The purpose of this paper is to present statistical analysis of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) theory, the hypothesized relationship between different environmental indicators, by analyzing empirical studies from existing literature. This paper describes the critical history and theory of the EKC, its theoretical foundations, and possible deviations with the focus on utilizing the Simultaneous Equation Model (SEM). The Kuznets Curve proposes that as an economy develops, the inequality will increase as the income per capita increases; however, it will then decrease and display an inverted U-shaped pattern. The goal is to assess if EKC aligns with the imperial analysis in the case of the Chinese economy as China has experienced the fastest economic growth over the past decade.
{"title":"A Statistical Analysis of the Environmental Kuznets Curve: Investigating the Relationship Between Economic Growth and Pollution In China","authors":"Xinye Yang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3806948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3806948","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to present statistical analysis of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) theory, the hypothesized relationship between different environmental indicators, by analyzing empirical studies from existing literature. This paper describes the critical history and theory of the EKC, its theoretical foundations, and possible deviations with the focus on utilizing the Simultaneous Equation Model (SEM). The Kuznets Curve proposes that as an economy develops, the inequality will increase as the income per capita increases; however, it will then decrease and display an inverted U-shaped pattern. The goal is to assess if EKC aligns with the imperial analysis in the case of the Chinese economy as China has experienced the fastest economic growth over the past decade.","PeriodicalId":105811,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Agriculture","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122876147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using firm-level climate change exposure data, we show that firms significantly increase their cash holdings in response to increases in climate changes. Our results are robust to using alternative climate change measures and alternative cash ratio measures. We present that the increase in cash holdings is more pronounced in firms with higher financial constraints, higher cash flow volatility, and less cash resilience. We further find that, after Paris Agreement, firms exposed to more climate changes hoard more cash. We also find that firms in more vulnerable industries increase cash holdings more than firms in other industries.
{"title":"Climate Change Exposure and Firm Cash Holdings","authors":"Yuna Heo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3795298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3795298","url":null,"abstract":"Using firm-level climate change exposure data, we show that firms significantly increase their cash holdings in response to increases in climate changes. Our results are robust to using alternative climate change measures and alternative cash ratio measures. We present that the increase in cash holdings is more pronounced in firms with higher financial constraints, higher cash flow volatility, and less cash resilience. We further find that, after Paris Agreement, firms exposed to more climate changes hoard more cash. We also find that firms in more vulnerable industries increase cash holdings more than firms in other industries.","PeriodicalId":105811,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Agriculture","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121453263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper develops a game model to depict the process of determining the trading price and volume at equilibrium of Chinese carbon emission allowance trading market. Assuming that the cost for carbon emission reduction is a normally distributed random variable, enterprises are risk-neutral, and the total quantity of emissions allowances for the whole carbon market is a given, exogenous variable, carbon emission allowance price is a linear function, the model shows that CO2 price and volume are both affected by the magnitude and variance in the carbon reduction costs borne by companies and the reduction targets of the government. More specifically, the ratio between variances in costs and in reduction targets is associated with the speed of changes in CO2 price and rate of change in CO2 volume. This theoretical model should enhance our understanding of the mechanism of carbon trading price and volume of cap-and-trade system.
{"title":"Modeling Carbon Emission Allowance Trading in China’s ETS","authors":"Hongjun Wu, Lingju Chen, Qingliang Tang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3785700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3785700","url":null,"abstract":"This paper develops a game model to depict the process of determining the trading price and volume at equilibrium of Chinese carbon emission allowance trading market. Assuming that the cost for carbon emission reduction is a normally distributed random variable, enterprises are risk-neutral, and the total quantity of emissions allowances for the whole carbon market is a given, exogenous variable, carbon emission allowance price is a linear function, the model shows that CO2 price and volume are both affected by the magnitude and variance in the carbon reduction costs borne by companies and the reduction targets of the government. More specifically, the ratio between variances in costs and in reduction targets is associated with the speed of changes in CO2 price and rate of change in CO2 volume. This theoretical model should enhance our understanding of the mechanism of carbon trading price and volume of cap-and-trade system.","PeriodicalId":105811,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Agriculture","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124650909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite its importance and continuing debates, there is still no consensus on what is the competitiveness of farms, how to measure the competitiveness of different organizations in agriculture, what is the absolute and comparative competitiveness of different types of farms, which are the critical factors for increasing the competitiveness at the current stage of development, etc. This study tries to fill the existing gap by applying a holistic approach and assessing the competitiveness of Bulgarian farms as a whole and with different specializations. The multi-criteria assessment found that the level of competitiveness of farms in the country is at a good level, with low adaptive potential and economic efficiency to the greatest extent contributing to lower competitiveness. More than a third of all agricultural holdings have a low level of competitiveness. The most competitive are the farms specialized in beekeeping, followed by field crops, mixed animal husbandry and mixed crops production, and the lowest for farms in grazing livestock. The most significant factors for increasing the competitiveness of Bulgarian farms are market conditions (supply and demand, prices, competition), direct government subsidies, access to knowledge, advice and counseling, participation in government support programs, available information, financial opportunities, and opportunities for benefits in the near future. The proposed approach should be improved and applied more widely and periodically, increasing accuracy and representativeness. The latter requires close cooperation with producer organizations, advisory service and other stakeholders, and improvement of the agricultural information collection system in the country.
{"title":"Assessment of the competitiveness of agricultural holdings in Bulgaria","authors":"Hrabrin Bachev Храбрин Башев, N. Koteva","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3786062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3786062","url":null,"abstract":"Despite its importance and continuing debates, there is still no consensus on what is the competitiveness of farms, how to measure the competitiveness of different organizations in agriculture, what is the absolute and comparative competitiveness of different types of farms, which are the critical factors for increasing the competitiveness at the current stage of development, etc. This study tries to fill the existing gap by applying a holistic approach and assessing the competitiveness of Bulgarian farms as a whole and with different specializations. The multi-criteria assessment found that the level of competitiveness of farms in the country is at a good level, with low adaptive potential and economic efficiency to the greatest extent contributing to lower competitiveness. More than a third of all agricultural holdings have a low level of competitiveness. The most competitive are the farms specialized in beekeeping, followed by field crops, mixed animal husbandry and mixed crops production, and the lowest for farms in grazing livestock. The most significant factors for increasing the competitiveness of Bulgarian farms are market conditions (supply and demand, prices, competition), direct government subsidies, access to knowledge, advice and counseling, participation in government support programs, available information, financial opportunities, and opportunities for benefits in the near future. The proposed approach should be improved and applied more widely and periodically, increasing accuracy and representativeness. The latter requires close cooperation with producer organizations, advisory service and other stakeholders, and improvement of the agricultural information collection system in the country.","PeriodicalId":105811,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Agriculture","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127900323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We investigate the long-run cross-economy dynamics in energy productivity across the world. We construct a data set comprising value-added and energy use data on 18 productive sectors in 47 economies over the period 2000–2015. First, we analyze the cross-economy distribution of energy productivity. Compared with 2000, this distribution shifted more toward the world average level in 2015. By using an index decomposition approach, we disentangle energy efficiency effect and economic structure effect as key determinants of the overall energy productivity improvement. Our results show that energy productivity progress is to a large extent driven by technological change but offset by economic structural change. Second, we explore the long-run distribution of energy productivity. Diverse patterns of energy productivity changes across these economies contradict the implicit assumption of standard convergence analysis. To address this issue, we adopt the Markov chain transition matrix. In a long-run steady state, around 64% of sample economies upgrade toward the upper end of the whole distribution, with their energy productivity performing better than the world average. Around 18% of sample economies remain at a level lower than the world average. The results suggest the persistent gap in energy efficiency across economies.
{"title":"Cross-Economy Dynamics in Energy Productivity: Evidence from 47 Economies over the Period 2000–2015","authors":"Yang Liu, Sheng Zhong","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3807069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3807069","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate the long-run cross-economy dynamics in energy productivity across the world. We construct a data set comprising value-added and energy use data on 18 productive sectors in 47 economies over the period 2000–2015. First, we analyze the cross-economy distribution of energy productivity. Compared with 2000, this distribution shifted more toward the world average level in 2015. By using an index decomposition approach, we disentangle energy efficiency effect and economic structure effect as key determinants of the overall energy productivity improvement. Our results show that energy productivity progress is to a large extent driven by technological change but offset by economic structural change. Second, we explore the long-run distribution of energy productivity. Diverse patterns of energy productivity changes across these economies contradict the implicit assumption of standard convergence analysis. To address this issue, we adopt the Markov chain transition matrix. In a long-run steady state, around 64% of sample economies upgrade toward the upper end of the whole distribution, with their energy productivity performing better than the world average. Around 18% of sample economies remain at a level lower than the world average. The results suggest the persistent gap in energy efficiency across economies.","PeriodicalId":105811,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Agriculture","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121151194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-25DOI: 10.15587/1729-4061.2020.220349
Ivan Bondarenko, O. Kutniashenko, A. Toporov, L. Anishchenko, Olha Ziuz, I. Dunayev, Alexandr Krakhmalyov, Olha Yavorovska, O. Kostina, O. Aleksieieva
The present-day problem of the accumulation of carbon waste was considered in connection with the aggravating urgency. General tendencies and approximate rational compositions of unprepared polydisperse fractions of mixtures of potential raw materials during their compaction and subsequent thermolysis have been experimentally determined. It was found that with an increase in moisture or binder content, solid carbon waste becomes more plastic and viscous (from 0.6 to 0.4), the coefficient of internal friction decreases. The effect of moisture on the coefficient of external friction is less noticeable (up to a 25 % reduction). It has been determined that preheating of the charge to 80 °C contributes to a decrease in density of the resulting briquettes (on average by 5–6 %) and leads to an increase in the coefficient of elastic expansion. Briquettes, all other things being equal, are 5–10 % stronger but a 1 % increase in strength accounts for a 2 % increase in energy costs. Upon re-compaction, a noticeable change in compression properties occurs. The briquette density increases by an average of 7 %. With a lower binder content, a 14 % increase in density was obtained. In this case, the increase in strength is directly proportional to energy consumption. An increase in binder content in briquets and their re-compaction were recommended. It has been found that with the optimized operation of the boiler plants that incinerate the briquetted waste, the coefficient of expenditure per year is 32.9 % less than the value of this index when using the equipment for recovery of unprepared waste. At the same time, the coefficient of influence on the environment over a 15-year period was 28.89 % less than the value of this index when operating similar equipment. The results obtained reasonably indicate that the optimized technology of waste briquetting and subsequent incineration is characterized by a significant increase in the environmental and economic efficiency of the waste recovery process.
{"title":"Improving the Efficiency of Equipment and Technology of Waste Briquetting","authors":"Ivan Bondarenko, O. Kutniashenko, A. Toporov, L. Anishchenko, Olha Ziuz, I. Dunayev, Alexandr Krakhmalyov, Olha Yavorovska, O. Kostina, O. Aleksieieva","doi":"10.15587/1729-4061.2020.220349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2020.220349","url":null,"abstract":"The present-day problem of the accumulation of carbon waste was considered in connection with the aggravating urgency. General tendencies and approximate rational compositions of unprepared polydisperse fractions of mixtures of potential raw materials during their compaction and subsequent thermolysis have been experimentally determined. It was found that with an increase in moisture or binder content, solid carbon waste becomes more plastic and viscous (from 0.6 to 0.4), the coefficient of internal friction decreases. The effect of moisture on the coefficient of external friction is less noticeable (up to a 25 % reduction). It has been determined that preheating of the charge to 80 °C contributes to a decrease in density of the resulting briquettes (on average by 5–6 %) and leads to an increase in the coefficient of elastic expansion. Briquettes, all other things being equal, are 5–10 % stronger but a 1 % increase in strength accounts for a 2 % increase in energy costs. Upon re-compaction, a noticeable change in compression properties occurs. The briquette density increases by an average of 7 %. With a lower binder content, a 14 % increase in density was obtained. In this case, the increase in strength is directly proportional to energy consumption. An increase in binder content in briquets and their re-compaction were recommended. It has been found that with the optimized operation of the boiler plants that incinerate the briquetted waste, the coefficient of expenditure per year is 32.9 % less than the value of this index when using the equipment for recovery of unprepared waste. At the same time, the coefficient of influence on the environment over a 15-year period was 28.89 % less than the value of this index when operating similar equipment. The results obtained reasonably indicate that the optimized technology of waste briquetting and subsequent incineration is characterized by a significant increase in the environmental and economic efficiency of the waste recovery process.","PeriodicalId":105811,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Agriculture","volume":"374 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122438228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-31DOI: 10.15587/2706-5448.2020.215648
N. Yavorska
The object of research is the level of environmental pollution by the example of Ukraine. The paper investigates the relationship between the volume of capital investment and a decrease in the level of environmental pollution. The methodological basis of the study is the fundamental foundations of economic theory, environmental protection, environmental economics, statistics and econometrics. To develop a statistical model of the relationship between environmental investment and environmental pollution, a correlation analysis is carried out using the paired regression equation, where a hypothesis is put forward that the relationship between all possible values of factorial and effective indicators is linear. The parameters of the constructed models are estimated by the least squares method and the statistical significance of the models is checked. The research results indicate the presence of a close inverse relationship between the volumes of capital investments for the protection of atmospheric air on the volume of emissions of pollutants into the air. This is due to the fact that the linear correlation coefficient is: –0.826, and the value of the coefficient of determination (0.6818) shows the decisive influence of capital investments on emissions. Checking the statistical significance of the model makes it possible to recognize the constructed econometric model of the effect on the volume of emissions of pollutants into the air as statistically reliable. The resulting model can be used to predict the volume of emissions of pollutants into the air and provides an opportunity to address issues of optimizing investment and environmental policies. On the other hand, an econometric model is obtained for the effect on the amount of recycled waste, which is characterized by a noticeable direct relationship (linear correlation coefficient – 0.595) and shows that only 35.44 % of recycled waste is directly related to the volume of capital investments. Checking the statistical significance shows the unreliability of the model of influence on the amount of disposed waste. Although the resulting model can’t be used for forecasting, it can be used in further studies to identify other factors influencing waste disposal.
{"title":"Modeling the Impact of Environmental Investments on the Environment State","authors":"N. Yavorska","doi":"10.15587/2706-5448.2020.215648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2020.215648","url":null,"abstract":"The object of research is the level of environmental pollution by the example of Ukraine. The paper investigates the relationship between the volume of capital investment and a decrease in the level of environmental pollution. The methodological basis of the study is the fundamental foundations of economic theory, environmental protection, environmental economics, statistics and econometrics. To develop a statistical model of the relationship between environmental investment and environmental pollution, a correlation analysis is carried out using the paired regression equation, where a hypothesis is put forward that the relationship between all possible values of factorial and effective indicators is linear. The parameters of the constructed models are estimated by the least squares method and the statistical significance of the models is checked. The research results indicate the presence of a close inverse relationship between the volumes of capital investments for the protection of atmospheric air on the volume of emissions of pollutants into the air. This is due to the fact that the linear correlation coefficient is: –0.826, and the value of the coefficient of determination (0.6818) shows the decisive influence of capital investments on emissions. Checking the statistical significance of the model makes it possible to recognize the constructed econometric model of the effect on the volume of emissions of pollutants into the air as statistically reliable. The resulting model can be used to predict the volume of emissions of pollutants into the air and provides an opportunity to address issues of optimizing investment and environmental policies. On the other hand, an econometric model is obtained for the effect on the amount of recycled waste, which is characterized by a noticeable direct relationship (linear correlation coefficient – 0.595) and shows that only 35.44 % of recycled waste is directly related to the volume of capital investments. Checking the statistical significance shows the unreliability of the model of influence on the amount of disposed waste. Although the resulting model can’t be used for forecasting, it can be used in further studies to identify other factors influencing waste disposal.","PeriodicalId":105811,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Agriculture","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114467195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
David Castells‐Quintana, E. Dienesch, Melanie Krause
In this paper, we take a global view at air pollution looking at countries and cities worldwide. In doing so, we revisit the relationship between population density and air pollution, using i) a large panel of countries with data from 1960 to 2010, and ii) a unique and large sample of more than 1200 (big) cities around the world, combining pollution data with satellite data on built-up areas, population and light intensity at night at the grid-cell level for the last two decades. At the country level, we find that higher density in urban areas is associated with lower CO2 and PM2.5 emissions per capita. This result is supported at the city level; denser cities show lower emissions per capita. Our finding is robust to several controls and different estimation techniques and identification strategies. In our city level analysis, we also investigate the role of various characteristics of cities, in particular their average income, size and spatial structure (indicating within-city differences in density). We find evidence of an Environmental Kuznets Curve between economic development and pollution and that a polycentric city structure leads to lower pollution in the largest urban areas, while monocentricity seems beneficial for smaller cities.
{"title":"Density, Cities and Air Pollution: A Global View","authors":"David Castells‐Quintana, E. Dienesch, Melanie Krause","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3713325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3713325","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we take a global view at air pollution looking at countries and cities worldwide. In doing so, we revisit the relationship between population density and air pollution, using i) a large panel of countries with data from 1960 to 2010, and ii) a unique and large sample of more than 1200 (big) cities around the world, combining pollution data with satellite data on built-up areas, population and light intensity at night at the grid-cell level for the last two decades. At the country level, we find that higher density in urban areas is associated with lower CO2 and PM2.5 emissions per capita. This result is supported at the city level; denser cities show lower emissions per capita. Our finding is robust to several controls and different estimation techniques and identification strategies. In our city level analysis, we also investigate the role of various characteristics of cities, in particular their average income, size and spatial structure (indicating within-city differences in density). We find evidence of an Environmental Kuznets Curve between economic development and pollution and that a polycentric city structure leads to lower pollution in the largest urban areas, while monocentricity seems beneficial for smaller cities.","PeriodicalId":105811,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Agriculture","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116853095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-13DOI: 10.15587/1729-4061.2020.212994
M. Volkhonov, A. Abalikhin, A. Krupin, I. Maximov
Crushing feed grain involves hammer crushers, which are characterized by high specific energy consumption and its uneven fractional composition. It is possible to obtain high-quality shredded grain with less energy when using a centrifugal-impact crusher of the new design with a hole in the loading neck to supply the chopping chamber with additional air at a rate of up to 4.8 m/s. An additional hole provides a 1.8...13-time increase in the airspeed through the unloading neck when the rotor’s rotation frequency changes from 3,750 to 2,250 min –1 , thereby enabling the timely evacuation of the shredded material from the crusher. The regression equations have been derived to determine the structural and regime parameters of the shredder, which ensure the maximal performance and minimal unit energy costs. The greatest impact on crusher productivity is exerted by the diameter of the sieve holes and the area of the bunker’s unloading window. The greatest effect on the specific energy intensity of the grinding process is exerted by the diameter of the sieve holes. The maximal performance of the crusher, 1,440 kg/h, and the minimal energy capacity, taking into consideration the achieved grinding degree, of 2.1 W∙s/(kg∙grinding degree unit), are observed when using a sieve with the holes’ diameter of 7 mm, the rotor’s rotation frequency of 3,500 min –1 , and the maximally open unloading window of the bunker, at F=1.458 m 2 ·10 –3 . The specific energy consumption for chopping barley is less by 1.22...1.89 times than that of the hammer crushers RVO 35, DB-5, KD-2A. The dust-like fraction is less than 5.74 %, which is half the amount of the hammer crusher DM-6. The rational crusher operation modes have been determined in order to prepare feed grain for feeding farm animals of different species and ages
粉碎饲料颗粒涉及锤式破碎机，其特点是比能耗高，其分级组成不均匀。使用新设计的离心冲击破碎机，在加载颈上有一个孔，以高达4.8米/秒的速度向切碎室提供额外的空气，可以以更少的能量获得高质量的粉碎颗粒。一个额外的孔提供1.8…当转子旋转频率由3750 min变为2250 min时，通过卸料颈的空速提高13倍-1，从而使粉碎物料及时从破碎机中排出。导出了以最小单位能耗和最大性能为目标的碎纸机结构参数和状态参数的回归方程。对破碎机生产率影响最大的是筛孔的直径和料仓卸料窗的面积。筛孔直径对磨矿过程的比能强度影响最大。当筛孔直径为7 mm，转子旋转频率为3500 min -1，料仓卸料窗最大开度F=1.458 m 2·10 -3时，考虑到粉碎度，破碎机的最大性能为1440 kg/h，最小能量容量为2.1 W∙s/(kg∙粉碎度单位)。与RVO 35、DB-5、KD-2A锤式破碎机相比，大麦粉碎比能耗降低了1.22 ~ 1.89倍。类尘率小于5.74%，为DM-6型锤式破碎机的一半。确定了合理的破碎机操作方式，为不同品种、不同年龄的家畜制备饲料
{"title":"Studying the Operational Efficiency of the Centrifugal-Impact Feed Grain Crusher of the New Design","authors":"M. Volkhonov, A. Abalikhin, A. Krupin, I. Maximov","doi":"10.15587/1729-4061.2020.212994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2020.212994","url":null,"abstract":"Crushing feed grain involves hammer crushers, which are characterized by high specific energy consumption and its uneven fractional composition. It is possible to obtain high-quality shredded grain with less energy when using a centrifugal-impact crusher of the new design with a hole in the loading neck to supply the chopping chamber with additional air at a rate of up to 4.8 m/s. An additional hole provides a 1.8...13-time increase in the airspeed through the unloading neck when the rotor’s rotation frequency changes from 3,750 to 2,250 min –1 , thereby enabling the timely evacuation of the shredded material from the crusher. The regression equations have been derived to determine the structural and regime parameters of the shredder, which ensure the maximal performance and minimal unit energy costs. The greatest impact on crusher productivity is exerted by the diameter of the sieve holes and the area of the bunker’s unloading window. The greatest effect on the specific energy intensity of the grinding process is exerted by the diameter of the sieve holes. The maximal performance of the crusher, 1,440 kg/h, and the minimal energy capacity, taking into consideration the achieved grinding degree, of 2.1 W∙s/(kg∙grinding degree unit), are observed when using a sieve with the holes’ diameter of 7 mm, the rotor’s rotation frequency of 3,500 min –1 , and the maximally open unloading window of the bunker, at F=1.458 m 2 ·10 –3 . The specific energy consumption for chopping barley is less by 1.22...1.89 times than that of the hammer crushers RVO 35, DB-5, KD-2A. The dust-like fraction is less than 5.74 %, which is half the amount of the hammer crusher DM-6. The rational crusher operation modes have been determined in order to prepare feed grain for feeding farm animals of different species and ages","PeriodicalId":105811,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Agriculture","volume":"123 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126785819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In many other countries, there are no comprehensive systems for assessment of the governance sustainability of agriculture and its importance for the overall agrarian development. This study tries to fill the gap and suggests a holistic framework for understanding and assessing governance sustainability. The newly elaborated approach is “tested” in a large-scale study for assessing the governance sustainability of Bulgarian agriculture. The study has proved that it is important to include the “missing” Governance Pillar in the assessment of the Integral sustainability of agriculture and sustainability of agro-systems of various types. Assessment of the Governance sustainability of Bulgarian agriculture indicates that the Overall Governance Sustainability is at a “Good” but close to the “Satisfactory” level. There is considerable differentiation in the level of Integral Governance sustainability of different agro-systems in the country. Results on the integral agrarian sustainability assessment based on micro (farm) and macro (statistical, etc.) data show some discrepancies which have to be taken into consideration, while assessment indicators, methods and data sources improved.
{"title":"Framework for Assessing the Governance Pillar of Agrarian Sustainability","authors":"Hrabrin Bachev Храбрин Башев, B. Ivanov, A. Sarov","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3709500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3709500","url":null,"abstract":"In many other countries, there are no comprehensive systems for assessment of the governance sustainability of agriculture and its importance for the overall agrarian development. This study tries to fill the gap and suggests a holistic framework for understanding and assessing governance sustainability. The newly elaborated approach is “tested” in a large-scale study for assessing the governance sustainability of Bulgarian agriculture. The study has proved that it is important to include the “missing” Governance Pillar in the assessment of the Integral sustainability of agriculture and sustainability of agro-systems of various types. Assessment of the Governance sustainability of Bulgarian agriculture indicates that the Overall Governance Sustainability is at a “Good” but close to the “Satisfactory” level. There is considerable differentiation in the level of Integral Governance sustainability of different agro-systems in the country. Results on the integral agrarian sustainability assessment based on micro (farm) and macro (statistical, etc.) data show some discrepancies which have to be taken into consideration, while assessment indicators, methods and data sources improved.","PeriodicalId":105811,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Agriculture","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132608411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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