Pub Date : 2021-10-07DOI: 10.3389/frcmn.2021.731992
Jiayan Xiong, Zhen Xu, Zhiqi Dai
Dynamic routing and congestion control are two major problems in software-defined hybrid satellite-terrestrial multicast networks research. Due to terrestrial users being allowed to join or leave the multicast group at any time and the differences between the satellite and the terrestrial networks, many multicast routing algorithms reroute rapidly and thus increase the rerouting overheads. Meanwhile, the congestion ratio is increased by some hot nodes of satellite-terrestrial link transmission paths. This paper focuses on rerouting overheads and congestion problems in satellite-terrestrial multicast networks. We present a satellite-terrestrial network architecture with the Software-Defined Networking (SDN) features to offer dynamic multicast services for terrestrial users. A Two-Layered Shared Tree Multicast (TSTM) routing algorithm is proposed to achieve efficient dynamic multicast group management, address the trade-off between bandwidth consumption and rerouting overheads. The algorithm also implements congestion control by using a load factor to reflect on the global network bandwidth usage in routing calculations. This algorithm balances the rerouting frequencies of satellite and terrestrial networks to decrease the rerouting overheads and also reduces the network congestion ratio. The simulation shows TSTM decreases rerouting cost, user time delay, and node congestion ratio compared with the locality-aware multicast approach (LAMA).
{"title":"A Two-Layered Shared Tree Multicast Routing Algorithm for Software Defined Hybrid Satellite-Terrestrial Communication Networks","authors":"Jiayan Xiong, Zhen Xu, Zhiqi Dai","doi":"10.3389/frcmn.2021.731992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2021.731992","url":null,"abstract":"Dynamic routing and congestion control are two major problems in software-defined hybrid satellite-terrestrial multicast networks research. Due to terrestrial users being allowed to join or leave the multicast group at any time and the differences between the satellite and the terrestrial networks, many multicast routing algorithms reroute rapidly and thus increase the rerouting overheads. Meanwhile, the congestion ratio is increased by some hot nodes of satellite-terrestrial link transmission paths. This paper focuses on rerouting overheads and congestion problems in satellite-terrestrial multicast networks. We present a satellite-terrestrial network architecture with the Software-Defined Networking (SDN) features to offer dynamic multicast services for terrestrial users. A Two-Layered Shared Tree Multicast (TSTM) routing algorithm is proposed to achieve efficient dynamic multicast group management, address the trade-off between bandwidth consumption and rerouting overheads. The algorithm also implements congestion control by using a load factor to reflect on the global network bandwidth usage in routing calculations. This algorithm balances the rerouting frequencies of satellite and terrestrial networks to decrease the rerouting overheads and also reduces the network congestion ratio. The simulation shows TSTM decreases rerouting cost, user time delay, and node congestion ratio compared with the locality-aware multicast approach (LAMA).","PeriodicalId":106247,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121423124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-07DOI: 10.3389/frcmn.2021.739414
Brahim Aamer, Hatim Chergui, M. Benjillali, C. Verikoukis
Scalable and sustainable AI-driven analytics are necessary to enable large-scale and heterogeneous service deployment in sixth-generation (6G) ultra-dense networks. This implies that the exchange of raw monitoring data should be minimized across the network by bringing the analysis functions closer to the data collection points. While federated learning (FL) is an efficient tool to implement such a decentralized strategy, real networks are generally characterized by time- and space-varying traffic patterns and channel conditions, making thereby the data collected in different points non independent and identically distributed (non-IID), which is challenging for FL. To sidestep this issue, we first introduce a new a priori metric that we call dataset entropy, whose role is to capture the distribution, the quantity of information, the unbalanced structure and the “non-IIDness” of a dataset independently of the models. This a priori entropy is calculated using a multi-dimensional spectral clustering scheme over both the features and the supervised output spaces, and is suitable for classification as well as regression tasks. The FL aggregation operations support system (OSS) server then uses the reported dataset entropies to devise 1) an entropy-based federated averaging scheme, and 2) a stochastic participant selection policy to significantly stabilize the training, minimize the convergence time, and reduce the corresponding computation cost. Numerical results are provided to show the superiority of these novel approaches.
{"title":"Entropy-Driven Stochastic Federated Learning in Non-IID 6G Edge-RAN","authors":"Brahim Aamer, Hatim Chergui, M. Benjillali, C. Verikoukis","doi":"10.3389/frcmn.2021.739414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2021.739414","url":null,"abstract":"Scalable and sustainable AI-driven analytics are necessary to enable large-scale and heterogeneous service deployment in sixth-generation (6G) ultra-dense networks. This implies that the exchange of raw monitoring data should be minimized across the network by bringing the analysis functions closer to the data collection points. While federated learning (FL) is an efficient tool to implement such a decentralized strategy, real networks are generally characterized by time- and space-varying traffic patterns and channel conditions, making thereby the data collected in different points non independent and identically distributed (non-IID), which is challenging for FL. To sidestep this issue, we first introduce a new a priori metric that we call dataset entropy, whose role is to capture the distribution, the quantity of information, the unbalanced structure and the “non-IIDness” of a dataset independently of the models. This a priori entropy is calculated using a multi-dimensional spectral clustering scheme over both the features and the supervised output spaces, and is suitable for classification as well as regression tasks. The FL aggregation operations support system (OSS) server then uses the reported dataset entropies to devise 1) an entropy-based federated averaging scheme, and 2) a stochastic participant selection policy to significantly stabilize the training, minimize the convergence time, and reduce the corresponding computation cost. Numerical results are provided to show the superiority of these novel approaches.","PeriodicalId":106247,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132966777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-06DOI: 10.3389/frcmn.2021.744998
C. Lacoste, N. Maturo, S. Chatzinotas, L. Emiliani
In this paper, we propose an approach to optimize the frequency plan and associated bandwidth allocation in the return link of a broadband satellite network, by exploring several design techniques for carrier allocation plans. Since bandwidth is a limited resource in satellite telecommunications, the minimization of bandwidth usage is a core issue that satellite communication service providers must solve, in particular for networks using a constant coding and modulation plan, which lacks the flexibility found in newer satellite communication products and can be subject to hardware constraints. This problematic led us to raise the following question: how can the long term bandwidth requirement of the network be minimized, given a set of ground terminals, of Modulations and Codings, and of discrete bandwidths. In this document we formally define the long-term carrier allocation problem and analyze current practical solutions. We subsequently investigate two other potential solutions, found to be more bandwidth-efficient: one based on heuristics and another based on integer linear programming. Finally, we look at the impact of several parameters on the performance of those three methods. Overall we observed marginal reductions in bandwidth, however significant gains were reached for networks with small return links with low committed information rate, a case in which some constant coding and modulation networks could fall. We concluded that those networks could benefit from our methods and see a significant reduction in bandwidth, and subsequently operational costs, at low implementation costs.
{"title":"Optimization of the Return Link Carrier Planning for a Constant Coding and Modulation Satellite Network","authors":"C. Lacoste, N. Maturo, S. Chatzinotas, L. Emiliani","doi":"10.3389/frcmn.2021.744998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2021.744998","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we propose an approach to optimize the frequency plan and associated bandwidth allocation in the return link of a broadband satellite network, by exploring several design techniques for carrier allocation plans. Since bandwidth is a limited resource in satellite telecommunications, the minimization of bandwidth usage is a core issue that satellite communication service providers must solve, in particular for networks using a constant coding and modulation plan, which lacks the flexibility found in newer satellite communication products and can be subject to hardware constraints. This problematic led us to raise the following question: how can the long term bandwidth requirement of the network be minimized, given a set of ground terminals, of Modulations and Codings, and of discrete bandwidths. In this document we formally define the long-term carrier allocation problem and analyze current practical solutions. We subsequently investigate two other potential solutions, found to be more bandwidth-efficient: one based on heuristics and another based on integer linear programming. Finally, we look at the impact of several parameters on the performance of those three methods. Overall we observed marginal reductions in bandwidth, however significant gains were reached for networks with small return links with low committed information rate, a case in which some constant coding and modulation networks could fall. We concluded that those networks could benefit from our methods and see a significant reduction in bandwidth, and subsequently operational costs, at low implementation costs.","PeriodicalId":106247,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127205195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-22DOI: 10.3389/frcmn.2021.724772
M. Mattsson, M. Simkó, K. Foster
The development and establishment of mobile communication technologies has necessitated assessments of possible risks to human health from exposures to radio-frequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMF). A number of expert committees have concluded that there is no evidence for such risks as long as exposures are at or below levels that do not allow tissue heating. These assessments have been based primarily on studies investigating frequencies up to 6 GHz including frequencies similar to those used by two of three major bands of fifth generation (more accurately 5G New Radio or 5G NR) of mobile communication. Bioeffects studies in so-called high-band at 25–39 GHz are particularly sparse. Future assessments relevant for these frequencies will need to rely on still unperformed studies. Due to few available studies at 5G NR “high band” frequencies, and questions raised by some existing studies, a recent review recommended a wide range of RF biostudies be done at 5G NR “high band” frequencies. It is of importance that such studies be done using the best possible science. Here we suggest factors to consider when performing future studies in this area. The present focus is on laboratory studies to clarify biological effects of radiofrequency (RF) energy at 5G “high band” frequencies and, more generally at millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequencies (30-300 GHz) which will be increasingly used by communications technologies in the future. Similar comments would apply to epidemiology and exposure assessment studies, but those are not the focus of the present Perspective.
{"title":"5G New Radio Requires the Best Possible Risk Assessment Studies: Perspective and Recommended Guidelines","authors":"M. Mattsson, M. Simkó, K. Foster","doi":"10.3389/frcmn.2021.724772","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2021.724772","url":null,"abstract":"The development and establishment of mobile communication technologies has necessitated assessments of possible risks to human health from exposures to radio-frequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMF). A number of expert committees have concluded that there is no evidence for such risks as long as exposures are at or below levels that do not allow tissue heating. These assessments have been based primarily on studies investigating frequencies up to 6 GHz including frequencies similar to those used by two of three major bands of fifth generation (more accurately 5G New Radio or 5G NR) of mobile communication. Bioeffects studies in so-called high-band at 25–39 GHz are particularly sparse. Future assessments relevant for these frequencies will need to rely on still unperformed studies. Due to few available studies at 5G NR “high band” frequencies, and questions raised by some existing studies, a recent review recommended a wide range of RF biostudies be done at 5G NR “high band” frequencies. It is of importance that such studies be done using the best possible science. Here we suggest factors to consider when performing future studies in this area. The present focus is on laboratory studies to clarify biological effects of radiofrequency (RF) energy at 5G “high band” frequencies and, more generally at millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequencies (30-300 GHz) which will be increasingly used by communications technologies in the future. Similar comments would apply to epidemiology and exposure assessment studies, but those are not the focus of the present Perspective.","PeriodicalId":106247,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116994536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-21DOI: 10.3389/frcmn.2021.724597
M. Magarini, P. Stano
In this Perspective article we intend to focus on the opportunity of modelling Shannon information and/or “semantic” information in the field originated by the convergence of bottom-up synthetic biology (in particular, the construction of “synthetic cells”) and the engineering approaches to molecular communication. In particular we will argue that the emerging technology of synthetic cell fabrication will allow novel opportunities to study nano-scale communication and manipulation of information in unprecedented manner. More specifically, we will discuss the possibility of enquiring on the transfer and manipulation of information in the chemical domain, and interpreting such a dynamics according to Shannon or to MacKay-Bateson (“semantic” information).
{"title":"Synthetic Cells Engaged in Molecular Communication: An Opportunity for Modelling Shannon- and Semantic-Information in the Chemical Domain","authors":"M. Magarini, P. Stano","doi":"10.3389/frcmn.2021.724597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2021.724597","url":null,"abstract":"In this Perspective article we intend to focus on the opportunity of modelling Shannon information and/or “semantic” information in the field originated by the convergence of bottom-up synthetic biology (in particular, the construction of “synthetic cells”) and the engineering approaches to molecular communication. In particular we will argue that the emerging technology of synthetic cell fabrication will allow novel opportunities to study nano-scale communication and manipulation of information in unprecedented manner. More specifically, we will discuss the possibility of enquiring on the transfer and manipulation of information in the chemical domain, and interpreting such a dynamics according to Shannon or to MacKay-Bateson (“semantic” information).","PeriodicalId":106247,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131635543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-15DOI: 10.3389/frcmn.2021.709265
Damiano Brunori, S. Colonnese, F. Cuomo, G. Flore, L. Iocchi
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are supposed to be used to provide different services from video surveillance to communication facilities during critical and high-demanding scenarios. Augmented reality streaming services are especially demanding in terms of required throughput, computing resources at the user device, as well as user data collection for advanced applications, for example, location-based or interactive ones. This work is focused on the experimental utilization of a framework adopting reinforcement learning (RL) approaches to define the paths crossed by UAVs in delivering resources for augmented reality services. We develop an OpenAI Gym-based simulator that is tuned and tested to study the behavior of UAVs trained with RL to fly around a given area and serve augmented reality users. We provide abstractions for the environment, the UAVs, the users, and their requests. A reward function is then defined to encompass several quality-of-experience parameters. We train our agents and observe how they behave as a function of the number of UAVs and users at different hours of the day.
{"title":"Delivering Resources for Augmented Reality by UAVs: a Reinforcement Learning Approach","authors":"Damiano Brunori, S. Colonnese, F. Cuomo, G. Flore, L. Iocchi","doi":"10.3389/frcmn.2021.709265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2021.709265","url":null,"abstract":"Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are supposed to be used to provide different services from video surveillance to communication facilities during critical and high-demanding scenarios. Augmented reality streaming services are especially demanding in terms of required throughput, computing resources at the user device, as well as user data collection for advanced applications, for example, location-based or interactive ones. This work is focused on the experimental utilization of a framework adopting reinforcement learning (RL) approaches to define the paths crossed by UAVs in delivering resources for augmented reality services. We develop an OpenAI Gym-based simulator that is tuned and tested to study the behavior of UAVs trained with RL to fly around a given area and serve augmented reality users. We provide abstractions for the environment, the UAVs, the users, and their requests. A reward function is then defined to encompass several quality-of-experience parameters. We train our agents and observe how they behave as a function of the number of UAVs and users at different hours of the day.","PeriodicalId":106247,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132751097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-14DOI: 10.3389/frcmn.2021.717476
Jie Sun, Feng Liu, Yong Li, Lianlian Zhang, Dingyuan Shi
In recent years, various types of heterogeneous networks develop rapidly. The integration of multi-type networks have great values in the fields of military and civil applications. The challenges of integrating multiple networks covers the heterogeneity of multiple aspects, e.g., the architectures, protocols, and switching mechanisms. The existing interconnection technologies of heterogeneous networks mainly include traditional static protocol gateways, traditional software-defined network (SDN) gateways, and improved SDN gateways. However, traditional static protocol gateways need to be customed in advance according to specific scenarios, which leads to the lack of flexibility. Traditional SDN gateways are often used for connecting homogeneous networks. The existing improved SDN gateways often neglect the efficiency and cost of integrating heterogeneous networks. In our work, we propose a software-defined architecture for integrating heterogeneous space and ground networks (SD-SGN). First, we propose an integrated architecture that utilizes SDN gateways and southbound interfaces to shield subnets’ heterogeneity ranging from the physical layer to the network layer. Second, we use the multi-class multi-level flow tables to provide a flexible data plane. Third, we offer an efficient control plane based on the subnet abstraction and global collaborative optimization. Fourth, we give a further discussion on customizing a complete network service based on the proposed SDN architecture. Last, extensive simulations demonstrate that this SDN architecture is effective and performs well in terms of costs, efficiency, and performance.
{"title":"A Software-Defined Architecture for Integrating Heterogeneous Space and Ground Networks","authors":"Jie Sun, Feng Liu, Yong Li, Lianlian Zhang, Dingyuan Shi","doi":"10.3389/frcmn.2021.717476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2021.717476","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, various types of heterogeneous networks develop rapidly. The integration of multi-type networks have great values in the fields of military and civil applications. The challenges of integrating multiple networks covers the heterogeneity of multiple aspects, e.g., the architectures, protocols, and switching mechanisms. The existing interconnection technologies of heterogeneous networks mainly include traditional static protocol gateways, traditional software-defined network (SDN) gateways, and improved SDN gateways. However, traditional static protocol gateways need to be customed in advance according to specific scenarios, which leads to the lack of flexibility. Traditional SDN gateways are often used for connecting homogeneous networks. The existing improved SDN gateways often neglect the efficiency and cost of integrating heterogeneous networks. In our work, we propose a software-defined architecture for integrating heterogeneous space and ground networks (SD-SGN). First, we propose an integrated architecture that utilizes SDN gateways and southbound interfaces to shield subnets’ heterogeneity ranging from the physical layer to the network layer. Second, we use the multi-class multi-level flow tables to provide a flexible data plane. Third, we offer an efficient control plane based on the subnet abstraction and global collaborative optimization. Fourth, we give a further discussion on customizing a complete network service based on the proposed SDN architecture. Last, extensive simulations demonstrate that this SDN architecture is effective and performs well in terms of costs, efficiency, and performance.","PeriodicalId":106247,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123501712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-13DOI: 10.3389/frcmn.2021.728982
Abla Bedoui, Mohamed Et-tolba
Offset quadrature amplitude modulation-based filter bank multicarrier (FBMC/OQAM) is among the promising waveforms for future wireless communication systems. This is due to its flexible spectrum usage and high spectral efficiency compared with the conventional multicarrier schemes. However, with OQAM modulation, the FBMC/OQAM signals are not orthogonal in the imaginary field. This causes a significant intrinsic interference, which is an obstacle to apply multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technology with FBMC/OQAM. In this paper, we propose a deep neural network (DNN)-based approach to deal with the imaginary interference, and enable the application of MIMO technique with FBMC/OQAM. We show, by simulations, that the proposed approach provides good performance in terms of bit error rate (BER).
{"title":"A Deep Neural Network-Based Interference Mitigation for MIMO-FBMC/OQAM Systems","authors":"Abla Bedoui, Mohamed Et-tolba","doi":"10.3389/frcmn.2021.728982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2021.728982","url":null,"abstract":"Offset quadrature amplitude modulation-based filter bank multicarrier (FBMC/OQAM) is among the promising waveforms for future wireless communication systems. This is due to its flexible spectrum usage and high spectral efficiency compared with the conventional multicarrier schemes. However, with OQAM modulation, the FBMC/OQAM signals are not orthogonal in the imaginary field. This causes a significant intrinsic interference, which is an obstacle to apply multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technology with FBMC/OQAM. In this paper, we propose a deep neural network (DNN)-based approach to deal with the imaginary interference, and enable the application of MIMO technique with FBMC/OQAM. We show, by simulations, that the proposed approach provides good performance in terms of bit error rate (BER).","PeriodicalId":106247,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127278474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-10DOI: 10.3389/frcmn.2021.734402
Haonan Tong, Zhaohui Yang, Sihua Wang, Ye Hu, Omid Semiari, W. Saad, Changchuan Yin
In this paper, the problem of audio semantic communication over wireless networks is investigated. In the considered model, wireless edge devices transmit large-sized audio data to a server using semantic communication techniques. The techniques allow devices to only transmit audio semantic information that captures the contextual features of audio signals. To extract the semantic information from audio signals, a wave to vector (wav2vec) architecture based autoencoder is proposed, which consists of convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The proposed autoencoder enables high-accuracy audio transmission with small amounts of data. To further improve the accuracy of semantic information extraction, federated learning (FL) is implemented over multiple devices and a server. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can converge effectively and can reduce the mean squared error (MSE) of audio transmission by nearly 100 times, compared to a traditional coding scheme.
{"title":"Federated Learning for Audio Semantic Communication","authors":"Haonan Tong, Zhaohui Yang, Sihua Wang, Ye Hu, Omid Semiari, W. Saad, Changchuan Yin","doi":"10.3389/frcmn.2021.734402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2021.734402","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the problem of audio semantic communication over wireless networks is investigated. In the considered model, wireless edge devices transmit large-sized audio data to a server using semantic communication techniques. The techniques allow devices to only transmit audio semantic information that captures the contextual features of audio signals. To extract the semantic information from audio signals, a wave to vector (wav2vec) architecture based autoencoder is proposed, which consists of convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The proposed autoencoder enables high-accuracy audio transmission with small amounts of data. To further improve the accuracy of semantic information extraction, federated learning (FL) is implemented over multiple devices and a server. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can converge effectively and can reduce the mean squared error (MSE) of audio transmission by nearly 100 times, compared to a traditional coding scheme.","PeriodicalId":106247,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130378513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-09DOI: 10.3389/frcmn.2021.704546
Alexandros-Apostolos A. Boulogeorgos, Edwin Yaqub, M. Di Renzo, A. Alexiou, Rachana R. Desai, R. Klinkenberg
With the vision to transform the current wireless network into a cyber-physical intelligent platform capable of supporting bandwidth-hungry and latency-constrained applications, both academia and industry turned their attention to the development of artificial intelligence (AI) enabled terahertz (THz) wireless networks. In this article, we list the applications of THz wireless systems in the beyond fifth generation era and discuss their enabling technologies and fundamental challenges that can be formulated as AI problems. These problems are related to physical, medium/multiple access control, radio resource management, network and transport layer. For each of them, we report the AI approaches, which have been recognized as possible solutions in the technical literature, emphasizing their principles and limitations. Finally, we provide an insightful discussion concerning research gaps and possible future directions.
{"title":"Machine Learning: A Catalyst for THz Wireless Networks","authors":"Alexandros-Apostolos A. Boulogeorgos, Edwin Yaqub, M. Di Renzo, A. Alexiou, Rachana R. Desai, R. Klinkenberg","doi":"10.3389/frcmn.2021.704546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2021.704546","url":null,"abstract":"With the vision to transform the current wireless network into a cyber-physical intelligent platform capable of supporting bandwidth-hungry and latency-constrained applications, both academia and industry turned their attention to the development of artificial intelligence (AI) enabled terahertz (THz) wireless networks. In this article, we list the applications of THz wireless systems in the beyond fifth generation era and discuss their enabling technologies and fundamental challenges that can be formulated as AI problems. These problems are related to physical, medium/multiple access control, radio resource management, network and transport layer. For each of them, we report the AI approaches, which have been recognized as possible solutions in the technical literature, emphasizing their principles and limitations. Finally, we provide an insightful discussion concerning research gaps and possible future directions.","PeriodicalId":106247,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129382479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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