are summarized , and proposal for future research are presented highlighting a much needed development of industrial circular solutions.

到 2050 年，风能将满足全球近 20% 的需求。然而，风力发电能力的预测增长和现有基础设施寿命的临近结束将很快带来一些挑战。虽然风电叶片复合材料废料的数量预计将迅速增加，但市场上还没有循环解决方案来解决这一问题，并为风电叶片复合材料回收利用提供新的价值链。本视角旨在从两个方面综合讨论文献中报道的纤维增强复合材料化学回收利用策略及其在规模化示范中的局限性，同时为新型技术提供新的视角，以弥补现有差距，提高工业规模工艺的可行性。本视角论文的结构如下：首先，介绍了当前与日益增多的报废风力涡轮机叶片复合材料（W BCM）相关的问题，概述了监管框架内的技术现状、风力涡轮机叶片回收方法的增长预测、最常见的结构复合材料类型及其主要的可回收性挑战。其次，根据 2020-2023 年间的最新文献报道，对风力涡轮机叶片材料的主要可用回收技术（机械回收，特别是化学回收）进行了评估，讨论了回收产品的价值、新的增值应用及其循环性和可持续性问题。报告总结并合理解释了近期文献中有关化学循环利用周转箱材料的趋势。最后，总结了使用微波辅助技术进行 WBCM 化学回收的主要发现和局限性，并提出了未来研究的建议，强调了急需的工业循环解决方案的发展。

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引用次数: 0

Unlocking the value of food waste: sustainable production of ethylene glycol over low-cost Ni–W catalysts supported on glucose-derived carbons† 释放食物垃圾的价值：利用葡萄糖衍生碳支撑的低成本 Ni-W 催化剂可持续生产乙二醇

IF 5 3区材料科学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Sustainable Energy & Fuels

Pub Date : 2024-09-02 DOI: 10.1039/D4SE00823E

Lucília Sousa Ribeiro, Rafael Gomes Morais, José Joaquim de Melo Órfão and Manuel Fernando Ribeiro Pereira

Food waste is abundant and holds great potential to be converted into valuable chemicals like ethylene glycol (EG), which is a key compound for the production of commodity polymers and other specialty products. Therefore, the direct conversion of food waste could represent a pivotal alternative for the sustainable production of EG. Nickel-tungsten catalysts supported on glucose-derived carbons were synthesized and evaluated for EG direct production from cellulose and cellulosic urban wastes. A remarkable yield of EG of 62% was attained directly from cellulose after 5 h, while the optimized catalyst allowed to reach notable EG yields around 40% from cellulosic wastes. Furthermore, as far as we are concerned, no previous works have reported the conversion of food wastes, such as fruit peels, directly into EG. Therefore, we report the environmentally friendly production of EG from banana peel, orange peel and spent coffee grounds with promising yields of up to 21%.

厨余垃圾数量丰富，具有将其转化为乙二醇（EG）等有价值化学品的巨大潜力，而乙二醇是生产商品聚合物和其他特种产品的关键化合物。因此，直接转化食物垃圾可能是可持续生产乙二醇的关键替代方法。我们合成并评估了以葡萄糖衍生碳为载体的镍钨催化剂，用于从纤维素和纤维素城市废物中直接生产 EG。5 小时后，直接从纤维素中获得了 62% 的显著 EG 产量，而优化后的催化剂可从纤维素废料中获得约 40% 的显著 EG 产量。此外，就我们所知，之前还没有任何关于将果皮等食物垃圾直接转化为 EG 的报道。因此，我们报告了利用香蕉皮、橘子皮和用过的咖啡渣生产 EG 的环境友好型方法，产量有望达到 21%。

引用次数: 0

Evolving bifacial molecule strategy for surface passivation of lead halide perovskite solar cells† 用于卤化铅过氧化物太阳能电池表面钝化的不断发展的双面分子策略

IF 5 3区材料科学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Sustainable Energy & Fuels

Pub Date : 2024-09-02 DOI: 10.1039/D4SE01096E

Nanaki Minoi, Fumitaka Ishiwari, Takuya Omine, Kazuharu Murotani, Ryosuke Nishikubo and Akinori Saeki

A variety of passivation molecules have enhanced the performance and stability of organic–inorganic lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs); however, the tailoring of the design of these molecules remains largely unexplored. In this work, we propose two new classes of passivation molecules: a C₂-symmetric syn-type bifacial donor–π–donor molecule and a C₃-symmetric syn-type bifacial truxene. The former (PM-syn) bears hydrophobic alkylphenols and hydrophilic diethylene glycol-substituted phenyls on each face of the indenofluorene π-core. Owing to the efficient hole transfer and surface passivation by the flanked donor units, PM-syn (a racemate of enantiomers) exhibited an improved power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.79% and long-term stability compared with the control device (17.98%). The latter, bifacial truxene (TRX-syn), appended with three carboxyl units on one face, exhibited an improved PCE (19.76%) and stability, demonstrating the general effectiveness of the bifacial molecular concept in the passivation of PSC. Comparative spectroscopic and time-resolved studies of bifacial molecules and their anti-type analogues support our claims and provide a rich area for the design of new molecules for the modification of perovskite layers.

各种钝化分子提高了有机-无机卤化铅包晶太阳能电池（PSCs）的性能和稳定性；然而，这些分子的定制设计在很大程度上仍未得到探索。在这项工作中，我们提出了两类新的钝化分子：一种是 C2 对称合成型双向供体-π-供体分子，另一种是 C3 对称合成型双向楚克森分子。前者（PM-syn）在茚芴π核的每个面上都有疏水的烷基酚和亲水的二甘醇取代苯基。由于侧面供体单元的高效空穴传输和表面钝化作用，PM-syn（对映体的外消旋体）与对照器件（17.98%）相比，功率转换效率（PCE）提高了 18.79%，并且具有长期稳定性。后一种双面楚克森（TRX-syn）在一个面上添加了三个羧基单元，其 PCE（19.76%）和稳定性均有所提高，这表明双面分子概念在钝化 PSC 方面具有普遍的有效性。对双面分子及其反类型类似物进行的光谱和时间分辨比较研究支持了我们的观点，并为设计新的分子来修饰包晶石层提供了一个丰富的领域。

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引用次数: 0

Bioinspired photo-driven hydrogen evolution systems based on hydrogenases and their mimics 基于氢酶及其模拟物的生物启发光驱动氢进化系统

IF 5.6 3区材料科学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Sustainable Energy & Fuels

Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1039/d4se00423j

Rahat Gupta, Amlan K. Pal

The ever-growing problem of the energy crisis can be addressed with the development of sustainable and renewable sources of energy. The naturally occurring hydrogenases with their active sites provide us with a blueprint to mimic the reaction pathway and mechanism of hydrogen production. This work presents an in-depth summary of the photocatalytic hydrogen production employing 4d/5d-T-metal complexes, quantum dots, and organic dyes as photosensitizers (PSs) and hydrogenase mimics as catalysts. This review is focused on the careful design of both the PSs and catalysts to enhance the overall catalytic activity of artificial photosynthetic systems. The paths followed during the photoinduced electron transfer including the active sites of the catalysts, are discussed to guide the design of robust and efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production systems. The reduction potentials of the catalysts and PSs, change in the free energy values and density functional theory (DFT) calculations are discussed to assess the thermodynamic feasibility of the photoinduced electron transfer processes.

通过开发可持续的可再生能源，可以解决日益严重的能源危机问题。自然界存在的氢化酶及其活性位点为我们提供了模仿制氢反应途径和机制的蓝图。本研究深入总结了利用 4d/5d-T 金属复合物、量子点和有机染料作为光敏剂（PSs）以及氢酶模拟物作为催化剂的光催化制氢方法。本综述的重点是精心设计光敏剂和催化剂，以提高人工光合作用系统的整体催化活性。文章讨论了光诱导电子转移过程中的路径，包括催化剂的活性位点，以指导设计稳健高效的光催化制氢系统。讨论了催化剂和 PS 的还原电位、自由能值的变化以及密度泛函理论 (DFT) 计算，以评估光诱导电子转移过程的热力学可行性。

引用次数: 0