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The Role of Macula Densa Nitric Oxide Synthase 1 Beta Splice Variant in Modulating Tubuloglomerular Feedback. 黄斑部一氧化氮合成酶 1 Beta 突变在调节肾小管反馈中的作用
IF 5.8 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-01-30 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210043
Ruisheng Liu, Luis A Juncos, Yan Lu, Jin Wei, Jie Zhang, Lei Wang, En Y Lai, Mattias Carlstrom, A Erik G Persson

Abnormalities in renal electrolyte and water excretion may result in inappropriate salt and water retention, which facilitates the development and maintenance of hypertension, as well as acid-base and electrolyte disorders. A key mechanism by which the kidney regulates renal hemodynamics and electrolyte excretion is via tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF), an intrarenal negative feedback between tubules and arterioles. TGF is initiated by an increase of NaCl delivery at the macula densa cells. The increased NaCl activates luminal Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC2) of the macula densa cells, which leads to activation of several intracellular processes followed by the production of paracrine signals that ultimately result in a constriction of the afferent arteriole and a tonic inhibition of single nephron glomerular filtration rate. Neuronal nitric oxide (NOS1) is highly expressed in the macula densa. NOS1β is the major splice variant and accounts for most of NO generation by the macula densa, which inhibits TGF response. Macula densa NOS1β-mediated modulation of TGF responses plays an essential role in control of sodium excretion, volume and electrolyte hemostasis, and blood pressure. In this article, we describe the mechanisms that regulate macula densa-derived NO and their effect on TGF response in physiologic and pathologic conditions. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4215-4229, 2023.

肾脏电解质和水排泄异常可能导致不适当的盐和水潴留,从而促进高血压以及酸碱和电解质紊乱的发生和维持。肾脏调节肾血流动力学和电解质排泄的一个关键机制是肾小管肾小球反馈(TGF),这是肾小管和动脉之间的一种肾内负反馈。肾小管肾小球反馈(TGF)是肾小管和动脉血管之间的一种肾内负反馈。增加的 NaCl 会激活肾小管黄斑细胞腔内的 Na-K-2Cl 共转运体(NKCC2),从而激活多个细胞内过程,随后产生旁分泌信号,最终导致传入动脉收缩和单肾小球滤过率的强直性抑制。神经元一氧化氮(NOS1)在黄斑中高度表达。NOS1β 是主要的剪接变体,占黄斑部产生的 NO 的大部分,可抑制 TGF 反应。黄斑区 NOS1β 介导的对 TGF 反应的调节在控制钠排泄、血容量和电解质止血以及血压方面发挥着重要作用。在本文中,我们描述了在生理和病理条件下调节黄斑区源性 NO 的机制及其对 TGF 反应的影响。© 2023 美国生理学会。Compr Physiol 13:4215-4229, 2023.
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引用次数: 0
Aging and Bone Metabolism. 衰老和骨代谢。
IF 5.8 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-01-30 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220012
Robert J Pignolo

Changes in bone architecture and metabolism with aging increase the likelihood of osteoporosis and fracture. Age-onset osteoporosis is multifactorial, with contributory extrinsic and intrinsic factors including certain medical problems, specific prescription drugs, estrogen loss, secondary hyperparathyroidism, microenvironmental and cellular alterations in bone tissue, and mechanical unloading or immobilization. At the histological level, there are changes in trabecular and cortical bone as well as marrow cellularity, lineage switching of mesenchymal stem cells to an adipogenic fate, inadequate transduction of signals during skeletal loading, and predisposition toward senescent cell accumulation with production of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Cumulatively, these changes result in bone remodeling abnormalities that over time cause net bone loss typically seen in older adults. Age-related osteoporosis is a geriatric syndrome due to the multiple etiologies that converge upon the skeleton to produce the ultimate phenotypic changes that manifest as bone fragility. Bone tissue is dynamic but with tendencies toward poor osteoblastic bone formation and relative osteoclastic bone resorption with aging. Interactions with other aging physiologic systems, such as muscle, may also confer detrimental effects on the aging skeleton. Conversely, individuals who maintain their BMD experience a lower risk of fractures, disability, and mortality, suggesting that this phenotype may be a marker of successful aging. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4355-4386, 2023.

随着年龄的增长,骨结构和代谢的变化增加了骨质疏松和骨折的可能性。老年性骨质疏松症是多因素的,包括某些医疗问题、特定处方药、雌激素丧失、继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进、骨组织的微环境和细胞改变、机械卸载或固定等外在和内在因素。在组织学水平上,小梁骨和皮质骨以及骨髓细胞的变化,间充质干细胞向脂肪形成的转变,骨骼负荷过程中信号转导不足,以及衰老细胞积累的易感,产生与衰老相关的分泌表型。累积起来,这些变化导致骨重塑异常,随着时间的推移导致净骨质流失,这在老年人中很常见。年龄相关性骨质疏松症是一种老年综合征,由于多种病因聚集在骨骼上,产生最终的表型变化,表现为骨骼脆弱。骨组织是动态的,但随着年龄的增长,成骨细胞骨形成和破骨细胞骨吸收倾向较差。与其他衰老生理系统(如肌肉)的相互作用也可能对衰老的骨骼产生有害影响。相反,保持骨密度的个体骨折、残疾和死亡的风险较低,这表明这种表型可能是成功衰老的标志。©2023美国生理学会。中国生物医学工程学报(英文版),2023。
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引用次数: 0
Issue Information. 问题的信息。
IF 5.8 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-01-30 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cv13i01
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引用次数: 0
Adipose Tissue Plasticity in Aging. 衰老过程中脂肪组织的可塑性。
IF 5.8 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-10-10 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220005
Guan Wang, Anying Song, Marie Bae, Qiong A Wang

As a dynamic endocrine organ, white adipose tissue (WAT) stores lipids and plays a critical role in maintaining whole-body energy homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. A large group of the population over 65 years old suffer from increased WAT mass, especially in the visceral location. Visceral adiposity accelerates aging through promoting age-associated chronic conditions, significantly shortening life expectancy. Unlike WAT, brown adipose tissue (BAT) functions as an effective energy sink that burns and disposes of excess lipids and glucose upon activation of thermogenesis. Unfortunately, the thermogenic activity of BAT declines during aging. New appreciation of cellular and functional remodeling of WAT and BAT during aging has emerged in recent years. Efforts are underway to explore the potential underlying mechanisms behind these age-associated alterations in WAT and BAT and the impact of these alterations on whole-body metabolism. Lastly, it is intriguing to translate our knowledge obtained from animal models to the clinic to prevent and treat age-associated metabolic disorders. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12: 4119-4132, 2022.

白色脂肪组织(WAT)作为一种动态内分泌器官,储存脂质,在维持全身能量稳态和胰岛素敏感性方面起着至关重要的作用。65岁以上的人群中有很大一部分人患有WAT肿块,尤其是在内脏部位。内脏脂肪通过促进与年龄相关的慢性疾病加速衰老,显著缩短预期寿命。与WAT不同,棕色脂肪组织(BAT)作为一种有效的能量汇,在生热激活时燃烧和处理多余的脂质和葡萄糖。不幸的是,BAT的生热活性随着年龄的增长而下降。近年来,人们对WAT和BAT在衰老过程中的细胞和功能重塑有了新的认识。目前正在努力探索WAT和BAT这些年龄相关改变背后的潜在机制,以及这些改变对全身代谢的影响。最后,将我们从动物模型中获得的知识转化为临床预防和治疗与年龄相关的代谢紊乱是很有趣的。©2022美国生理学会。中国生物医学工程学报(英文版),2016。
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引用次数: 1
Circadian Regulation of Hormonal Timing and the Pathophysiology of Circadian Dysregulation. 激素时间的昼夜节律调节和昼夜节律失调的病理生理学。
IF 5.8 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-09-08 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220018
Jacob S Moeller, Savannah R Bever, Samantha L Finn, Chayarndorn Phumsatitpong, Madison F Browne, Lance J Kriegsfeld

Circadian rhythms are endogenously generated, daily patterns of behavior and physiology that are essential for optimal health and disease prevention. Disruptions to circadian timing are associated with a host of maladies, including metabolic disease and obesity, diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and mental health disturbances. The circadian timing system is hierarchically organized, with a master circadian clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the anterior hypothalamus and subordinate clocks throughout the CNS and periphery. The SCN receives light information via a direct retinal pathway, synchronizing the master clock to environmental time. At the cellular level, circadian rhythms are ubiquitous, with rhythms generated by interlocking, autoregulatory transcription-translation feedback loops. At the level of the SCN, tight cellular coupling maintains rhythms even in the absence of environmental input. The SCN, in turn, communicates timing information via the autonomic nervous system and hormonal signaling. This signaling couples individual cellular oscillators at the tissue level in extra-SCN brain loci and the periphery and synchronizes subordinate clocks to external time. In the modern world, circadian disruption is widespread due to limited exposure to sunlight during the day, exposure to artificial light at night, and widespread use of light-emitting electronic devices, likely contributing to an increase in the prevalence, and the progression, of a host of disease states. The present overview focuses on the circadian control of endocrine secretions, the significance of rhythms within key endocrine axes for typical, homeostatic functioning, and implications for health and disease when dysregulated. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12: 1-30, 2022.

昼夜节律是内源性产生的日常行为和生理模式,对最佳健康和疾病预防至关重要。昼夜节律紊乱与许多疾病有关,包括代谢性疾病和肥胖症、糖尿病、心脏病、癌症和精神健康障碍。昼夜节律定时系统是分层组织的,主生物钟位于下丘脑前部的视交叉上核(SCN),从属时钟遍布中枢神经系统和外周。SCN通过直接视网膜通路接收光信息,使主时钟与环境时间同步。在细胞水平上,昼夜节律是无处不在的,其节奏是由连锁的、自我调节的转录-翻译反馈回路产生的。在SCN水平上,即使在没有环境输入的情况下,紧密的细胞偶联也能维持节律。而SCN则通过自主神经系统和激素信号传递时间信息。这种信号在组织水平上耦合scn外脑位点和外周的单个细胞振荡器,并将从属时钟与外部时间同步。在现代世界,由于白天暴露在阳光下有限,夜间暴露在人造光下,以及广泛使用发光电子设备,昼夜节律中断很可能导致许多疾病状态的患病率增加和进展。目前的概述侧重于内分泌分泌的昼夜节律控制,关键内分泌轴内的节律对典型的稳态功能的意义,以及失调时对健康和疾病的影响。©2022美国生理学会。中国生物医学工程学报(英文版),2016。
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引用次数: 2
Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury in Critical Illness: A Narrative Review. 危重疾病急性肾损伤的病理生理学:述评。
IF 5.8 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-09-08 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210028
Luis A Juncos, Patrick M Wieruszewski, Kianoush Kashani

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a syndrome that entails a rapid decline in kidney function with or without injury. The consequences of AKI among acutely ill patients are dire and lead to higher mortality, morbidity, and healthcare cost. To prevent AKI and its short and long-term repercussions, understanding its pathophysiology is essential. Depending on the baseline kidney histology and function reserves, the number of kidney insults, and the intensity of each insult, the clinical presentation of AKI may differ. While many factors are capable of inducing renal injury, they can be categorized into a few processes. The three primary processes reported in the literature are hemodynamic changes, inflammatory reactions, and nephrotoxicity. The majority of patients with AKI will suffer from more than one during their development and/or progression of AKI. Moreover, the development of one usually leads to the instigation of another. Thus, the interactions and progression between these mechanisms may determine the severity and duration of the AKI. Other factors such as organ crosstalk and how our concurrent therapies interact with these mechanisms complicate the pathophysiology of the progression of the AKI even further. In this narrative review article, we describe these three main pathophysiological processes that lead to the development and progression of AKI. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12: 1-14, 2022.

急性肾损伤(AKI)是一种伴有或不伴有损伤的肾功能迅速下降的综合征。急性AKI患者的后果是可怕的,导致更高的死亡率、发病率和医疗费用。为了预防AKI及其短期和长期的影响,了解其病理生理学是必不可少的。根据肾脏的基本组织学和功能储备、肾脏损伤的数量和每次损伤的强度,AKI的临床表现可能不同。虽然许多因素都能引起肾损伤,但它们可以分为几个过程。文献报道的三个主要过程是血流动力学改变、炎症反应和肾毒性。在AKI的发展和/或进展过程中,大多数AKI患者会遭受不止一种的痛苦。此外,一个人的发展通常会导致另一个人的煽动。因此,这些机制之间的相互作用和进展可能决定AKI的严重程度和持续时间。其他因素,如器官串扰以及我们的同步治疗如何与这些机制相互作用,使AKI进展的病理生理学进一步复杂化。在这篇叙述性综述文章中,我们描述了导致AKI发生和发展的三个主要病理生理过程。©2022美国生理学会。中国生物医学工程学报(英文版),2016。
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引用次数: 5
Serotonin and Pulmonary Hypertension; Sex and Drugs and ROCK and Rho. 羟色胺与肺动脉高压;性与药物以及 ROCK 与 Rho。
IF 5.8 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-08-29 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220004
Margaret R MacLean, Barry Fanburg, Nicolas Hill, Howard M Lazarus, Thomas F Pack, Michelle Palacios, Krishna C Penumatsa, Stephen A Wring

Serotonin is often referred to as a "happy hormone" as it maintains good mood, well-being, and happiness. It is involved in communication between nerve cells and plays a role in sleeping and digestion. However, too much serotonin can have pathogenic effects and serotonin synthesis is elevated in pulmonary artery endothelial cells from patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). PAH is characterized by elevated pulmonary pressures, right ventricular failure, inflammation, and pulmonary vascular remodeling; serotonin has been shown to be associated with these pathologies. The rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of serotonin in the periphery of the body is tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1). TPH1 expression and serotonin synthesis are elevated in pulmonary artery endothelial cells in patients with PAH. The serotonin synthesized in the pulmonary arterial endothelium can act on the adjacent pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), adventitial macrophages, and fibroblasts, in a paracrine fashion. In humans, serotonin enters PASMCs cells via the serotonin transporter (SERT) and it can cooperate with the 5-HT1B receptor on the plasma membrane; this activates both contractile and proliferative signaling pathways. The "serotonin hypothesis of pulmonary hypertension" arose when serotonin was associated with PAH induced by diet pills such as fenfluramine, aminorex, and chlorphentermine; these act as indirect serotonergic agonists causing the release of serotonin from platelets and cells through the SERT. Here the role of serotonin in PAH is reviewed. Targeting serotonin synthesis or signaling is a promising novel alternative approach which may lead to novel therapies for PAH. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12: 1-16, 2022.

羟色胺通常被称为 "快乐激素",因为它能保持良好的情绪、幸福和快乐。它参与神经细胞之间的交流,并在睡眠和消化中发挥作用。然而,过多的血清素会产生致病作用,肺动脉高压(PAH)患者的肺动脉内皮细胞中的血清素合成会升高。肺动脉高压的特点是肺压升高、右心室衰竭、炎症和肺血管重塑;血清素已被证明与这些病症有关。在人体外周合成血清素的限速酶是色氨酸羟化酶 1(TPH1)。在 PAH 患者的肺动脉内皮细胞中,TPH1 的表达和血清素的合成都会升高。肺动脉内皮细胞合成的血清素可通过旁分泌方式作用于邻近的肺动脉平滑肌细胞(PASMC)、临近的巨噬细胞和成纤维细胞。在人体中,血清素通过血清素转运体(SERT)进入 PASMCs 细胞,并与质膜上的 5-HT1B 受体合作,从而激活收缩和增殖信号通路。5-羟色胺与芬氟拉明、阿米诺雷克斯和氯苯特明等减肥药诱发的 PAH 有关,从而提出了 "5-羟色胺肺动脉高压假说";这些减肥药是间接的 5-羟色胺能激动剂,可通过 SERT 从血小板和细胞中释放 5-羟色胺。在此回顾一下血清素在 PAH 中的作用。以血清素合成或信号传导为靶点是一种很有前景的新型替代方法,可为 PAH 带来新型疗法。© 2022 美国生理学会。Compr Physiol 12: 1-16, 2022.
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引用次数: 0
Endothelial Glycocalyx. 内皮Glycocalyx。
IF 5.8 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-08-23 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210029
Christopher A Foote, Rogerio N Soares, Francisco I Ramirez-Perez, Thaysa Ghiarone, Annayya Aroor, Camila Manrique-Acevedo, Jaume Padilla, Luis Martinez-Lemus

The glycocalyx is a polysaccharide structure that protrudes from the body of a cell. It is primarily conformed of glycoproteins and proteoglycans, which provide communication, electrostatic charge, ionic buffering, permeability, and mechanosensation-mechanotransduction capabilities to cells. In blood vessels, the endothelial glycocalyx that projects into the vascular lumen separates the vascular wall from the circulating blood. Such a physical location allows a number of its components, including sialic acid, glypican-1, heparan sulfate, and hyaluronan, to participate in the mechanosensation-mechanotransduction of blood flow-dependent shear stress, which results in the synthesis of nitric oxide and flow-mediated vasodilation. The endothelial glycocalyx also participates in the regulation of vascular permeability and the modulation of inflammatory responses, including the processes of leukocyte rolling and extravasation. Its structural architecture and negative charge work to prevent macromolecules greater than approximately 70 kDa and cationic molecules from binding and flowing out of the vasculature. This also prevents the extravasation of pathogens such as bacteria and virus, as well as that of tumor cells. Due to its constant exposure to shear and circulating enzymes such as neuraminidase, heparanase, hyaluronidase, and matrix metalloproteinases, the endothelial glycocalyx is in a continuous process of degradation and renovation. A balance favoring degradation is associated with a variety of pathologies including atherosclerosis, hypertension, vascular aging, metastatic cancer, and diabetic vasculopathies. Consequently, ongoing research efforts are focused on deciphering the mechanisms that promote glycocalyx degradation or limit its syntheses, as well as on therapeutic approaches to improve glycocalyx integrity with the goal of reducing vascular disease. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12: 1-31, 2022.

糖萼是一种多糖结构,从细胞体中突出。它主要由糖蛋白和蛋白聚糖组成,它们为细胞提供通讯、静电电荷、离子缓冲、渗透性和机械感觉-机械转导能力。在血管中,伸入血管腔的内皮糖萼将血管壁与循环血液分开。这样的物理位置允许它的许多成分,包括唾液酸、甘聚糖-1、硫酸肝素和透明质酸,参与血流依赖的剪切应力的机械感觉-机械转导,从而导致一氧化氮的合成和血流介导的血管舒张。内皮糖萼还参与血管通透性的调节和炎症反应的调节,包括白细胞滚动和外渗的过程。它的结构和负电荷阻止大于约70 kDa的大分子和阳离子分子结合并流出血管系统。这也可以防止细菌和病毒等病原体以及肿瘤细胞的外渗。由于其不断暴露于剪切和循环酶,如神经氨酸酶、肝素酶、透明质酸酶和基质金属蛋白酶,内皮糖萼处于持续的降解和更新过程中。有利于降解的平衡与多种病理有关,包括动脉粥样硬化、高血压、血管老化、转移性癌症和糖尿病血管病变。因此,正在进行的研究工作集中在解读促进糖萼降解或限制其合成的机制,以及改善糖萼完整性的治疗方法,以减少血管疾病。©2022美国生理学会。中国生物医学工程学报(英文版),2016。
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引用次数: 4
Control of Breathing in Ectothermic Vertebrates. 恒温脊椎动物的呼吸控制。
IF 5.8 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-08-23 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210041
William K Milsom, Kathleen M Gilmour, Steve Perry, Luciane H Gargaglioni, Michael S Hedrick, Richard Kinkead, Tobias Wang

The ectothermic vertebrates are a diverse group that includes the Fishes (Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, and Osteichthyes), and the stem Tetrapods (Amphibians and Reptiles). From an evolutionary perspective, it is within this group that we see the origin of air-breathing and the transition from the use of water to air as a respiratory medium. This is accompanied by a switch from gills to lungs as the major respiratory organ and from oxygen to carbon dioxide as the primary respiratory stimulant. This transition first required the evolution of bimodal breathing (gas exchange with both water and air), the differential regulation of O2 and CO2 at multiple sites, periodic or intermittent ventilation, and unsteady states with wide oscillations in arterial blood gases. It also required changes in respiratory pump muscles (from buccopharyngeal muscles innervated by cranial nerves to axial muscles innervated by spinal nerves). The question of the extent to which common mechanisms of respiratory control accompany this progression is an intriguing one. While the ventilatory control systems seen in all extant vertebrates have been derived from common ancestors, the trends seen in respiratory control in the living members of each vertebrate class reflect both shared-derived features (ancestral traits) as well as unique specializations. In this overview article, we provide a comprehensive survey of the diversity that is seen in the afferent inputs (chemo and mechanoreceptor), the central respiratory rhythm generators, and the efferent outputs (drive to the respiratory pumps and valves) in this group. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12: 1-120, 2022.

恒温脊椎动物是一个多样化的群体,包括鱼类(Agnatha, chondrichth纲和osteichth纲)和干四足动物(两栖动物和爬行动物)。从进化的角度来看,正是在这个群体中,我们看到了空气呼吸的起源,以及从使用水到空气作为呼吸媒介的转变。这伴随着从鳃到肺作为主要呼吸器官的转变,以及从氧气到二氧化碳作为主要呼吸刺激物的转变。这种转变首先需要进化出双峰呼吸(与水和空气的气体交换),在多个部位对O2和CO2的差异调节,周期性或间歇性通气,以及动脉血气广泛振荡的不稳定状态。它还需要呼吸泵肌的改变(从由颅神经支配的咽肌到由脊神经支配的轴肌)。呼吸控制的共同机制在多大程度上伴随这一进展是一个有趣的问题。虽然所有现存脊椎动物的呼吸控制系统都来自于共同的祖先,但在每一类脊椎动物的现存成员中,呼吸控制的趋势既反映了共同的衍生特征(祖先特征),也反映了独特的特化。在这篇综述文章中,我们提供了一个全面的多样性调查,在传入输入(化学和机械受体),中枢呼吸节律发生器,和传出输出(驱动呼吸泵和阀)在这一组中看到。©2022美国生理学会。中国生物医学工程学报(英文版),2016。
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引用次数: 1
Respiratory Tract Deposition of E-Cigarette Particles. 电子烟微粒的呼吸道沉积。
IF 5.8 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-08-12 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210038
William D Bennett, Phillip W Clapp, Landon T Holbrook, Kirby L Zeman

Total and regional deposition of inhaled electronic cigarette (E-cig) particles in the respiratory tract (RT) depends on both physical properties of the inhaled particles and biological factors of users, for example, breathing pattern or puff profile, airway anatomy, and regional ventilation. Accurate particle sizing of E-cig aerosols is essential for predicting particle deposition in the RT. Studies using a variety of sizing methods have shown mass median aerodynamic diameters ranging from 0.2 to 1.2 um and secondary count diameters in the ultrafine range (<0.1 μm). Incorporating these particle sizes into a multiple-path particle dosimetry (MPPD) model shows 10% to 45% total lung deposition by mass and 30% to 80% for ultrafine particles depending on the breathing patterns. These predictions are consistent with experimental measures of deposition fraction of submicron and ultrafine particles. While box-mod-type E-cig devices allow for full "direct-lung" inhalations of aerosol, the more recent pod-based, and disposable E-cigs (e.g., JUUL, Puff Bar, Stig) deliver the aerosol as a "mouth-to-lung" puff, or bolus, that is inhaled early in the breath followed to various degrees by further inhalation of ambient air. Measurement of realistic ventilation patterns associated with these various devices may further improve deposition predictions. Finally, while in vivo measures of RT deposition present a challenge, a recent methodology to radiolabel E-cig particles may allow for such measurements by gamma scintigraphy. Supported by NIH/NHLBI R01HL139369. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12: 1-10, year.

吸入电子烟(e - cigg)颗粒在呼吸道(RT)中的总沉积和局部沉积取决于吸入颗粒的物理特性和使用者的生物因素,例如呼吸方式或抽吸轮廓、气道解剖结构和局部通气。电子烟气溶胶的精确粒度对于预测rt中的颗粒沉积至关重要。使用各种粒度方法的研究表明,质量的空气动力学直径中位数范围为0.2至1.2微米,次级计数直径在超细范围内(
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引用次数: 1
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Comprehensive Physiology
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