Substantial increases in profitability, in both fisheries and aquaculture, in the recent years have prompted increased attention to rent creation and rent capture in the seafood sector. In fact, Iceland, The Faroe Island and Norway have all recently implemented taxation of economic rent from salmon aquaculture. Estimation of economic rent is challenging for many reasons, particularly due to its elusive nature and widespread confusion amongst academics as to how to identify and quantify different sources of economic rent. Moreover, accurate rent estimations require that inframarginal profits are not ignored but estimated alongside rent. Ignoring inframarginal profits will overestimate economic rents, which could be problematic since in some industries inframarginal profits can be substantial. We find that salmon aquaculture is one of these. Using data on auction of salmon production capacity from 2018 and 2020, we estimate the market values of salmon farming licenses include a substantial value from inframarginal profits. We find that companies that are less efficient have a larger willingness to pay for marginal production capacity than larger salmon farming companies do, suggesting that inframarginal profits are important in explaining the variation in willingness to pay for new production capacity.
{"title":"Determinants of Variation in Aquaculture Profits","authors":"F. Asche, Bård Misund, Ragnar Tveterås","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3703168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3703168","url":null,"abstract":"Substantial increases in profitability, in both fisheries and aquaculture, in the recent years have prompted increased attention to rent creation and rent capture in the seafood sector. In fact, Iceland, The Faroe Island and Norway have all recently implemented taxation of economic rent from salmon aquaculture. Estimation of economic rent is challenging for many reasons, particularly due to its elusive nature and widespread confusion amongst academics as to how to identify and quantify different sources of economic rent. Moreover, accurate rent estimations require that inframarginal profits are not ignored but estimated alongside rent. Ignoring inframarginal profits will overestimate economic rents, which could be problematic since in some industries inframarginal profits can be substantial. We find that salmon aquaculture is one of these. Using data on auction of salmon production capacity from 2018 and 2020, we estimate the market values of salmon farming licenses include a substantial value from inframarginal profits. We find that companies that are less efficient have a larger willingness to pay for marginal production capacity than larger salmon farming companies do, suggesting that inframarginal profits are important in explaining the variation in willingness to pay for new production capacity.","PeriodicalId":105811,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Agriculture","volume":"1998 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128236082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The need for the transition from a high-carbon to a low-carbon economy has led to the creation of the so-called green banks, while many financial institutions around the world are gradually adjusting their loan portfolio to a greener one by financing environment-friendly projects. Using a panel data set of 165 global and non-global banks from 38 countries worldwide, covering the period 1999 – 2015, we examine whether there are any discernible performance differences between green and non-green banks. The variables of interest are fundamental CAMEL factors. By employing panel data techniques, we investigate whether there are statistically significant differences between the two groups. Moreover, we adopt the Differences-in-Differences approach to examine whether green banks (“treatment” group) and non-green banks (“control” group) exhibit differential behavior, and we use the financial crisis outbreak as the time of intervention. We find that both green and non-green banks are affected by nearly the same bank-specific factors and that they do not exhibit heterogeneous behavior with respect to several fundamental aspects. Specifically, our results show that green banks – whether global or not – perform better than their non-green counterparts only in terms of Total Capital Ratio and Tier1 Capital Ratio during and after the financial crisis. As for the rest of the CAMEL factors, it seems that both groups exhibit the same behavior, especially in the post-crisis period. In addition, our results indicate that the financial crisis has: (a) a positive effect on capital adequacy (excluding Leverage Ratio which seems to have remained unaffected), on asset quality and management quality; (b) a negative effect on earnings ability; (c) a negative impact on liquidity, for both bank types. These results seem robust for the pre- and, especially, the post- 2007-2008 financial crisis periods.
{"title":"Green banks vs. non-green banks: A Differences-in-Differences CAMEL-based approach","authors":"Ioannis Malandrakis, Konstantinos Drakos","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3663894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3663894","url":null,"abstract":"The need for the transition from a high-carbon to a low-carbon economy has led to the creation of the so-called green banks, while many financial institutions around the world are gradually adjusting their loan portfolio to a greener one by financing environment-friendly projects. Using a panel data set of 165 global and non-global banks from 38 countries worldwide, covering the period 1999 – 2015, we examine whether there are any discernible performance differences between green and non-green banks. The variables of interest are fundamental CAMEL factors. By employing panel data techniques, we investigate whether there are statistically significant differences between the two groups. Moreover, we adopt the Differences-in-Differences approach to examine whether green banks (“treatment” group) and non-green banks (“control” group) exhibit differential behavior, and we use the financial crisis outbreak as the time of intervention. We find that both green and non-green banks are affected by nearly the same bank-specific factors and that they do not exhibit heterogeneous behavior with respect to several fundamental aspects. Specifically, our results show that green banks – whether global or not – perform better than their non-green counterparts only in terms of Total Capital Ratio and Tier1 Capital Ratio during and after the financial crisis. As for the rest of the CAMEL factors, it seems that both groups exhibit the same behavior, especially in the post-crisis period. In addition, our results indicate that the financial crisis has: (a) a positive effect on capital adequacy (excluding Leverage Ratio which seems to have remained unaffected), on asset quality and management quality; (b) a negative effect on earnings ability; (c) a negative impact on liquidity, for both bank types. These results seem robust for the pre- and, especially, the post- 2007-2008 financial crisis periods.","PeriodicalId":105811,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Agriculture","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121053859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Natural ecosystems support competition within sustainable boundaries maintained by the ecosystem itself. Such principles of benevolent interaction can be embedded into the economic system. An intelligently upgraded economy can drive urgently needed economic, environmental and social outcomes, at a profit.
Fluidity uses a digital credit with variable parameters alongside the national currency, within hybrid transactions. Adjusting these values renders different products and services less expensive to buy. This can be used to engineer a race to the top for participating sectors, with expansive implications for the broader economy.
Fluidity allows the transformation of GDP, according to sustainable criteria. With wages partly paid in credits, take-home pay can effectively be increased without stoking inflation. Fluidity brings rapid crisis response, can maintain velocity and confidence, and mitigate recession. Replacing bailouts and devaluation with responsive capacity, Fluidity serves both democracy and enterprise.
{"title":"Credit System to Restore National Economies and Underwrite the Transition to Ecosocially Sustainable GDP, via Conceptual Biomimicry & Fractal Dynamics","authors":"Andrew Fynn","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3654501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3654501","url":null,"abstract":"Natural ecosystems support competition within sustainable boundaries maintained by the ecosystem itself. Such principles of benevolent interaction can be embedded into the economic system. An intelligently upgraded economy can drive urgently needed economic, environmental and social outcomes, at a profit. <br><br>Fluidity uses a digital credit with variable parameters alongside the national currency, within hybrid transactions. Adjusting these values renders different products and services less expensive to buy. This can be used to engineer a race to the top for participating sectors, with expansive implications for the broader economy. <br><br>Fluidity allows the transformation of GDP, according to sustainable criteria. With wages partly paid in credits, take-home pay can effectively be increased without stoking inflation. Fluidity brings rapid crisis response, can maintain velocity and confidence, and mitigate recession. Replacing bailouts and devaluation with responsive capacity, Fluidity serves both democracy and enterprise.<br>","PeriodicalId":105811,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Agriculture","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130064244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eliane Cristina Braga Martins Goncalves, F. J. Moura, Marcos Alexandre Teixeira
The objective of this study was the fully characterization of the pruning wastes from macrophyte Cyperus giganteus from tertiary sewage treatment of Wastewater Treatment Plant, Ponte dos Leites, located in Araruama, RJ, Brazil. Such analyses aimed at the systematic evaluation of the feasibility of using the pruning material as an energy input. To reach the objectives, the macrophytes were submitted to experimental analyses of their physical properties (Specific density: 0.44-0.77 g.cm -3 , Bulk density: 0.08-0.09 g.cm -3 , among others characteristics), chemical and immediate analysis, and thermal analysis. The results of thermal behavior characterized the biomass as a viable energy source (High Heat Value 14-16 MJ.kg -1 ). Focused in its pre-treatment for energy use, C. giganteus different samples fractions analyses confirmed that the molecular structures of the macrophyte (Lignin: 17.32-26.83 wt%, Cellulose: 27.84-32.65 wt%, Hemicellulose: 30.09-31.46 wt%; depending on the part of the plant) affect the mechanisms of thermal decomposition. Pyrolysis processing yields vary from 83.43 to 75.91%. This shows the effectiveness of the technique adopted in the transformation of the analyzed vegetal residues into raw materials for energy generation, evidencing the energy potential of the biomass and, confirming the use of these as raw materials in thermo-conversion processes.
{"title":"Wetlands in Brazil, Potential Source of Energy Biomass? Evaluating the Produced Cyperus Giganteu Pruning Material","authors":"Eliane Cristina Braga Martins Goncalves, F. J. Moura, Marcos Alexandre Teixeira","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.3634031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3634031","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was the fully characterization of the pruning wastes from macrophyte Cyperus giganteus from tertiary sewage treatment of Wastewater Treatment Plant, Ponte dos Leites, located in Araruama, RJ, Brazil. Such analyses aimed at the systematic evaluation of the feasibility of using the pruning material as an energy input. To reach the objectives, the macrophytes were submitted to experimental analyses of their physical properties (Specific density: 0.44-0.77 g.cm -3 , Bulk density: 0.08-0.09 g.cm -3 , among others characteristics), chemical and immediate analysis, and thermal analysis. The results of thermal behavior characterized the biomass as a viable energy source (High Heat Value 14-16 MJ.kg -1 ). Focused in its pre-treatment for energy use, C. giganteus different samples fractions analyses confirmed that the molecular structures of the macrophyte (Lignin: 17.32-26.83 wt%, Cellulose: 27.84-32.65 wt%, Hemicellulose: 30.09-31.46 wt%; depending on the part of the plant) affect the mechanisms of thermal decomposition. Pyrolysis processing yields vary from 83.43 to 75.91%. This shows the effectiveness of the technique adopted in the transformation of the analyzed vegetal residues into raw materials for energy generation, evidencing the energy potential of the biomass and, confirming the use of these as raw materials in thermo-conversion processes.","PeriodicalId":105811,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Agriculture","volume":"127 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124214652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This publication is theoretical in nature. It attempts to determine a hypothetical relation between the supply of agricultural production determined by the given demand for it on the one hand and the demand for factors involved in the production on the other. It is included in one model of reasoning with the use of regularities and coefficients known in microeconomics. In particular, the demand, supply and production elasticity coefficients were used. The starting point is assumptions resulting from the demand and three-factor function of production and about rational choices of farm producers. The hypothesis that the relation between supply of production for the demand for it and demand for production factors is determined by changes in production efficiency was positively verified by means of theoretical and formal analysis. This was proved by reference to price elasticity of production and supply and price elasticity of demand for production factors in relation to a product. This is an attempt to fill a research gap in this field.
{"title":"The Model of Demand for Production Factors in Agriculture","authors":"W. Rembisz, Justyna Góral","doi":"10.30858/zer/120605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30858/zer/120605","url":null,"abstract":"This publication is theoretical in nature. It attempts to determine a hypothetical relation between the supply of agricultural production determined by the given demand for it on the one hand and the demand for factors involved in the production on the other. It is included in one model of reasoning with the use of regularities and coefficients known in microeconomics. In particular, the demand, supply and production elasticity coefficients were used. The starting point is assumptions resulting from the demand and three-factor function of production and about rational choices of farm producers. The hypothesis that the relation between supply of production for the demand for it and demand for production factors is determined by changes in production efficiency was positively verified by means of theoretical and formal analysis. This was proved by reference to price elasticity of production and supply and price elasticity of demand for production factors in relation to a product. This is an attempt to fill a research gap in this field.","PeriodicalId":105811,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Agriculture","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124474138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-15DOI: 10.56093/ijas.v91i3.112507
S. R, Randhir Singh, Anuj Kumar, R. Chand, JK Pandey, Rajendra Singh, R. Singh, AS Kharub, R. Verma
Barley, a nutri-rich cereal is gaining momentum among stakeholders owing to multiple health benefits but the concern is its declining area, possibly attributed to lack of market and competitive pricing strategy. Amongst alternatives, contract farming is widely suggested for better price realisation and assured market. In the context, the present study was carried out during 2013-15 in four major barley growing states in India, viz. Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh for identifying the determinants of contract farming from a sample of 400 randomly selected farmers using regression tree approach. Findings indicated that the average yield of farmers enrolled in contract farming was 4791 kg/ha (n=90) against non-contractors with an estimated yield of 3549 kg/ha (n=310), implying a yield advantage of 35%. The practice of enrollment into contracts was popular in Rajasthan as corroborated by regression tree. The analysis also indicated that farm size, seed replacement behaviour, source of seed and area under barley were turned as deciding factors in contract enrollment. Overall, the study indicated that region plays a prominent role in enrollment into contracts despite multiple benefits availed. The study advocates barley growers to take advantage of contract farming, especially small-holders to enroll into contracts for mitigating price risk apart from self-empowerment in barley production.
{"title":"Determinants of Contract Farming in Barley Production – Regression Tree Approach","authors":"S. R, Randhir Singh, Anuj Kumar, R. Chand, JK Pandey, Rajendra Singh, R. Singh, AS Kharub, R. Verma","doi":"10.56093/ijas.v91i3.112507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v91i3.112507","url":null,"abstract":"Barley, a nutri-rich cereal is gaining momentum among stakeholders owing to multiple health benefits but the concern is its declining area, possibly attributed to lack of market and competitive pricing strategy. Amongst alternatives, contract farming is widely suggested for better price realisation and assured market. In the context, the present study was carried out during 2013-15 in four major barley growing states in India, viz. Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh for identifying the determinants of contract farming from a sample of 400 randomly selected farmers using regression tree approach. Findings indicated that the average yield of farmers enrolled in contract farming was 4791 kg/ha (n=90) against non-contractors with an estimated yield of 3549 kg/ha (n=310), implying a yield advantage of 35%. The practice of enrollment into contracts was popular in Rajasthan as corroborated by regression tree. The analysis also indicated that farm size, seed replacement behaviour, source of seed and area under barley were turned as deciding factors in contract enrollment. Overall, the study indicated that region plays a prominent role in enrollment into contracts despite multiple benefits availed. The study advocates barley growers to take advantage of contract farming, especially small-holders to enroll into contracts for mitigating price risk apart from self-empowerment in barley production.","PeriodicalId":105811,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Agriculture","volume":"147 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124255734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.5089/9781513546223.001
A. Thomas
Recent micro level data from East Africa is used to benchmark aggregate data and assess the role of agricultural inputs in explaining variation in crop yields on smallholding plots. Fertilizer, improved seeds, protection against erosion and pesticides improve crop yields in Rwanda and Ethiopia, but not Uganda, possibly associated with lack of use there. With all positive yield determinants in place, wheat and maize yields could increase fourfold. The data hints at the negative effect of climate change on yields and the benefits of accompanying measures to mitigate its adverse impact (access to finance and protection against erosion). The adverse effect of crop damage on yields varies between 12/13 percent (Rwanda, Uganda) to 36 percent (Ethiopia). Protection against erosion and investment financing mitigate these effects considerably.
{"title":"Improving Crop Yields in Sub-Saharan Africa - What Does the East African Data Say","authors":"A. Thomas","doi":"10.5089/9781513546223.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513546223.001","url":null,"abstract":"Recent micro level data from East Africa is used to benchmark aggregate data and assess the role of agricultural inputs in explaining variation in crop yields on smallholding plots. Fertilizer, improved seeds, protection against erosion and pesticides improve crop yields in Rwanda and Ethiopia, but not Uganda, possibly associated with lack of use there. With all positive yield determinants in place, wheat and maize yields could increase fourfold. \u0000The data hints at the negative effect of climate change on yields and the benefits of accompanying measures to mitigate its adverse impact (access to finance and protection against erosion). The adverse effect of crop damage on yields varies between 12/13 percent (Rwanda, Uganda) to 36 percent (Ethiopia). Protection against erosion and investment financing mitigate these effects considerably.","PeriodicalId":105811,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Agriculture","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131031260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Relying on theoretical and numerical modeling I show that subsidies for clean energy can be welfare enhancing even if a cap-and-trade (CAT) program is already in place and if there is only the carbon externality. The growth rate of the permit price in the CAT program is too high if intertemporal permit trading is unconstrained implying too low prices early on. Without affecting the permit price, optimal subsidies shift some of the resulting excessive emissions to the future and thereby postpone carbon damages. However, the optimal subsidy path is not time consistent. The Markovian subsidy has a permit price reducing effect but is still welfare enhancing compared to a CAT-only policy. Subsidies also reduce the permit price volatility and stabilize the abatement path. In this sense, subsidies can be a reasonable second-best alternative if ideal CAT programs (e.g. with permit price collars) are not available.
{"title":"Reducing the Cost of Delay: On the Interaction of Cap-and-Trade and Subsidies for Clean Energy","authors":"O. Tietjen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3580673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3580673","url":null,"abstract":"Relying on theoretical and numerical modeling I show that subsidies for clean energy can be welfare enhancing even if a cap-and-trade (CAT) program is already in place and if there is only the carbon externality. The growth rate of the permit price in the CAT program is too high if intertemporal permit trading is unconstrained implying too low prices early on. Without affecting the permit price, optimal subsidies shift some of the resulting excessive emissions to the future and thereby postpone carbon damages. However, the optimal subsidy path is not time consistent. The Markovian subsidy has a permit price reducing effect but is still welfare enhancing compared to a CAT-only policy. Subsidies also reduce the permit price volatility and stabilize the abatement path. In this sense, subsidies can be a reasonable second-best alternative if ideal CAT programs (e.g. with permit price collars) are not available.","PeriodicalId":105811,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Agriculture","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130205781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-30DOI: 10.15587/1729-4061.2020.198742
S. Pron, O. Soloviova, I. Herasymenko, Iryna Borets
Studies of the transport and technological process of growing crops revealed that it is a complex dynamic system. It is proved that the complexity of this system consists in the presence of a large number of heterogeneous subsystems, including transport, which is an important component for growing crops. Due to the system approach to the study of transport support of the crop growing process, it became possible to identify functional features of using ground and aviation vehicles. The properties of each stage of the growing process and involvement of certain types of vehicles are determined. The scheme of transport support of the crop growing process is developed and the influence of the aviation component at certain stages in the introduction of resource-saving No-till technology is determined. Experimental studies showed that the use of aviation transport contributes to the introduction of resource-saving No-till technology by minimizing the mechanical processing of sown areas, which reduces the anthropogenic load on the soil. The developed mathematical model for analyzing the use of the transport and production complex in growing crops allows making a rational choice of ground and aviation vehicles, depending on the parameters of technologies, types of crops. Thus, there is reason to argue that it is possible to make timely and reasonable management decisions in the organization and management of agricultural production in order to maximize profits
{"title":"Modeling of the Transport and Production Complex in the Growing of Agricultural Crops, Taking Into Account the Aviation Component","authors":"S. Pron, O. Soloviova, I. Herasymenko, Iryna Borets","doi":"10.15587/1729-4061.2020.198742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2020.198742","url":null,"abstract":"Studies of the transport and technological process of growing crops revealed that it is a complex dynamic system. It is proved that the complexity of this system consists in the presence of a large number of heterogeneous subsystems, including transport, which is an important component for growing crops. Due to the system approach to the study of transport support of the crop growing process, it became possible to identify functional features of using ground and aviation vehicles. The properties of each stage of the growing process and involvement of certain types of vehicles are determined. The scheme of transport support of the crop growing process is developed and the influence of the aviation component at certain stages in the introduction of resource-saving No-till technology is determined. Experimental studies showed that the use of aviation transport contributes to the introduction of resource-saving No-till technology by minimizing the mechanical processing of sown areas, which reduces the anthropogenic load on the soil. The developed mathematical model for analyzing the use of the transport and production complex in growing crops allows making a rational choice of ground and aviation vehicles, depending on the parameters of technologies, types of crops. Thus, there is reason to argue that it is possible to make timely and reasonable management decisions in the organization and management of agricultural production in order to maximize profits","PeriodicalId":105811,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Agriculture","volume":"2007 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125623548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using a natural experiment of a rainfall-driven remittances, I provide experimental measures of how remittances affect rural household’s choice of cylinder gas (LPG) as a cooking fuel over other alternative fuels in southern Bangladesh. Household choice of LPG and remittances are jointly related; therefore, I use the instrumental variable probit (IV-Probit) approach. The treatment of remittances is randomly assigned to households who suffered losses due to a natural shock from the cyclone-Roanu enabling the instrument – exogenous variation in rainfall interacted with cyclone-affected migrant household’s distance to the local weather stations – to identify the average treatment effect for the treatment group (cyclone-affected remittances recipient households). I find that an exogenous increase in remittances by 1,000 Taka causes the probability of using LPG to rise by 1%. In terms of percentage change, the implied elasticity shows that a 10% increase in remittances income can raise the probability of using LPG by 2%. I also find the impact of remittances is conditional on household’s health expenditures. In particular, controlling for the household’s health expenditures interacted with the provision for clean water and sanitary toilet in the dwelling, the marginal effects of remittances get stronger, i.e. households are more likely to use LPG as cooking fuel. These findings counter some existing case studies and views of many policy makers that economic factors are less significant in promoting cleaner energy for the household. The results of the paper are robust to potential violations of the exclusion restriction, to alternative specifications and instruments, and possible omitted variable bias.
{"title":"Clean Energy and Household Remittances in Bangladesh: Evidence from a Natural Experiment","authors":"Gazi Hassan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3577362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3577362","url":null,"abstract":"Using a natural experiment of a rainfall-driven remittances, I provide experimental measures of how remittances affect rural household’s choice of cylinder gas (LPG) as a cooking fuel over other alternative fuels in southern Bangladesh. Household choice of LPG and remittances are jointly related; therefore, I use the instrumental variable probit (IV-Probit) approach. The treatment of remittances is randomly assigned to households who suffered losses due to a natural shock from the cyclone-Roanu enabling the instrument – exogenous variation in rainfall interacted with cyclone-affected migrant household’s distance to the local weather stations – to identify the average treatment effect for the treatment group (cyclone-affected remittances recipient households). I find that an exogenous increase in remittances by 1,000 Taka causes the probability of using LPG to rise by 1%. In terms of percentage change, the implied elasticity shows that a 10% increase in remittances income can raise the probability of using LPG by 2%. I also find the impact of remittances is conditional on household’s health expenditures. In particular, controlling for the household’s health expenditures interacted with the provision for clean water and sanitary toilet in the dwelling, the marginal effects of remittances get stronger, i.e. households are more likely to use LPG as cooking fuel. These findings counter some existing case studies and views of many policy makers that economic factors are less significant in promoting cleaner energy for the household. The results of the paper are robust to potential violations of the exclusion restriction, to alternative specifications and instruments, and possible omitted variable bias.","PeriodicalId":105811,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Agriculture","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115704188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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