We revisit three recently-published papers that apply discrete-choice experiment methods to coastal and marine ecosystem goods and services, in light of attribute non-attendance (AN-A). We find that accounting for AN-A does not always improve model fit, but when it does, the improvement can be substantial. Estimated price and attribute coefficients change, but these changes do not follow a consistent pattern, either in direction or magnitude. Mean attribute increment value (i.e., willingness to pay, WTP) estimates change, but also with no discernible pattern. However, in several cases, generally in those cases where accounting for AN-A improves model fit, we observe substantial improvements in the confidence intervals on WTP, i.e., accounting for AN-A appears to produce much more precise WTP estimates. In short, we find that accounting for AN-A is not always warranted, but when it is, the key payoff appears to be more precise WTP estimates.
{"title":"Accounting for Attribute Non-Attendance in Three Previously-Published Choice Studies of Coastal and Marine Resources","authors":"D. Petrolia, Joonghyun Hwang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3448313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3448313","url":null,"abstract":"We revisit three recently-published papers that apply discrete-choice experiment methods to coastal and marine ecosystem goods and services, in light of attribute non-attendance (AN-A). We find that accounting for AN-A does not always improve model fit, but when it does, the improvement can be substantial. Estimated price and attribute coefficients change, but these changes do not follow a consistent pattern, either in direction or magnitude. Mean attribute increment value (i.e., willingness to pay, WTP) estimates change, but also with no discernible pattern. However, in several cases, generally in those cases where accounting for AN-A improves model fit, we observe substantial improvements in the confidence intervals on WTP, i.e., accounting for AN-A appears to produce much more precise WTP estimates. In short, we find that accounting for AN-A is not always warranted, but when it is, the key payoff appears to be more precise WTP estimates.","PeriodicalId":105811,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Agriculture","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133516799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper provides first empirical insights on the relationship between green public procurement (GPP) and firms' innovation activities. Considering that the public sector is a large buyer in the economy, public procurement is able to work as demand-pull factor for new products and thus innovations - given that the procurement is aimed at such objectives. GPP is specifically implemented to contribute to more sustainable production and consumption. Using a novel firm-level dataset, this paper analyses whether GPP is able to trigger innovation activities within firms, and if so, whether these innovations are environmental innovations or not. The results show some support for a demand-pull effect of GPP on the probability of general product innovations but no conclusive evidence is found for environmental innovations.
{"title":"Green Public Procurement and the Innovation Activities of Firms","authors":"Vera Zipperer","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3456520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3456520","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides first empirical insights on the relationship between green public procurement (GPP) and firms' innovation activities. Considering that the public sector is a large buyer in the economy, public procurement is able to work as demand-pull factor for new products and thus innovations - given that the procurement is aimed at such objectives. GPP is specifically implemented to contribute to more sustainable production and consumption. Using a novel firm-level dataset, this paper analyses whether GPP is able to trigger innovation activities within firms, and if so, whether these innovations are environmental innovations or not. The results show some support for a demand-pull effect of GPP on the probability of general product innovations but no conclusive evidence is found for environmental innovations.","PeriodicalId":105811,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Agriculture","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129671970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-01DOI: 10.5089/9781513511955.001
Signe Krogstrup, William H. Oman
Climate change is one of the greatest challenges of this century. Mitigation requires a large-scale transition to a low-carbon economy. This paper provides an overview of the rapidly growing literature on the role of macroeconomic and financial policy tools in enabling this transition. The literature provides a menu of policy tools for mitigation. A key conclusion is that fiscal tools are first in line and central, but can and may need to be complemented by financial and monetary policy instruments. Some tools and policies raise unanswered questions about policy tool assignment and mandates, which we describe. The literature is scarce, however, on the most effective policy mix and the role of mitigation tools and goals in the overall policy framework.
{"title":"Macroeconomic and Financial Policies for Climate Change Mitigation: A Review of the Literature","authors":"Signe Krogstrup, William H. Oman","doi":"10.5089/9781513511955.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513511955.001","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is one of the greatest challenges of this century. Mitigation requires a large-scale\u0000transition to a low-carbon economy. This paper provides an overview of the rapidly\u0000growing literature on the role of macroeconomic and financial policy tools in enabling this\u0000transition. The literature provides a menu of policy tools for mitigation. A key conclusion is\u0000that fiscal tools are first in line and central, but can and may need to be complemented by\u0000financial and monetary policy instruments. Some tools and policies raise unanswered\u0000questions about policy tool assignment and mandates, which we describe. The literature is scarce, however, on the most effective policy mix and the role of mitigation tools and goals\u0000in the overall policy framework.","PeriodicalId":105811,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Agriculture","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115200012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: The non-agricultural employment transfer of the rural labor force has fundamentally changed the labor input in China in recent decades. A good understanding of how the off-farm employment of rural laborers affects agricultural land use in China is needed. We use the Driscoll and Kraay standard errors (DK-SE) fixed effects model to investigate the relationship between rural laborers’ off-farm employment and agricultural land use efficiency based on a panel data of 1,961 counties in China. We find that the distribution of county-level agricultural land use efficiency is heavily skewed to the right, with many counties below the national average efficiency level. We also identify a robust U-shaped relationship between rural laborers’ off-farm employment and the change in agricultural land use efficiency, indicating that the substitution effect of capital and technology for rural labor has changed from weak to strong. The combined effects of the individual transfer mode and smallholder management scale are identified as the main drivers of this relationship. The findings have important policy implications for the joint reform of the household registration (hukou) system and the rural land use system (three rights separation reform) in China. The lessons learned from China also serve as a helpful reference for addressing the challenge of rural labor loss in other developing countries.
{"title":"Drain or Gain? The Impact of Rural Laborers’ Off-Farm Employment on Agricultural Land Use Efficiency in China","authors":"Qianyu Zhao, Helen X. H. Bao, Zhanlu Zhang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3441630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3441630","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The non-agricultural employment transfer of the rural labor force has fundamentally changed the labor input in China in recent decades. A good understanding of how the off-farm employment of rural laborers affects agricultural land use in China is needed. We use the Driscoll and Kraay standard errors (DK-SE) fixed effects model to investigate the relationship between rural laborers’ off-farm employment and agricultural land use efficiency based on a panel data of 1,961 counties in China. We find that the distribution of county-level agricultural land use efficiency is heavily skewed to the right, with many counties below the national average efficiency level. We also identify a robust U-shaped relationship between rural laborers’ off-farm employment and the change in agricultural land use efficiency, indicating that the substitution effect of capital and technology for rural labor has changed from weak to strong. The combined effects of the individual transfer mode and smallholder management scale are identified as the main drivers of this relationship. The findings have important policy implications for the joint reform of the household registration (hukou) system and the rural land use system (three rights separation reform) in China. The lessons learned from China also serve as a helpful reference for addressing the challenge of rural labor loss in other developing countries.","PeriodicalId":105811,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Agriculture","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122065695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-20DOI: 10.31014/AIOR.1992.02.03.128
Latife Ghalayini, Fabienne Saade
The aim of this paper is to estimate the value of the Lebanese oil resources. It presents an overview of the natural resources within the Lebanese territories and economic zone. Furthermore, it analyses the oil spot price characteristics and volatility. It studies the oil future market while exploring the relation between speculation and spot oil price in the short run. Findings prove that in the short run, changes in oil inventories do not Granger cause changes in oil price, neither does the change in future prices. However, outcomes show that in the short run, the change in gold price granger causes the oil spot price. Additionally, in the aim of forecasting accurate oil price, the paper builds a Dynamic OLS equilibrium. The model includes the oil demand, the oil supply, the oil inventories, the USD/SDR exchange rate, the Gold price, and the open interest contracts in futures market as speculation effect. Eventually, with an estimate of the volume of the resources and the price forecasts until 2025, the paper forecasts the value of the Lebanese resources.
{"title":"Estimating the Value of the Lebanese Oil Resources Modeling and Forecasting Oil Price","authors":"Latife Ghalayini, Fabienne Saade","doi":"10.31014/AIOR.1992.02.03.128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31014/AIOR.1992.02.03.128","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to estimate the value of the Lebanese oil resources. It presents an overview of the natural resources within the Lebanese territories and economic zone. Furthermore, it analyses the oil spot price characteristics and volatility. It studies the oil future market while exploring the relation between speculation and spot oil price in the short run. Findings prove that in the short run, changes in oil inventories do not Granger cause changes in oil price, neither does the change in future prices. However, outcomes show that in the short run, the change in gold price granger causes the oil spot price. Additionally, in the aim of forecasting accurate oil price, the paper builds a Dynamic OLS equilibrium. The model includes the oil demand, the oil supply, the oil inventories, the USD/SDR exchange rate, the Gold price, and the open interest contracts in futures market as speculation effect. Eventually, with an estimate of the volume of the resources and the price forecasts until 2025, the paper forecasts the value of the Lebanese resources.<br><br>","PeriodicalId":105811,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Agriculture","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134279900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) is a combination of cloud computing in to a mobile environment. It is refers to an infrastructure where data storage and data processing happen outside of the mobile device. MCC is an computing platform located in clouds, which is accessed over the wireless connection. MCC can significantly enhance the computation capability and saves energy of the smart mobile devices. Some built in defects of mobile devices, such as limited battery energy, insufficient storage; the mobile applications faces many challenges in mobility management, Quality of Service (QoS), energy management and security issues. A task is an application which is running in a mobile device and those tasks will be executed by Virtual Machines (VM) which is known as Resources. The pool of VM in a cloud computing data center needs to manage an efficient task and resource scheduling to maintain efficient energy, QoS and resource utilization. This work investigates comparative analysis of energy efficient and improved QoS-driven Task and Resource scheduling in a MCC environment by using Differential Evolution (DF). The evaluation of these algorithms is based on energy and QoS metrics. Based on the analysis of the simulation result, one of the scheduling will be concluded as best scheduling process in terms of energy and QoS.
{"title":"A Comparative Analysis of Energy-Efficient and Improved QoS-Driven Task and Resource Scheduling in Mobile Cloud Computing Environment","authors":"D. R, L. S","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3435756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3435756","url":null,"abstract":"Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) is a combination of cloud computing in to a mobile environment. It is refers to an infrastructure where data storage and data processing happen outside of the mobile device. MCC is an computing platform located in clouds, which is accessed over the wireless connection. MCC can significantly enhance the computation capability and saves energy of the smart mobile devices. Some built in defects of mobile devices, such as limited battery energy, insufficient storage; the mobile applications faces many challenges in mobility management, Quality of Service (QoS), energy management and security issues. A task is an application which is running in a mobile device and those tasks will be executed by Virtual Machines (VM) which is known as Resources. The pool of VM in a cloud computing data center needs to manage an efficient task and resource scheduling to maintain efficient energy, QoS and resource utilization. This work investigates comparative analysis of energy efficient and improved QoS-driven Task and Resource scheduling in a MCC environment by using Differential Evolution (DF). The evaluation of these algorithms is based on energy and QoS metrics. Based on the analysis of the simulation result, one of the scheduling will be concluded as best scheduling process in terms of energy and QoS.","PeriodicalId":105811,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Agriculture","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127354606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We provide novel evidence that accumulated heat exposure affects economic activity in ways that are distinct from shifts in the temperature distribution. We first derive new measures of accumulated heat exposure, which we validate by successfully reproducing well-known heat waves with a global dataset of nearly 1 billion daily temperatures spanning 1979-2016. Using these measures, we find summer heat waves imply lower per-capita output, especially in agriculture. Further, cumulative exposure matters: hot days preceded by several others are significantly more damaging. Estimated agricultural losses from the 2003 France heat wave were 13 times larger than standard approaches suggest.
{"title":"Measuring Heat Waves and Their Effects on Economic Output","authors":"Kenn Chua, J. Coggins, Steve J Miller, H. Mohtadi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3424125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3424125","url":null,"abstract":"We provide novel evidence that accumulated heat exposure affects economic activity in ways that are distinct from shifts in the temperature distribution. We first derive new measures of accumulated heat exposure, which we validate by successfully reproducing well-known heat waves with a global dataset of nearly 1 billion daily temperatures spanning 1979-2016. Using these measures, we find summer heat waves imply lower per-capita output, especially in agriculture. Further, cumulative exposure matters: hot days preceded by several others are significantly more damaging. Estimated agricultural losses from the 2003 France heat wave were 13 times larger than standard approaches suggest.","PeriodicalId":105811,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Agriculture","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125060497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We examine the long-run pricing relationship among crude oil prices at the North Sea (Brent), Cushing (WTI) and Louisiana Gulf (LLS) delivery points. The Brent-WTI location basis differential is stable until January 2010, but it widens to record levels in the next two years. Brent and WTI prices are cointegrated prior to this structural break, but not after. We show that the recent Brent-WTI basis differential is Granger-caused by Chinese demand. U.S. retail gas prices respond to Brent and WTI before January 2010 and then only to Brent afterwards. We report on recent changes in the supply chain designed to profit from the Brent-WTI spread. Crude oil, once it reaches the Gulf of Mexico, is still cointegrated with the Brent benchmark. Refining capacity constraints in the Gulf region and export restrictions prevent U.S. suppliers from re-integrating WTI prices with Brent.
{"title":"Location Basis Differentials in Crude Oil Prices","authors":"P. Luong, Bruce Mizrach, Yoichi Otsubo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2436908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2436908","url":null,"abstract":"We examine the long-run pricing relationship among crude oil prices at the North Sea (Brent), Cushing (WTI) and Louisiana Gulf (LLS) delivery points. The Brent-WTI location basis differential is stable until January 2010, but it widens to record levels in the next two years. Brent and WTI prices are cointegrated prior to this structural break, but not after. We show that the recent Brent-WTI basis differential is Granger-caused by Chinese demand. U.S. retail gas prices respond to Brent and WTI before January 2010 and then only to Brent afterwards. We report on recent changes in the supply chain designed to profit from the Brent-WTI spread. Crude oil, once it reaches the Gulf of Mexico, is still cointegrated with the Brent benchmark. Refining capacity constraints in the Gulf region and export restrictions prevent U.S. suppliers from re-integrating WTI prices with Brent.","PeriodicalId":105811,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Agriculture","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133464626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using a case study in India, this short field report explores whether and how agro-dealers may contribute to promoting the adoption of new agricultural technologies.
{"title":"Harnessing the Private Sector for Agricultural Technology Adoption: A Case Study of Agro-Dealers in Chotila, India","authors":"Fenella Carpena","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3412982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3412982","url":null,"abstract":"Using a case study in India, this short field report explores whether and how agro-dealers may contribute to promoting the adoption of new agricultural technologies.","PeriodicalId":105811,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Agriculture","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132150598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study analyzes the potential impacts of a national emission trading scheme on provincial economies in China of meeting China's emission reduction pledges, the Nationally Determined Contributions announced under the Paris Agreement. The study developed a multiregional, multisectoral, recursive-dynamic computable general equilibrium model and calibrated it with the latest provincial-level social accounting matrices (2012). The study shows that meeting China's Nationally Determined Contributions through an emission trading scheme would reduce almost 30 percent of the emission reduction from the business as usual scenario in 2030. If the baseline is corrected based on information from a bottom-up energy sector model, TIMES, the required reduction of emissions from the baseline in 2030 drops by half, to 15 percent. At the national level, the emission trading scheme would cause a 1.2 to 1.5 percent reduction in gross domestic product from the business as usual scenario in 2030. If the baseline is corrected, the impact on gross domestic product drops by two-thirds. The emission trading scheme would cause some provincial economies to gain and others to lose. The economic impacts are highly sensitive to the allowance allocation rules. Not only the magnitudes, but also the directions of the economic impacts alter when the allocation rules change. The provinces that rely on coal mining or coal-intensive manufacturing industries are found to experience relatively larger economic losses irrespective of the allowance allocation rules.
{"title":"Implications for Provincial Economies of Meeting China's NDC Through an Emission Trading Scheme: A Regional CGE Modeling Analysis","authors":"Jun Pang, G. Timilsina","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-8909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-8909","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyzes the potential impacts of a national emission trading scheme on provincial economies in China of meeting China's emission reduction pledges, the Nationally Determined Contributions announced under the Paris Agreement. The study developed a multiregional, multisectoral, recursive-dynamic computable general equilibrium model and calibrated it with the latest provincial-level social accounting matrices (2012). The study shows that meeting China's Nationally Determined Contributions through an emission trading scheme would reduce almost 30 percent of the emission reduction from the business as usual scenario in 2030. If the baseline is corrected based on information from a bottom-up energy sector model, TIMES, the required reduction of emissions from the baseline in 2030 drops by half, to 15 percent. At the national level, the emission trading scheme would cause a 1.2 to 1.5 percent reduction in gross domestic product from the business as usual scenario in 2030. If the baseline is corrected, the impact on gross domestic product drops by two-thirds. The emission trading scheme would cause some provincial economies to gain and others to lose. The economic impacts are highly sensitive to the allowance allocation rules. Not only the magnitudes, but also the directions of the economic impacts alter when the allocation rules change. The provinces that rely on coal mining or coal-intensive manufacturing industries are found to experience relatively larger economic losses irrespective of the allowance allocation rules.","PeriodicalId":105811,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Agriculture","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122028110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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