Maria Cristina M. Publio, Jessica F. Delgado, Bruno S. Pierri, Leonardo da S. Lima, Christine C. Gaylarde, José Antônio Baptista Neto, Charles V. Neves, Estefan M. Fonseca
Groundwater pollution is a current issue that may result in considerable negative effects on human health and the ecological balance. In the present study, the authors evaluated pollutants in groundwater in Maricá Municipality, located on the east side of Rio de Janeiro state in Brazil. The evaluated parameters were temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, Eh, dissolved oxygen, chlorides, nitrates, dissolved organic carbon, total inorganic carbon, phosphates, and total and thermotolerant coliforms. Due to the large number of evaluated points, they were divided into zones according to the respective hydrographic basin. The local accelerated urbanization accompanying income from oil production has led to uncontrolled population growth and associated groundwater pollution. The results of the present study suggest that sewage pollution of Maricá groundwater is already a significant issue. The lack of investment in basic sanitation has led to an imbalance in the local groundwater reservoir. In certain locations of the municipality, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), nutrient, and bacteria concentrations increase and spread in the aquifers because of domestic waste disposal. As aquifers are the main source of freshwater for the residents, contamination of them represents a potential threat to local public health.
{"title":"Assessment of Groundwater Contamination in the Southeastern Coast of Brazil: A Potential Threat to Human Health in Marica Municipality","authors":"Maria Cristina M. Publio, Jessica F. Delgado, Bruno S. Pierri, Leonardo da S. Lima, Christine C. Gaylarde, José Antônio Baptista Neto, Charles V. Neves, Estefan M. Fonseca","doi":"10.3390/eng4040151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/eng4040151","url":null,"abstract":"Groundwater pollution is a current issue that may result in considerable negative effects on human health and the ecological balance. In the present study, the authors evaluated pollutants in groundwater in Maricá Municipality, located on the east side of Rio de Janeiro state in Brazil. The evaluated parameters were temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, Eh, dissolved oxygen, chlorides, nitrates, dissolved organic carbon, total inorganic carbon, phosphates, and total and thermotolerant coliforms. Due to the large number of evaluated points, they were divided into zones according to the respective hydrographic basin. The local accelerated urbanization accompanying income from oil production has led to uncontrolled population growth and associated groundwater pollution. The results of the present study suggest that sewage pollution of Maricá groundwater is already a significant issue. The lack of investment in basic sanitation has led to an imbalance in the local groundwater reservoir. In certain locations of the municipality, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), nutrient, and bacteria concentrations increase and spread in the aquifers because of domestic waste disposal. As aquifers are the main source of freshwater for the residents, contamination of them represents a potential threat to local public health.","PeriodicalId":10630,"journal":{"name":"Comput. Chem. Eng.","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136033591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Estevão Patricio Rodrigues, Djalma Simões dos Santos, Flávio Buiochi
The measurement of acoustic fields generated by ultrasonic transducers is important for determining the focal length, lateral resolution, and amplitudes of the lateral and grating lobes. The acoustic field is commonly characterized by a set of scans using a needle hydrophone. The output of the hydrophone can be connected to an analog filter to enhance the signal. However, the analog filter might not be sufficient to avoid the noises that distort the signals. Alternatively, linear digital filters can be advantageous to improving the acoustic-field characterization. In this work, three filters were investigated: moving average (MA), band-pass Hamming window (HW), and band-pass Blackman window (BW). The filters were implemented and evaluated in terms of the root-mean-square error (RMSE) of the measured sound field, which was filtered, in relation to the simulated acoustic field (gold standard). As a compromise between effective filtering and signal non-distortion, a method to model the MA kernel length was proposed. All the filters reduced the noise of the measured acoustic field. The HW and the BW filters were more effective (RMSE = 4.01%) than the MA filter (RMSE = 4.28%). In spite of the small quantitative difference, acoustic field comparisons showed qualitative improvements.
{"title":"Comparison of Three Linear Digital Filters Applied to Improve the Quality of the Measured Acoustic Field","authors":"Estevão Patricio Rodrigues, Djalma Simões dos Santos, Flávio Buiochi","doi":"10.3390/eng4040148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/eng4040148","url":null,"abstract":"The measurement of acoustic fields generated by ultrasonic transducers is important for determining the focal length, lateral resolution, and amplitudes of the lateral and grating lobes. The acoustic field is commonly characterized by a set of scans using a needle hydrophone. The output of the hydrophone can be connected to an analog filter to enhance the signal. However, the analog filter might not be sufficient to avoid the noises that distort the signals. Alternatively, linear digital filters can be advantageous to improving the acoustic-field characterization. In this work, three filters were investigated: moving average (MA), band-pass Hamming window (HW), and band-pass Blackman window (BW). The filters were implemented and evaluated in terms of the root-mean-square error (RMSE) of the measured sound field, which was filtered, in relation to the simulated acoustic field (gold standard). As a compromise between effective filtering and signal non-distortion, a method to model the MA kernel length was proposed. All the filters reduced the noise of the measured acoustic field. The HW and the BW filters were more effective (RMSE = 4.01%) than the MA filter (RMSE = 4.28%). In spite of the small quantitative difference, acoustic field comparisons showed qualitative improvements.","PeriodicalId":10630,"journal":{"name":"Comput. Chem. Eng.","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136115170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Compressible flow models are commonly used for describing air flow through pneumatic valves. Because of the difficulties in predicting viscous losses, these models ultimately rely on experimental determination of coefficients. Different equations have been proposed for different fluid speeds, having the sonic fluid velocity as a reference mark. However, one might question whether a much simpler approach, where the fluid is considered as incompressible, would still give good results within the typical range of industrial applications. Moreover, practically all models presuppose that the valve output pressure decreases in time, as in a discharge process. This paper reviews some representative one-dimensional compressible flow models and discusses the appropriateness of using equations based solely on discharging flows. Two experimental circuits, where an air reservoir is pressurized and, subsequently, decompressed, are used for comparison between different flow models. It is shown that a simpler set of equations still produces acceptable results for practical pneumatic applications.
{"title":"Modelling Air Flow through Pneumatic Valves: A Brief Review with an Experimental Case Study","authors":"Gustavo Koury Costa","doi":"10.3390/eng4040149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/eng4040149","url":null,"abstract":"Compressible flow models are commonly used for describing air flow through pneumatic valves. Because of the difficulties in predicting viscous losses, these models ultimately rely on experimental determination of coefficients. Different equations have been proposed for different fluid speeds, having the sonic fluid velocity as a reference mark. However, one might question whether a much simpler approach, where the fluid is considered as incompressible, would still give good results within the typical range of industrial applications. Moreover, practically all models presuppose that the valve output pressure decreases in time, as in a discharge process. This paper reviews some representative one-dimensional compressible flow models and discusses the appropriateness of using equations based solely on discharging flows. Two experimental circuits, where an air reservoir is pressurized and, subsequently, decompressed, are used for comparison between different flow models. It is shown that a simpler set of equations still produces acceptable results for practical pneumatic applications.","PeriodicalId":10630,"journal":{"name":"Comput. Chem. Eng.","volume":"177 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136115016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pedro Henrique Evangelista Fernandes, Christof Nagel, Andreas Wulf, Vinicius Carrillo Beber, Bernd Mayer
A compliance-based method for the determination of fatigue design curves for elastomeric adhesive joints is developed and validated. Fatigue experiments are conducted on elastomeric adhesives (a polyurethane and a silane-modified polymer) under different stress ratios (R = 0.1/0.5/−1) and conditions (23 °C/50% r.h. and 40 °C/60% r.h.). The investigation focused on butt and thick adherent shear test joints. Fatigue tests are recorded with cameras to identify the stages of crack initiation and propagation. For each fatigue test, the stiffness and compliance per cycle are calculated until final failure. The proposed method identifies a transition point that distinguishes regions under stable and unstable compliance growth. Fatigue design curves are then built based on the transition point and on the number of cycles to reach different degrees of initial stiffness (90%, 80%, 70% and 60%). The failure ratio, i.e., the lifetime for reaching a given approach divided by the total lifetime, is introduced to evaluate the data in terms of average values and standard deviation. The results indicate that the proposed method can yield fatigue design curves with a high coefficient of determination (accuracy) and high failure ratio (avoiding over-conservative design). Moreover, the method is robust, as the failure ratio for different adhesives, stress ratios, conditions and geometries is highly consistent.
{"title":"Compliance-Based Determination of Fatigue Design Curves for Elastomeric Adhesive Joints","authors":"Pedro Henrique Evangelista Fernandes, Christof Nagel, Andreas Wulf, Vinicius Carrillo Beber, Bernd Mayer","doi":"10.3390/eng4040150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/eng4040150","url":null,"abstract":"A compliance-based method for the determination of fatigue design curves for elastomeric adhesive joints is developed and validated. Fatigue experiments are conducted on elastomeric adhesives (a polyurethane and a silane-modified polymer) under different stress ratios (R = 0.1/0.5/−1) and conditions (23 °C/50% r.h. and 40 °C/60% r.h.). The investigation focused on butt and thick adherent shear test joints. Fatigue tests are recorded with cameras to identify the stages of crack initiation and propagation. For each fatigue test, the stiffness and compliance per cycle are calculated until final failure. The proposed method identifies a transition point that distinguishes regions under stable and unstable compliance growth. Fatigue design curves are then built based on the transition point and on the number of cycles to reach different degrees of initial stiffness (90%, 80%, 70% and 60%). The failure ratio, i.e., the lifetime for reaching a given approach divided by the total lifetime, is introduced to evaluate the data in terms of average values and standard deviation. The results indicate that the proposed method can yield fatigue design curves with a high coefficient of determination (accuracy) and high failure ratio (avoiding over-conservative design). Moreover, the method is robust, as the failure ratio for different adhesives, stress ratios, conditions and geometries is highly consistent.","PeriodicalId":10630,"journal":{"name":"Comput. Chem. Eng.","volume":"171 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136115166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammad Raoof Rashedi, Rojina Ehsani, Sara Kalantari, Fariborz M. Tehrani
Buildings account for a significant amount of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. Electricity and fossil fuels are currently the primary sources of energy used for cooling and heating buildings, depending on the climate and location. Both energy sources are responsible for significant greenhouse gas emissions. In contrast, plants and vegetation absorb carbon dioxide and, thus, improve the quality of air. This effect indirectly influences climate change to lower energy demands and produce additional emissions due to rising energy consumption trends. Plants also reduce the ambient temperature by providing shade on roof surfaces. Hence, the large-scale deployment of green roofs reduces energy consumption, emissions, and costs. However, green roofs also impact the overall weight of a building and require additional construction costs. Therefore, the contribution of green roofs to the various structural and thermal performances of buildings varies for extensive intensive or semi-intensive systems. These interactions warranted a lifecycle analysis to optimize the extent of green roof applications. This approach highlighted sustainability performance measures, including energy, emissions, water, and waste. The presented study addressed a lifecycle analysis of green roof deployment during a hot summer in a Mediterranean climate zone. This climate applies to many areas that benefit from warming temperatures without extreme needs for cooling or heating. The emphasis on comparing two towns within the same climate zone facilitated a more detail-oriented approach to the lifecycle analysis. The results illustrated the energy consumption and associated release of greenhouse gas emissions related to structural and roofing materials and thermal operations throughout the service life of a building. The conclusions assessed the challenges and opportunities of green roof applications on new and existing buildings.
{"title":"Lifecycle Analysis of Green Roofs in the Mediterranean Climate","authors":"Mohammad Raoof Rashedi, Rojina Ehsani, Sara Kalantari, Fariborz M. Tehrani","doi":"10.3390/eng4040147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/eng4040147","url":null,"abstract":"Buildings account for a significant amount of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. Electricity and fossil fuels are currently the primary sources of energy used for cooling and heating buildings, depending on the climate and location. Both energy sources are responsible for significant greenhouse gas emissions. In contrast, plants and vegetation absorb carbon dioxide and, thus, improve the quality of air. This effect indirectly influences climate change to lower energy demands and produce additional emissions due to rising energy consumption trends. Plants also reduce the ambient temperature by providing shade on roof surfaces. Hence, the large-scale deployment of green roofs reduces energy consumption, emissions, and costs. However, green roofs also impact the overall weight of a building and require additional construction costs. Therefore, the contribution of green roofs to the various structural and thermal performances of buildings varies for extensive intensive or semi-intensive systems. These interactions warranted a lifecycle analysis to optimize the extent of green roof applications. This approach highlighted sustainability performance measures, including energy, emissions, water, and waste. The presented study addressed a lifecycle analysis of green roof deployment during a hot summer in a Mediterranean climate zone. This climate applies to many areas that benefit from warming temperatures without extreme needs for cooling or heating. The emphasis on comparing two towns within the same climate zone facilitated a more detail-oriented approach to the lifecycle analysis. The results illustrated the energy consumption and associated release of greenhouse gas emissions related to structural and roofing materials and thermal operations throughout the service life of a building. The conclusions assessed the challenges and opportunities of green roof applications on new and existing buildings.","PeriodicalId":10630,"journal":{"name":"Comput. Chem. Eng.","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136012506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bartolomeu Franco, José Manuel Alves Ribeiro, Isidro de Jesús Sánchez-Arce
Airbags are important safety devices in modern vehicles. However, their effectiveness is linked to the occupants being seated in standard positions. Although autonomous vehicles are less accident-prone, they are also equipped with airbags, similar to any other vehicle. Additionally, autonomous vehicles allow for occupants seated in non-standard positions, so in the case of a collision, the airbags’ effectiveness decreases. In this work, an airbag design suitable for both assisted and autonomous driving conditions is proposed, the driver’s airbag being the object of interest. Airbag geometry, threads, seam strength, and seam geometries were selected following Design of Experiments (DoE) methodologies and a series of experimental tests. Moreover, an adaptive system based on sewn tethers allows the airbag to adapt to the driving mode, which is proposed and validated. Finally, all the findings were experimentally tested on two different geometries. The results were satisfactory as the deployed airbag shape and dimensions were as expected, indicating that this airbag design is capable of protecting the driver of a vehicle capable of autonomous driving.
{"title":"Development of an Airbag Geometry Specific for Autonomous Vehicles","authors":"Bartolomeu Franco, José Manuel Alves Ribeiro, Isidro de Jesús Sánchez-Arce","doi":"10.3390/eng4040146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/eng4040146","url":null,"abstract":"Airbags are important safety devices in modern vehicles. However, their effectiveness is linked to the occupants being seated in standard positions. Although autonomous vehicles are less accident-prone, they are also equipped with airbags, similar to any other vehicle. Additionally, autonomous vehicles allow for occupants seated in non-standard positions, so in the case of a collision, the airbags’ effectiveness decreases. In this work, an airbag design suitable for both assisted and autonomous driving conditions is proposed, the driver’s airbag being the object of interest. Airbag geometry, threads, seam strength, and seam geometries were selected following Design of Experiments (DoE) methodologies and a series of experimental tests. Moreover, an adaptive system based on sewn tethers allows the airbag to adapt to the driving mode, which is proposed and validated. Finally, all the findings were experimentally tested on two different geometries. The results were satisfactory as the deployed airbag shape and dimensions were as expected, indicating that this airbag design is capable of protecting the driver of a vehicle capable of autonomous driving.","PeriodicalId":10630,"journal":{"name":"Comput. Chem. Eng.","volume":"200 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136211218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Oral frailty is associated with systemic frailty. The vertical position of the hyoid bone is important when considering the risk of dysphagia. However, dentists usually do not focus on this position. Purpose: To create an AI model for detection of the position of the vertical hyoid bone. Methods: In this study, 1830 hyoid bone images from 915 panoramic radiographs were used for AI learning. The position of the hyoid bone was classified into six types (Types 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) based on the same criteria as in our previous study. Plan 1 learned all types. In Plan 2, the five types other than Type 0 were learned. To reduce the number of groupings, three classes were formed using combinations of two types in each class. Plan 3 was used for learning all three classes, and Plan 4 was used for learning the two classes other than Class A (Types 0 and 1). Precision, recall, f-values, accuracy, and areas under the precision–recall curves (PR-AUCs) were calculated and comparatively evaluated. Results: Plan 4 showed the highest accuracy and PR-AUC values, of 0.93 and 0.97, respectively. Conclusions: By reducing the number of classes and not learning cases in which the anatomical structure was partially invisible, the vertical hyoid bone was correctly detected.
{"title":"A Basic Study for Predicting Dysphagia in Panoramic X-ray Images Using Artificial Intelligence (AI) Part 2: Analysis of the Position of the Hyoid Bone on Panoramic Radiographs","authors":"Yukiko Matsuda, Emi Ito, Migiwa Kuroda, Kazuyuki Araki, Wataru Nakada, Yoshihiko Hayakawa","doi":"10.3390/eng4040145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/eng4040145","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Oral frailty is associated with systemic frailty. The vertical position of the hyoid bone is important when considering the risk of dysphagia. However, dentists usually do not focus on this position. Purpose: To create an AI model for detection of the position of the vertical hyoid bone. Methods: In this study, 1830 hyoid bone images from 915 panoramic radiographs were used for AI learning. The position of the hyoid bone was classified into six types (Types 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) based on the same criteria as in our previous study. Plan 1 learned all types. In Plan 2, the five types other than Type 0 were learned. To reduce the number of groupings, three classes were formed using combinations of two types in each class. Plan 3 was used for learning all three classes, and Plan 4 was used for learning the two classes other than Class A (Types 0 and 1). Precision, recall, f-values, accuracy, and areas under the precision–recall curves (PR-AUCs) were calculated and comparatively evaluated. Results: Plan 4 showed the highest accuracy and PR-AUC values, of 0.93 and 0.97, respectively. Conclusions: By reducing the number of classes and not learning cases in which the anatomical structure was partially invisible, the vertical hyoid bone was correctly detected.","PeriodicalId":10630,"journal":{"name":"Comput. Chem. Eng.","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136358082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Technological advancements have continued to progress in all fields, achieving remarkable feats. Additionally, productivity is increasing across the board as a result of strong economic expansion, which has encouraged changes in people’s way of life, such as the increasing use of pharmaceutical products, cosmetics, detergents, and food products. A hydrothermal study is required in these areas to optimize the design of the stirring system. The aim of the current work is to investigate the hydrodynamics and thermodynamics of a mechanical agitation system with a non-Newtonian fluid of the Bingham–Bercovier type in a cylindrical vessel with three blade configurations. Our research is specifically directed towards mechanically agitated systems utilizing close clearance stirrers, particularly focusing on the anchor, gate and two-bladed impellers, within cylindrical tanks that possess flat bottoms without baffles. The results show that the anchor impeller, with its broad blades and low-shear characteristics, is more suited for breaking down yield stress and inducing flow in these fluids, which creates a wide flow pattern that effectively overcomes yield stress. However, the addition of vertical arms to transform it into a gate impeller promotes mixing, heat transfer and thermal efficiency with a small energy cost compared to an anchor impeller against the two-bladed impeller.
{"title":"Agitation of Viscoplastic Fluid in a Rotating Vessel Using Close Clearance Agitators","authors":"Amine Benmoussa","doi":"10.3390/eng4040144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/eng4040144","url":null,"abstract":"Technological advancements have continued to progress in all fields, achieving remarkable feats. Additionally, productivity is increasing across the board as a result of strong economic expansion, which has encouraged changes in people’s way of life, such as the increasing use of pharmaceutical products, cosmetics, detergents, and food products. A hydrothermal study is required in these areas to optimize the design of the stirring system. The aim of the current work is to investigate the hydrodynamics and thermodynamics of a mechanical agitation system with a non-Newtonian fluid of the Bingham–Bercovier type in a cylindrical vessel with three blade configurations. Our research is specifically directed towards mechanically agitated systems utilizing close clearance stirrers, particularly focusing on the anchor, gate and two-bladed impellers, within cylindrical tanks that possess flat bottoms without baffles. The results show that the anchor impeller, with its broad blades and low-shear characteristics, is more suited for breaking down yield stress and inducing flow in these fluids, which creates a wide flow pattern that effectively overcomes yield stress. However, the addition of vertical arms to transform it into a gate impeller promotes mixing, heat transfer and thermal efficiency with a small energy cost compared to an anchor impeller against the two-bladed impeller.","PeriodicalId":10630,"journal":{"name":"Comput. Chem. Eng.","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135197914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Markus Schmitz, Florian Menz, Ruben Grunau, Nils Mandischer, Mathias Hüsing, Burkhard Corves
The recognition of human activities from video sequences and their transformation into a machine-readable form is a challenging task, which is the subject of many studies. The goal of this project is to develop an automated method for analyzing, identifying and processing motion capture data into a planning language. This is performed in a cooking scenario by recording the pose of the acting hand. First, predefined side actions are detected in the dataset using classification. The remaining frames are then clustered into main actions. Using this information, the known initial positions and virtual object tracking, a machine-readable planning domain definition language (PDDL) is generated.
{"title":"Robot Cooking—Transferring Observations into a Planning Language: An Automated Approach in the Field of Cooking","authors":"Markus Schmitz, Florian Menz, Ruben Grunau, Nils Mandischer, Mathias Hüsing, Burkhard Corves","doi":"10.3390/eng4040143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/eng4040143","url":null,"abstract":"The recognition of human activities from video sequences and their transformation into a machine-readable form is a challenging task, which is the subject of many studies. The goal of this project is to develop an automated method for analyzing, identifying and processing motion capture data into a planning language. This is performed in a cooking scenario by recording the pose of the acting hand. First, predefined side actions are detected in the dataset using classification. The remaining frames are then clustered into main actions. Using this information, the known initial positions and virtual object tracking, a machine-readable planning domain definition language (PDDL) is generated.","PeriodicalId":10630,"journal":{"name":"Comput. Chem. Eng.","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135301292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wagner S. Billa, Rogério G. Negri, Leonardo B. L. Santos
This article addresses the challenges of selecting robust classifiers with increasing noise levels in real-world scenarios. We propose the WB Score methodology, which enables the identification of reliable classifiers for deployment in noisy environments. The methodology addresses four significant challenges that are commonly encountered: (i) Ensuring classifiers possess robustness to noise; (ii) Overcoming the difficulty of obtaining representative data that captures real-world noise; (iii) Addressing the complexity of detecting noise, making it challenging to differentiate it from natural variations in the data; and (iv) Meeting the requirement for classifiers capable of efficiently handling noise, allowing prompt responses for decision-making. WB Score provides a comprehensive approach for classifier assessment and selection to address these challenges. We analyze five classic datasets and one customized flooding dataset in São Paulo. The results demonstrate the practical effect of using the WB Score methodology is the enhanced ability to select robust classifiers for datasets in noisy real-world scenarios. Compared with similar techniques, the improvement centers around providing a visual and intuitive output, enhancing the understanding of classifier resilience against noise, and streamlining the decision-making process.
{"title":"WB Score: A Novel Methodology for Visual Classifier Selection in Increasingly Noisy Datasets","authors":"Wagner S. Billa, Rogério G. Negri, Leonardo B. L. Santos","doi":"10.3390/eng4040142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/eng4040142","url":null,"abstract":"This article addresses the challenges of selecting robust classifiers with increasing noise levels in real-world scenarios. We propose the WB Score methodology, which enables the identification of reliable classifiers for deployment in noisy environments. The methodology addresses four significant challenges that are commonly encountered: (i) Ensuring classifiers possess robustness to noise; (ii) Overcoming the difficulty of obtaining representative data that captures real-world noise; (iii) Addressing the complexity of detecting noise, making it challenging to differentiate it from natural variations in the data; and (iv) Meeting the requirement for classifiers capable of efficiently handling noise, allowing prompt responses for decision-making. WB Score provides a comprehensive approach for classifier assessment and selection to address these challenges. We analyze five classic datasets and one customized flooding dataset in São Paulo. The results demonstrate the practical effect of using the WB Score methodology is the enhanced ability to select robust classifiers for datasets in noisy real-world scenarios. Compared with similar techniques, the improvement centers around providing a visual and intuitive output, enhancing the understanding of classifier resilience against noise, and streamlining the decision-making process.","PeriodicalId":10630,"journal":{"name":"Comput. Chem. Eng.","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135816632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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