Abstract The current paper contributes to the literature on the relationship between economic growth, fuel prices, and the demand for gasoline and diesel within the transportation sector by assembling a wide panel dataset of fuel consumption and prices for 35 OECD and 83 Non-OECD countries. The unbalanced data spans 1978–2016, with the full 39 years of data for 36 countries. In addition, our dynamic panel estimates address nonstationarity, heterogeneity, and cross-sectional dependence. The OECD panel price elasticity for gasoline is around −0.7 or about three times that for the non-OECD panel; whereas, the OECD price elasticity for diesel is only modestly larger (in absolute terms) than the non-OECD elasticity (−0.3 and −0.2, respectively). For gasoline, the non-OECD GDP elasticity is around 1.0 or about twice that for OECD countries. For the OECD panel, the diesel GDP elasticity is about three times that of the OECD GDP elasticity for gasoline; whereas, for the non-OECD panel, the two GDP elasticities (for gasoline and diesel) are about the same. For non-OECD countries, subpanels based on geography and income produced mostly similar results. We found no evidence of GDP or price asymmetric effects for the 1978–2016 period. Lastly, the large (at least for the OECD panel) and statistically significant transportation price elasticities reported here provide stark contrast to the economy-wide energy price elasticities calculated in Liddle and Huntington (2020a).
{"title":"‘On the Road Again’: A 118 Country Panel Analysis of Gasoline and Diesel Demand","authors":"Brantley Liddle, H. Huntington","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3552662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3552662","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The current paper contributes to the literature on the relationship between economic growth, fuel prices, and the demand for gasoline and diesel within the transportation sector by assembling a wide panel dataset of fuel consumption and prices for 35 OECD and 83 Non-OECD countries. The unbalanced data spans 1978–2016, with the full 39 years of data for 36 countries. In addition, our dynamic panel estimates address nonstationarity, heterogeneity, and cross-sectional dependence. The OECD panel price elasticity for gasoline is around −0.7 or about three times that for the non-OECD panel; whereas, the OECD price elasticity for diesel is only modestly larger (in absolute terms) than the non-OECD elasticity (−0.3 and −0.2, respectively). For gasoline, the non-OECD GDP elasticity is around 1.0 or about twice that for OECD countries. For the OECD panel, the diesel GDP elasticity is about three times that of the OECD GDP elasticity for gasoline; whereas, for the non-OECD panel, the two GDP elasticities (for gasoline and diesel) are about the same. For non-OECD countries, subpanels based on geography and income produced mostly similar results. We found no evidence of GDP or price asymmetric effects for the 1978–2016 period. Lastly, the large (at least for the OECD panel) and statistically significant transportation price elasticities reported here provide stark contrast to the economy-wide energy price elasticities calculated in Liddle and Huntington (2020a).","PeriodicalId":105811,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Agriculture","volume":"161 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124521000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of the paper is to evaluate the association of organic farming to strengthen the sustainability of Organic agriculture. Organic agriculture shows abundant benefits, as it reduces many of the environmental impacts of conventional agriculture, it can increase efficiency in small farmers’ fields, and it reduces reliance on costly external inputs, and guarantees price premiums for organic products. Organic farmers also profit from farmer cooperative and the formation of social networks, which enhances good access to instruction, credit and welfare services. This paper brings out how the function of organic farming contributes for the sustainable practices and improving environment conservation, animal welfare, and product quality.
{"title":"Sustainable Development and Challenges of Organic Farming Practices","authors":"Dr. G. Nedumaran, Manida M","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3551965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3551965","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the paper is to evaluate the association of organic farming to strengthen the sustainability of Organic agriculture. Organic agriculture shows abundant benefits, as it reduces many of the environmental impacts of conventional agriculture, it can increase efficiency in small farmers’ fields, and it reduces reliance on costly external inputs, and guarantees price premiums for organic products. Organic farmers also profit from farmer cooperative and the formation of social networks, which enhances good access to instruction, credit and welfare services. This paper brings out how the function of organic farming contributes for the sustainable practices and improving environment conservation, animal welfare, and product quality.","PeriodicalId":105811,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Agriculture","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133488231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Efforts to drive action on climate change are increasingly turning to courts. Climate litigation is nothing new, but there has been a recent surge of cases with strategic ambitions. This use of litigation to achieve strategic goals mirrors a long history of human rights practitioners using litigation to achieve policy change. While climate litigators are recognizing the relevance of substantive human rights arguments to climate change, they have paid limited attention to how the human rights community has used litigation. This is a missed opportunity. The human rights community has spent decades debating the role of strategic litigation in effecting lasting change, reflecting on the role of strategic litigation and its relationship with other forms of advocacy and activism, and identifying how to minimise the risks of litigation and maximise its impact. There is potential for climate litigators to use and build on the hard-won lessons that human rights advocates have learned about how to use litigation most effectively and strategically when facing problems with deep social, economic and political roots. This paper outlines those links: it identifies the emergence of the next generation of climate litigation involving cases with strategic ambition; outlines the debates on strategic litigation within the human rights community; and considers how the lessons from those debates apply to climate litigation.
{"title":"Thinking Strategically About Climate Litigation","authors":"Ben Batros, Tessa Khan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3564313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3564313","url":null,"abstract":"Efforts to drive action on climate change are increasingly turning to courts. Climate litigation is nothing new, but there has been a recent surge of cases with strategic ambitions. This use of litigation to achieve strategic goals mirrors a long history of human rights practitioners using litigation to achieve policy change. While climate litigators are recognizing the relevance of substantive human rights arguments to climate change, they have paid limited attention to how the human rights community has used litigation. \u0000 \u0000This is a missed opportunity. The human rights community has spent decades debating the role of strategic litigation in effecting lasting change, reflecting on the role of strategic litigation and its relationship with other forms of advocacy and activism, and identifying how to minimise the risks of litigation and maximise its impact. There is potential for climate litigators to use and build on the hard-won lessons that human rights advocates have learned about how to use litigation most effectively and strategically when facing problems with deep social, economic and political roots. \u0000 \u0000This paper outlines those links: it identifies the emergence of the next generation of climate litigation involving cases with strategic ambition; outlines the debates on strategic litigation within the human rights community; and considers how the lessons from those debates apply to climate litigation.","PeriodicalId":105811,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Agriculture","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128871083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spanish Abstract: Este artículo presenta una metodología general, metodologías específicas y un estudio de caso para estimar el costo de oportunidad del trabajo para diferentes segmentos del mercado laboral en Bolivia. El análisis económico incluye las imperfecciones del mercado laboral, los patrones migratorios y la dualidad del mercado laboral (formal e informal). Usando información de salarios de las encuestas de hogares a nivel de departamento, este artículo provee evidencia de que el salario de mercado dista de ser una buena medida de costo de oportunidad económico. Específicamente, los resultados muestran que el salario de mercado es superior al costo de oportunidad por cada unidad adicional empleada de trabajo en el sector formal independiente del área y del nivel de calificación. English Abstract: This article presents a general methodology, specific methodologies, and a case study to estimate the opportunity cost of labor for different segments of the labor market in Bolivia. The economic analysis considers the labor market imperfections, migratory patterns, and duality (formal and informal). Using salary information from household surveys at the department level, this article also provides evidence that market wages are far from being good measures of economic opportunity costs. Specifically, results show that the market wages are higher than the opportunity cost for each unit employed of labor in the formal labor market regardless of area and skill level.
{"title":"El salario de mercado ¿un precio mentiroso? Estimación del costo de oportunidad del trabajo. Estudio de caso Bolivia (Market Wage of Labor a Poor Indicator? Measuring the Social Opportunity. Cost of Labor in Bolivia)","authors":"R. Castro, C. Acosta","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3561257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3561257","url":null,"abstract":"Spanish Abstract: Este artículo presenta una metodología general, metodologías específicas y un estudio de caso para estimar el costo de oportunidad del trabajo para diferentes segmentos del mercado laboral en Bolivia. El análisis económico incluye las imperfecciones del mercado laboral, los patrones migratorios y la dualidad del mercado laboral (formal e informal). Usando información de salarios de las encuestas de hogares a nivel de departamento, este artículo provee evidencia de que el salario de mercado dista de ser una buena medida de costo de oportunidad económico. Específicamente, los resultados muestran que el salario de mercado es superior al costo de oportunidad por cada unidad adicional empleada de trabajo en el sector formal independiente del área y del nivel de calificación. English Abstract: This article presents a general methodology, specific methodologies, and a case study to estimate the opportunity cost of labor for different segments of the labor market in Bolivia. The economic analysis considers the labor market imperfections, migratory patterns, and duality (formal and informal). Using salary information from household surveys at the department level, this article also provides evidence that market wages are far from being good measures of economic opportunity costs. Specifically, results show that the market wages are higher than the opportunity cost for each unit employed of labor in the formal labor market regardless of area and skill level.","PeriodicalId":105811,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Agriculture","volume":"217 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133488318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shashwat Dwivedi, Dr. Anusuya Yadav, Dr. Rajesh Tyagi
Basically, using resources wisely is the first stage to ensure efficient energy efficiency. It's hard for all users to provide this in a system in which everyone is consuming energy. Furthermore, this situation needs to be managed. The smart grids around the world are really the leading management system for such circumstances. By screening and controlling energy consumption and production plants, effective management of the flow of energy can be maintained. Consumers, manufacturing centers and electrical devices in smart grids connect with each other, thus enabling more efficient operation of the power system. Thus, it becomes possible to very successfully evolve the consumption values to the potential energy production. Not only is the energy demands of customers minimized to lower levels in the established system, but all power sources (renewable and power plants) are also ensured to be managed. This study therefore proposes using smart grids in India to use energy effectively and to manage power consumption and production. Demand Side Management or DSM as popularly called has played an essential role in the latest five-year projects in the Indian energy scenario. Over the years, power production and development of the transmission and distribution system have seen incremental generation manifold. Nevertheless, efficient use of capacity in the overall sense involves controlling the demand for proper use of power as well. More likely, when the former is considerably reduced, it will also be present, allowing for the process to be handled effectively instead of being added to facilities. In addition, a further important step in DSM is to minimize losses in terms of power and energy or, in other words, to improve efficiency in the load related delivery system. Such factors have been understood by the Indian power sector, projected accrual advantages and steps have been implemented to achieve things.
{"title":"Demand Side Management for the Production of Energy in the Reference of India","authors":"Shashwat Dwivedi, Dr. Anusuya Yadav, Dr. Rajesh Tyagi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3551003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3551003","url":null,"abstract":"Basically, using resources wisely is the first stage to ensure efficient energy efficiency. It's hard for all users to provide this in a system in which everyone is consuming energy. Furthermore, this situation needs to be managed. The smart grids around the world are really the leading management system for such circumstances. By screening and controlling energy consumption and production plants, effective management of the flow of energy can be maintained. Consumers, manufacturing centers and electrical devices in smart grids connect with each other, thus enabling more efficient operation of the power system. Thus, it becomes possible to very successfully evolve the consumption values to the potential energy production. Not only is the energy demands of customers minimized to lower levels in the established system, but all power sources (renewable and power plants) are also ensured to be managed. This study therefore proposes using smart grids in India to use energy effectively and to manage power consumption and production. Demand Side Management or DSM as popularly called has played an essential role in the latest five-year projects in the Indian energy scenario. Over the years, power production and development of the transmission and distribution system have seen incremental generation manifold. Nevertheless, efficient use of capacity in the overall sense involves controlling the demand for proper use of power as well. More likely, when the former is considerably reduced, it will also be present, allowing for the process to be handled effectively instead of being added to facilities. In addition, a further important step in DSM is to minimize losses in terms of power and energy or, in other words, to improve efficiency in the load related delivery system. Such factors have been understood by the Indian power sector, projected accrual advantages and steps have been implemented to achieve things.","PeriodicalId":105811,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Agriculture","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133877832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nadia Kpondjo, Frédéric Lantz, A. Créti, Christian Pham Van Cang
We build a frontier function model with technical and cost efficiency measures to assess the impact of energy costs on competitiveness in the aluminum industry, a heavy energy consumer, by identifying what may be attributed to price and quantity effects. First, we estimate a data envelopment analysis model and measure the efficiency scores using the Farrell and Tone approaches. Then, we explain efficiency scores with a set of environmental factors using a truncated regression model, applying the double-bootstrap method proposed by Simar and Wilson in 2007. By considering the Tone efficiency scores, we highlight the fact that efficiencies are differentiated depending on geographic region and production technologies. This could explain the loss of competitiveness observed in certain industrial units in recent years. We also highlight other factors that impact cost efficiency, such as global market share, multinational status and the exchange rate with respect to the dollar. These factors have a significant, positive effect on relative efficiency in terms of aluminum smelter costs. Our results provide a better understanding of the reasons for the changes in this industry, which has been marked by major technological and economic shifts, and allow us to assess the role of energy in these changes.
{"title":"The Impact of Energy Costs on Industrial Performance: Identifying Price and Quantity Effects in the Aluminum Industry Using a Data Envelopment Analysis Approach","authors":"Nadia Kpondjo, Frédéric Lantz, A. Créti, Christian Pham Van Cang","doi":"10.21314/JEM.2020.214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21314/JEM.2020.214","url":null,"abstract":"We build a frontier function model with technical and cost efficiency measures to assess the impact of energy costs on competitiveness in the aluminum industry, a heavy energy consumer, by identifying what may be attributed to price and quantity effects. First, we estimate a data envelopment analysis model and measure the efficiency scores using the Farrell and Tone approaches. Then, we explain efficiency scores with a set of environmental factors using a truncated regression model, applying the double-bootstrap method proposed by Simar and Wilson in 2007. By considering the Tone efficiency scores, we highlight the fact that efficiencies are differentiated depending on geographic region and production technologies. This could explain the loss of competitiveness observed in certain industrial units in recent years. We also highlight other factors that impact cost efficiency, such as global market share, multinational status and the exchange rate with respect to the dollar. These factors have a significant, positive effect on relative efficiency in terms of aluminum smelter costs. Our results provide a better understanding of the reasons for the changes in this industry, which has been marked by major technological and economic shifts, and allow us to assess the role of energy in these changes.","PeriodicalId":105811,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Agriculture","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127381150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Cai, J. Steinbuks, K. Judd, J. Jägermeyr, T. Hertel
The productivity of the world's natural resources is critically dependent on a variety of highly uncertain factors, which obscure individual investors and governments that seek to make long-term, sometimes irreversible investments in their exploration and utilization. These dynamic considerations are poorly represented in disaggregated resource models, as incorporating uncertainty into large-dimensional problems presents a challenging computational task. This study introduces a novel numerical method to solve large-scale dynamic stochastic natural resource allocation problems that cannot be addressed by conventional methods. The method is illustrated with an application focusing on the allocation of global land resource use under stochastic crop yields due to adverse climate impacts and limits on further technological progress. For the same model parameters, the range of land conversion is considerably smaller for the dynamic stochastic model as compared to deterministic scenario analysis. The scenario analysis can thus significantly overstate the magnitude of expected land conversion under uncertain crop yields.
{"title":"Modeling Uncertainty in Large Natural Resource Allocation Problems","authors":"Y. Cai, J. Steinbuks, K. Judd, J. Jägermeyr, T. Hertel","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-9159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-9159","url":null,"abstract":"The productivity of the world's natural resources is critically dependent on a variety of highly uncertain factors, which obscure individual investors and governments that seek to make long-term, sometimes irreversible investments in their exploration and utilization. These dynamic considerations are poorly represented in disaggregated resource models, as incorporating uncertainty into large-dimensional problems presents a challenging computational task. This study introduces a novel numerical method to solve large-scale dynamic stochastic natural resource allocation problems that cannot be addressed by conventional methods. The method is illustrated with an application focusing on the allocation of global land resource use under stochastic crop yields due to adverse climate impacts and limits on further technological progress. For the same model parameters, the range of land conversion is considerably smaller for the dynamic stochastic model as compared to deterministic scenario analysis. The scenario analysis can thus significantly overstate the magnitude of expected land conversion under uncertain crop yields.","PeriodicalId":105811,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Agriculture","volume":"23 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114052923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Daluiso, Emanuele Nastasi, A. Pallavicini, Giulio Sartorelli
In commodity and energy markets swing options allow the buyer to hedge against futures price fluctuations and to select its preferred delivery strategy within daily or periodic constraints, possibly fixed by observing quoted futures contracts. In this paper we focus on the natural gas market and we present a dynamical model for commodity futures prices able to calibrate liquid market quotes and to imply the volatility smile for futures contracts with different delivery periods. We implement the numerical problem by means of a least-square Monte Carlo simulation and we investigate alternative approaches based on reinforcement learning algorithms.
{"title":"Pricing commodity swing options","authors":"R. Daluiso, Emanuele Nastasi, A. Pallavicini, Giulio Sartorelli","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3524802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3524802","url":null,"abstract":"In commodity and energy markets swing options allow the buyer to hedge against futures price fluctuations and to select its preferred delivery strategy within daily or periodic constraints, possibly fixed by observing quoted futures contracts. In this paper we focus on the natural gas market and we present a dynamical model for commodity futures prices able to calibrate liquid market quotes and to imply the volatility smile for futures contracts with different delivery periods. We implement the numerical problem by means of a least-square Monte Carlo simulation and we investigate alternative approaches based on reinforcement learning algorithms.","PeriodicalId":105811,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Agriculture","volume":"235 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116174297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Air pollution and, in particular, PM 2.5 particulate matter is a significant issue in Santiago, the capital of Chile. Santiago's pollution problem is exacerbated by its unique geographic location nestled against the Andes mountain range in the central valley of Chile. This paper uses network models, first developed to analyse linkages and systemic risk in the financial system, to identify those locations in the city that are most systemically important for explaining PM 2.5 level across the city. High average concentrations are associated with both systemically important locations and those that are most sensitive to pollution arriving from other locations. A detailed picture of the links across the city can help direct official efforts to combat pollution.
{"title":"A Network Analysis of PM 2.5 Pollution in Santiago: Which Locations Have the Biggest Impact on Pollution Levels?","authors":"R. Herrera, A. Clements, S. Hurn","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3532176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3532176","url":null,"abstract":"Air pollution and, in particular, PM 2.5 particulate matter is a significant issue in Santiago, the capital of Chile. Santiago's pollution problem is exacerbated by its unique geographic location nestled against the Andes mountain range in the central valley of Chile. This paper uses network models, first developed to analyse linkages and systemic risk in the financial system, to identify those locations in the city that are most systemically important for explaining PM 2.5 level across the city. High average concentrations are associated with both systemically important locations and those that are most sensitive to pollution arriving from other locations. A detailed picture of the links across the city can help direct official efforts to combat pollution.","PeriodicalId":105811,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Agriculture","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115849262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background The purpose would discover the impacts of the contradictory factors in application of algae in CO2 sequestration with sustainable biofuel benefit. The quantitively assessment model and approach have been established coupling upstream CO2 source and deliverables with downstream algal biofuel deliverables at the uniform algae level of Nannochloropsis oceanica, which would be benefit for algae biofuel deliverables choice. The functional units have been defined at energy consumption (MJ) per final mass product (algae, jet biofuels by three refining pathways, biodiesels by three refining pathways) and energy consumption (MJ) per final energy yield (algae, jet biofuels, biodiesels). Computational framework is classified into three sub-models, including CO2 source and deliverable model, algae cultivation and deliverable model, refining process and biofuel deliverable model. This life cycle assessment investigated the following impacts: transportation distances and purification modes with flue gas CO2 concentrations, lipid content with specific productivity and CO2 biofixation coupling the nutrient supply, final products including algae, jet biofuel and biodiesel.Results Coupling the influence of transportation distances and purification modes on the energy consumption, flue gas with a wide range of CO2 concentration was compared for two type deliverables including algal CO2, edible CO2. flue gas with low CO2 concentration is appropriate for on-site algal CO2 deliverable within 10km while flue gas with above 95% CO2 is flexible to transportation distance and appropriate for edible CO2 deliverable. Specific productivities and CO2 fixation both comply with negatively logarithmic relationship with lipid contents. Coupling the effects of algae specific productivity and CO2 evaporation loss, the total CO2 fixation efficiencies were investigated above 90% at below 28 % lipid but obviously decrease at above 40% lipid. The nutrient supply enhances specific productivity and protein content but with indirect energy consumption. The total energy consumptions of different target products with upstream CO2 source and algae to downstream biofuel were calculated quantitatively on edible algae and general algae.Conclusions Biodieselwet and HTL-HRJ jet biofuel performed the priorities in energy consumption. Lipid content and profile defined biofuel deliverables in quantity and quality. The LCA indicated that allocation is a crucial issue to balance energy, environment and economy decision on target product choice and by-products. Coupling solar energy utilization and by-product of bioactive nutrients effects, the positive energy gains have been investigated at a wide range of lipid contents despite of jet biofuel or biodiesel. The results would enhance the interests in both LCA and application of algae in CO2 sequestration with sustainable biofuel benefit.
{"title":"Impacts of the Contradictory Factors in Algal Co2 Sequestration with Sustainable Biofuel Benefit","authors":"Ziyu Liu, C. LONDON), Shujun Han, Xiaoyi Yang","doi":"10.21203/rs.2.20809/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.20809/v1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Background The purpose would discover the impacts of the contradictory factors in application of algae in CO2 sequestration with sustainable biofuel benefit. The quantitively assessment model and approach have been established coupling upstream CO2 source and deliverables with downstream algal biofuel deliverables at the uniform algae level of Nannochloropsis oceanica, which would be benefit for algae biofuel deliverables choice. The functional units have been defined at energy consumption (MJ) per final mass product (algae, jet biofuels by three refining pathways, biodiesels by three refining pathways) and energy consumption (MJ) per final energy yield (algae, jet biofuels, biodiesels). Computational framework is classified into three sub-models, including CO2 source and deliverable model, algae cultivation and deliverable model, refining process and biofuel deliverable model. This life cycle assessment investigated the following impacts: transportation distances and purification modes with flue gas CO2 concentrations, lipid content with specific productivity and CO2 biofixation coupling the nutrient supply, final products including algae, jet biofuel and biodiesel.Results Coupling the influence of transportation distances and purification modes on the energy consumption, flue gas with a wide range of CO2 concentration was compared for two type deliverables including algal CO2, edible CO2. flue gas with low CO2 concentration is appropriate for on-site algal CO2 deliverable within 10km while flue gas with above 95% CO2 is flexible to transportation distance and appropriate for edible CO2 deliverable. Specific productivities and CO2 fixation both comply with negatively logarithmic relationship with lipid contents. Coupling the effects of algae specific productivity and CO2 evaporation loss, the total CO2 fixation efficiencies were investigated above 90% at below 28 % lipid but obviously decrease at above 40% lipid. The nutrient supply enhances specific productivity and protein content but with indirect energy consumption. The total energy consumptions of different target products with upstream CO2 source and algae to downstream biofuel were calculated quantitatively on edible algae and general algae.Conclusions Biodieselwet and HTL-HRJ jet biofuel performed the priorities in energy consumption. Lipid content and profile defined biofuel deliverables in quantity and quality. The LCA indicated that allocation is a crucial issue to balance energy, environment and economy decision on target product choice and by-products. Coupling solar energy utilization and by-product of bioactive nutrients effects, the positive energy gains have been investigated at a wide range of lipid contents despite of jet biofuel or biodiesel. The results would enhance the interests in both LCA and application of algae in CO2 sequestration with sustainable biofuel benefit.","PeriodicalId":105811,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Agriculture","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125664780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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